Для выражения сравнения существует также ряд конструкций

Конструкция	Значение	Перевод	Пример
As… as	Равная степень качества	Такой же… как	He is as cheerful as his brother.
Not so… as	Отрицание равенства степени качества	Не такой… как	This table is not so small as that one.
More… than Less… than	Сравнение степеней качеств предметов	Более… чем Менее… чем	This task is more important than that task.
The + сравн.степень the + сравн.степень the warmer…, the better	Зависимость одного от другого	Чем + сравнит. степень, тем + сравнит. степень Чем теплее…, тем лучше	The warmer the weather, the better I feel. (Чем теплее погода, тем лучше я себя чувствую)
Much }+ сравн.ст. far much cheaper far more serious	Значительное превышение качества одного предмета над другим	гораздо (намного) дешевле гораздо серьезнее	Let’s go by car. It’s much cheaper. Her illness was far more serious than we at first thought.
a bit }+ сравн.ст. a little a little warmer	Незначительное превышение	Немножко (чуточку) теплее	It’s a little warmer today than it was yesterday.

Упр. 1. Прочитайте и переведите следующие прилагательные:

Dangerous – more dangerous – the most dangerous; serious – more serious – the most serious; big – bigger – the biggest; wide – wider – the widest; good – better – the best; bad – worse – the worst; early – earlier – the earliest; easy – easier – the easiest; strong – stronger – the strongest; powerful – more powerful – the most powerful; great – greater – the greatest; far – further – the furthest; difficult – more difficult – the most difficult; significant – more significant - the most significant; intelligent – more intelligent – the most intelligent;

Упр. 2. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени от следующих прилагательных:

Severe, great, serious, important, little, many, rigid, dangerous, complex, bad, good, late, large, successful, far.

Упр. 3. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык:

Дальнейшее расследование, самые суровые законы, более строгий приговор, самое серьезное преступление, самые плохие условия, менее важное обстоятельство, самое серьезное правонарушение, более сложное задание, самый умный полицейский, больше краж, самая лучшая подготовка, самые серьезные меры, самый высокий уровень преступности, менее важное дело, самое значительное дополнение, самый важный свидетель, лучший следователь города, дальнейшее расследование.

Упр. 4. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. Since the public seems to want more police protection, more police will contribute to the feeling of community protection. 2. The more police, people believe, the less crime. 3. Capital punishment is one of the oldest method of dealing with offenders. 4. A misdemeanor is a minor offence, less serious than a felony. 5. It is generally accepted that the crime rate in the United States is among the highest, if not the highest, of all industrial, urbanized societies in the world. 6. Emotional crimes and crimes of passion are more difficult to deter. 7. Demands for quicker arrests, for swifter surer trials and punishments, rest on the assumption that effectiveness – catching criminals and punishing them – is the only purpose of our crime control efforts. 8. More rigid procedural requirements are generally required before conviction than after. 9. Most of the problems faced by our criminal justice system are as old as humanity. 10. The fullest expression of deterrence is capital punishment. 11. All sentences from the smallest fine to the longest prison term have a number of goals. 12. Sentences for young first offenders are usually shorter. 13. The Court relied on public opinion polls which indicated that less than 50 per cent of Americans favored the death penalty. 14. Women’s prisons are smaller than men’s ones. 15. Ninety-one percent of all police departments employ fewer than fifty people and more than half employ fewer than ten.

Упр. 5. Прочитайте следующие слова и словосочетания:

Fingerprint-отпечатки пальцев, fingertips-кончики пальцев рук, minute ridge formations-мельчайшие сочетания линий, infallible identification system-безошибочная система распознавания, to sign legal documents-подписать правовые документы, for identification purpose-в целях распознавания, a means for identifying criminals-способ распознавания преступников, latent prints-скрытые отпечатки, to digitally record fingerprints-записывать отпечатки на цифровые носители, scene of crime-место преступления, fingerprint archives-банк данных, содержащий образцы отпечатков пальцев, digital images-цифровое изображение, to conduct automated searches-производить автопоиск, the ability to electronically transmit fingerprint information-способность передавать информацию об отпечатках пальцев и сети, supersede – вытеснять.

