Инфинитивный оборот с предлогом "for" (Infinitive Construction Introduced by the Preposition "for")

Инфинитивный оборот с предлогом for представляет сочетание, в состав которого входит предлог for плюс существительное в общем падеже (или местоимение в объектном падеже) плюс инфинитив.

Оборот переводится на русский язык полным придаточным предложением. Чаще всего это придаточное предложение вводится союзами для того чтобы, чтобы. Предлог for не переводится.

Например:

It is important for them to fulfill this task in time.

Важно, чтобы они выполнили эту работу вовремя.

For a machine to work well the following rules are to be remembered.

Для того чтобы машина работала хорошо, надо запомнить следующие правила.

Grammar exercises

Exercise1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Passive Voice.

1. The scientist was told about the students’ research work. 2. The work was being done all day long. 3. Copper is used in the radiator because it is a good conductor of heat. 4. The water is kept under pressure to raise its boiling point. 5. Robots can be designed to do almost any job. 6.The data about weights, materials and uses have been given. 7. The needle under the wire was pushed first one way, then the other. 8.The magnet was moved quickly away from the coil. 9. The electricity is carried by underground cables in towns. 10. The process was watched with great attention. 11. What has been and is being done in environment protection cannot be measured by yesterday’s standards. 12. Now powerful electric stations must be built because it is electricity that offers improved standards of life and work. 13. One can imagine a time when libraries will be run by computers, without human beings at all. 14. The experiment was watched with great interest. 15. Morse invention was followed by a number of new machines. 16. Reference had been made to that invention. 17. We are informed that many scientists are working at the problem of space communication. 18. All the requirements are met in the experiment. 19. The scientist was told about the students’ research work.

Exercise 2. Use the Passive Voice in the following sentences.

1. Impulses signal a dash and a dot. 2. Most modern systems use alternating current. 3. The telephone connects you to a person directly. 4. The laboratory has developed a new receiving machine. 5. The first underground cable linked America and Britain in 1866. 6. Man has increased the speed of the machine. 7. This laboratory is developing a new electronic telephone system. 8. Scientists will have developed this device by the end of the year. 9. A ray of any kind may knock an electron out of the atom. 10. Edison put his laboratories to the task of developing an incandescent lamp. 11. The students had mastered the necessary lab techniques by the end of the previous tern. 12. Our laboratory was carrying out experiments with polymers during the summer. 13. This machine will work on alternating current. 14. Electric impulses can make dots and dashes used in the Morse code. 15. Many examples illustrate this fact.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the adjectives.

1. For many jobs a robot is much better than a human operative. 2. The longest vehicle tunnel in the world is the Northern Line underground railway tunnel in London. 3. Air pressure inside the cylinder was now lower than the atmospheric pressure outside. 4. By 1940 oil provided less than half of the total energy supplies. 5. The amount of oil the USA used in 1970 was much greater than in 1950. 6. Electricity is the efficient source of some of the most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron beams. 7. Scientists all over the world were quick to realize the importance of radio and contributed much to its further development. 8. The integrated circuit is in the heart of every electronic device and the more tape-recorders, TV sets and computers we need, the more integrated circuits are required. 9. Computers are being used more and more extensively for the simple reason that they are far more efficient than human beings. 10. They have much better memories and can store great amount of information. 11. When a ship is in space much smaller energy is needed for its movement. 12. No system of the past was as simple as the metric system. 13. Engineers are working at the problem of making computers as small as possible. 14. Heating causes the motion of molecules in a substance, the hotter it becomes, the quicker the molecules move.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to different functions of the Infinitive.

1. A bumper is covered with chromium to make it look nice. 2. Signals to be measured must be strong enough. 3. People of New York were the first to see a television set in action. 4. I will be the second to read a report. 5. The method to be followed is based upon some peculiar properties of these rays. 6. Scientists working at new computers have a long list of problems to be solved. 7. They wanted to build a machine, which people could use to talk over long distances. 8. The thermometer is a device to measure temperature. 9. A telephone is a device to reproduce sounds. 10. To make supercomputers we need highly developed electronics and new materials. 11. A radar to be mounted on lorries and cars was designed in the USA. 12. Polzunov was the first to construct a steam engine. 13. To help the driver get information while concentrating on the road the most important data will be projected on the windscreen. 14. At that time there was no theory to explain this fact. 15. A new machine was invented both to receive and to transmit messages with great speed. 16. The circuit can be broken to interrupt the flow of electricity. 17 Experiments helped Mendeleyev to discover the properties of new chemical elements. 18. To obtain the necessary data was difficult. 19. In order to get rid of noise, specialists investigate its general characteristics. 20. That the two scientists Lodygyn and Yablochkov were the first in Russia to work in the field of electrical engineering is well known. 21.To define exactly what is meant by the total heat in a body is at present still impossible. 22.Here are some more figures to be referred to later.23. The force can be changed in order to give clear pictures of objects.

