VI. Переведите, обращая внимание на разные функции глагола to be. Глагол to be подчеркните:

1. Erik says that you may be coming to New York. 2. We are to go there tonight. 3. Where is he to be found? 4. What were you doing at that time? 5. He was not answered. 6. He may be ill. 7. They are in the next room. 8. My barrister says I am to leave alone. 9. She was my manager. 10. We are to wait for them at the entrance. 11. What is to become of him? 12. I haven’t been given a chance to explain. 13. We were told some interesting news. 14. Peter is busy. 15. I am telling you the truth.

VII. Переведите, обращая внимание на разные функции глагола to have:

1. He had his papers seen. 2. Let’s have a smoke in the corridor. 3. She has no time for me. 4. You have to go to the federal magistrates. 5. Where have you been since last Monday? 6. I have known him for many years. 7. Those two had not spoken to each other for three days and were in a state of rage. 8. Did you have to walk all the way home? 9. They will have to compensate for your losses. 10. I had breakfast at home. 11. She has not information on economic crimes. 12. She knows what she has to do.

VIII. Переведите текст, выписав слова юридической тематики.

The Penitentiary Movement

Jails for the detention of persons pending trial or execution of sentence are an ancient institution, in England dating at least to 1166, when Henry II ordered their construction. By the seventeenth century, English jails increasingly housed convicted offenders and drunks. It was that institution which the early settlers brought with them to the northern and southern colonies. The jails at York Vil­lage, Maine (1653), and Williamsburg, Virginia (1701), are still in place and may be visited.

Philadelphia's Walnut Street Jail played a crucial role in the history of correc­tions. William Penn's "Great Law" of December 4, 1682, provided for the estab­lishment of houses of correction as an alternative to corporal and capital punish­ment in Pennsylvania. (Penn's law retained capital punishment and whipping for the more serious offenses.) After independence, Pennsylvania continued to follow the liberal ideas of William Penn. In Philadelphia, the physician William Rush took up the cause of penal reform with his work, An Enquiry into the Effects of Public Punishment upon Criminals (1787). Rush helped organize the Pennsyl­vania Society for the Abolition of Slavery and was instrumental in the creation of the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons (1787). As a result of Rush's work, and consistent with the Quaker idea of "redemption - through penitence," a small extension called the penitentiary wing was added to the Walnut Street Jail. The penitentiary was born.

The idea of the penitentiary was simple enough: Like medieval monks in their monastery cells, convicts were to do penance in places designed for that purpose. The penitentiary wing was used to house prisoners in solitary confine­ment, for even at work prisoners were not allowed to communicate with each other.

The Quaker idea of redemption through labor and religious reflection, instead of capital and corporal punishment, seemed persuasive. Moreover, for a few years after the Walnut Street penitentiary wing was opened, the crime rate in Philadelphia appeared to drop. New York (1791), New Jersey (1798), Virginia (1800), Kentucky (1800), and later other states adopted the penitentiary concept and reduced the use of capital punishment.

But on Walnut Street in Philadelphia reality looked different. Barely a decade after the penitentiary wing had been inaugurated, the visiting committee of the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons reported "idle­ness, dirt, and wretchedness" in the facility. Prisoners were not at all penitent useful labor could not be provided, and the authorities were unable to maintain the institution in a condition conducive to the improvement of prisoners. Dr. Rush, convinced that the idea of the penitentiary was basically sound, began to campaign for better conditions and better management. After much lobbying by Dr. Rush and the Pennsylvania Society, the state legislature approved the construction of two new penitentiaries, the Western in Pittsburgh and the East­ern in Philadelphia. They received their first inmates in 1826 and 1829.