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive Constructions.

1. Joule and other scientists proved heat to be a form of energy. 2. They supposed this system to be out of order. 3. The experiment proves the two messages to be equivalent. 4. The achievements in the field of superconductivity are certain to make a revolution in technology and industry. 5. Propeller engines are considered to be much more economical. 6. The new method is believed to have given good results.7. We know the transmitter to accept the message and turn it into signals. 8. Superconductors are likely to bring the mankind to the threshold of a new technological age. 9. They seem to have solved the problem. 10 The term “radar” is known to be composed of the first letters of “radio detection and ranging”. 11. The optical equivalent of a transistor is reported to have been produced. 12. Making experiments with electric telegraph Morse noticed a pencil make a wavy line when connected to an electric wire. 13. Electricity proved to be able to travel instantly over a long piece of wire. 14. M. Faraday supposed a light beam to reverse its polarization as it passed through a magnetized crystal. 15.The students were waiting for the lecturer to describe the properties of a new composite material. 16. Our present life seems to be impossible without telephone, radio, and television. 17. It is necessary for students to know the theory well. 18. It is up to you to decide which of the two methods to use.19. The force made the magnet move in opposite directions. 20. Work with deaf people made A. Bell look for a way to help them and he began to study the theory of sound. 21. They are certain to achieve good results if they employ the new technique.

Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to different functions of Participles.

1. The work done provided us with new data. 2. Having stated the laws of gravity Newton was able to explain the structure of the Universe. 3. Always follow the instructions very carefully when fitting safety belts. 4. Electricity replaced other sources of energy as it had been realized that it offers improved service and reduced cost. 5. The experiments conducted provided very good results. 6. Coal was the most widely used fuel before the middle of the last century. 7. New technologies reduce the number of workers needed. 8. Above the cylinder there was a tank containing cold water. 9. While passing through the conductor, resistance results in the production of heat. 10. Having made a number of tests, the researcher got some useful results. 11. When being rubbed, some substances produce charges. 12. The measures discussed are to be used for determining the faults in the conducting wires. 13. Being a semiconductor, germanium is widely used in transistors. 14. The data obtained formed the basis for further research. 15. Though discovered, Newton’s mistake had no influence on his theory.16. It is planned that plants working on the energy of heat provided by the sun will be built on a larger scale. 17. Being constructed in a new way the device has high reliability. 18. When insulated the wire may be used as a conductor. 19. An undetected defect caused an accident. 20. Having been given the wrong address I could not find his house.

Exercise 7. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction.

1. The temperature being decreased, the resistivity of the semiconductor decreases. 2. The research having been done, everybody was interested in its results. 3. Brakes having become more efficient, cars achieved greater reliability. 4. The young physicist having discovered Newton’s error, other scientists confirmed it. 5. The current being switched on, the machine automatically starts operating. 6. A simple component having failed, the whole cable system was repaired. 7. The effect is highly dependent upon frequency, the lower frequencies showing less noise. 8. The evaporation increases with the temperature, other things being equal. 9. An electric arc is a discharge produced when an electric current flows through a gap between two electrodes, the current being carried by the vapour of the electrode. 10. Other factors being constant, the current is proportional to conductivity. 11. The inventor was demonstrating his new device, the workers watching its operation attentively. 12. Cars were very small, the engine being placed under the seat. 13. The distance having been measured, the computer adjusts the car’s speed. 14. The energy sources of the world decreasing, the scientists must find new sources of energy.

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Gerund.

1. Franklin’s having worked in the field of electricity is known the world over. 2. The aim of studying foreign languages is receiving more information on one’s specialty. 3. Programming a computer needs quite a lot of training, because it is based on a very difficult principle. 4.The professor knew about the students’ going to the laboratory. 5. We know of different experiments being made in this laboratory. 6. His having measured the distance will enable him to calculate the intensity of light. 7. The practical use of electricity on a larger scale became possible after developing electromagnetic machines, generators and transformers. 8. Lamps work by using energy accumulated during the day from a solar panel. 9. Is any metal capable of being drawn out into a wire? 10.Our having mastered a foreign language helps us in our work. 11. One of the problems modern research laboratories are working at is the problem of finding materials that can serve as electrical conductors in fusion reactors. 12. Computers are widely used for controlling all kinds of processes. 13. It is difficult to solve some of the present-day scientific and technological problems without using supercomputers. 14. The students’ knowing physics helped them in studying the theory of machines and mechanisms. 15. Alexander Bell’s being a teacher of deaf people influenced his interest in sound and its transmission. 16. Newton’s having made a mistake in his calculations has no influence on his theory. 17. Kotelnikov and Wierner’s having recognized clearly the fundamental role of noise in limiting the performance of communication systems had an important influence in modulation theory. 18.You need more calories for standing than for sitting, more for running than walking 19. Steam is an important factor in producing usable energy because of the power being created by its expansion.

Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the -ing- forms.

1. Without computers and modern computing techniques the building of nuclear power stations would have been impossible. 2. Broadcasting weather information is of great importance for aviation. 3. Many times Alexander Bell wanted to stop his experiments being unable to get any results. 4. Samuel Morse’s hobby was experimenting with electricity. 5. The computer of a new design has the advantage of being smaller in size and simpler in operation. 6. Thermometers are used for measuring temperature differences. 7. Comparing the data obtained by our tests is the only means of solving the problem in question. 8. There are two diagrams in this figure, one of them showing the temperature difference. 9. The increasing demand for high-quality long-distance communication systems has resulted in the development of reliable radio equipment. 10. Special attention is to be paid to the quality of measuring instruments intended for satellites. 11. The atoms of different substances have different weights, their properties being also different. 12. Scientific information is growing very fast. 13. The system is capable of transmitting a large number of telephone calls. 14. Introducing the new method into practice requires much time. 15. A barometer is an instrument for measuring the pressure. 16. Speaking of the magnet, the inventor made reference to its property of attracting iron and steel. 17. Having invented the lightning conductor, Franklin continued working at the problem of atmospheric electricity.

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the conditional clauses.

1. If a computer is not programmed, it will not function. 2. If you had modified the conditions at the very beginning, you would have obtained better results. 3. He won’t be able to solve the problem unless he calculates this equation. 4. Were the resistance to flow increased, the volume of gas would be decreased. 5. If any liquid is in a vessel, it will take the shape of the vessel containing it. 6. Provided the operator’s cabin had been equipped with electronic control, he would have been able to work faster and with greater precision. 7. Had the information been received in time, we should have used it in our calculations. 8. If a solid body or a liquid is heated, it will expand. 9. In case there is no current in a conductor, there can be no electric field around it. 10. Unless the temperature rises, the speed of the motion of the molecules will not increase. 11. If we look around we can see that electricity is serving us in one way or another. 12. If there were no computers space flights would be impossible. 13. Electricity flows through the battery if the key is pressed and the circuit is closed. 14. If thin wires had been used in this device the wires would have melted. 15. If it were possible we would start this work at once. 16. Had he used new materials the device would have been more reliable. 17. Were the design of cars improved the fuel consumption would be greatly reduced. 18. We would have no radio, telephone, television or computers unless there were electricity. 19. It would have been impossible to send satellites into orbit unless Newton’s laws of motion had been studied. 20. Unless the temperature rises the speed of the molecules will not increase.

Exercise 11. Translate the following sentences. Mind the Sequence of Tenses.

1. We know that there exist different types of amplifiers. 2. Oersted thought the wire was surrounded by a magnetic field. 3. Experiments proved that electricity could travel instantly over a long piece of wire. 4. Students learnt that Franklin had published his work on electricity in 1752. 5. We know he worked at the problem of space communication. 6. Scientists wanted to find out if electricity could be used for a long-distance communication. 7. He was sure there would be a way to control this reaction. 8. We didn’t know whether the development of television had continued during the war. 9. The lecturer stressed that an amplifier might have at least one active element in it. 10. There appeared some reports that we had technical means to use much more channels on a TV set and we would be able to see many sports and news programs from all parts of the world.