Упр. 6. Переведите следующие группы слов, учитывая часть речи:

To establish (учреждать, устанавливать) – establishment; to impress (впечатлять) – impression – impressive; to measure (измерять) – measurement; to improve (улучшать) – improvement; to transmit (передавать данные) – transmission; to suspect (подозревать) – a suspect – suspicion –suspicious; to prove (доказывать) – proof; to store (накапливать) – storage; compare (сравнивать) – comparison – comparative.

Упр. 7. Переведите словосочетания, обращая внимание на перевод причастия II в функции определения:

Данные причастия образуются при помощи окончания –ed к правильным глаголам (suspect – suspected) или находятся в 3-ей колонке таблицы, если глагол неправильный (find - found).

На русский язык данные причастия переводятся при помощи суффиксов –енн, -анн, -м, -т.

A suspected person – подозреваемая личность, found on the fingertips – обнаруженные на кончиках пальцев.

Remain unchanged through life, receiving surface, the first recorded use of fingerprints, a detailed study of fingerprints, touched by a human hand, fingerprints made by the oily secretion, so-called latent prints, inefficiency caused by the establishment of many separate fingerprint archives, a computerized system, automated searches, the time needed for fingerprint identification.

Упр. 8. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Fingerprinting

Fingerprinting, method of identification using the impression made by the minute ridge formations found on the fingertips. No two persons have exactly the same arrangement of ridge patterns, and the patterns of any one individual remain unchanged through life. To obtain a set of fingerprints, the ends of the fingers are inked and then pressed or rolled one by one on some receiving surface. Fingerprints may be classified and filed on the basis of the ridge patterns, setting up an identification system that is almost infallible.

The first recorded use of fingerprints was by the ancient Assyrians and Chinese for the signing of legal documents. Probably the first modern study of fingerprints was made by the Czech physiologist Johannes Evangelista Purkinje, who in 1823 proposed a system of classification that attracted little attention. The use of fingerprints for identification purposes was proposed late in the 19th century by the British scientist Sir Francis Galton, who wrote a detailed study of fingerprints in which he presented a new classification system using prints of all ten fingers, which is the basis of identification systems still in use. In the 1890s the police in Bengal, India, under the British police official Sir Edward Richard Henry, began using fingerprints to identify criminals. As assistant commissioner of metropolitan police, Henry established the first British fingerprint files in London in 1901. Subsequently, the use of fingerprinting as a means for identifying criminals spread rapidly throughout Europe and the United States, superseding the old Bertillon system of identification by means of body measurements.

As crime-detection methods improved, law enforcement officers found that any smooth, hard surface touched by a human hand would yield fingerprints made by the oily secretion present on the skin. When these so-called latent prints were dusted with powder or chemically treated, the identifying fingerprint pattern could be seen and photographed or otherwise preserved. Today, law enforcement agencies can also use computers to digitally record fingerprints and to transmit them electronically to other agencies for comparison. By comparing fingerprints at the scene of a crime with the fingerprint record of suspected persons, officials can establish absolute proof of the presence or identity of a person.

The confusion and inefficiency caused by the establishment of many separate fingerprint archives in the United States led the federal government to set up a central agency in 1924, the Identification Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). This division was absorbed in 1993 by the FBI’s Criminal Justice Information Services Division. Currently, the FBI has on file about 250 million sets of fingerprints representing about 74 million people (both criminal and civilian), the largest collection in the world. These fingerprints are stored as digital images in the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), a computerized system that began full operation in 1999. The system also stores each individual’s criminal history if one exists. Using IAFIS, authorities can conduct automated searches to identify people from their fingerprints and determine whether they have a criminal record. The system also gives state and local law enforcement agencies the ability to electronically transmit fingerprint information to the FBI. The implementation of IAFIS represented a breakthrough in crimefighting by reducing the time needed for fingerprint identification from weeks to minutes or hours.

Упр. 9. Исправьте следующие утверждения:

1. Every person has the unique arrangement of ridge patterns, and the patterns of any one individual can change through life.

2. The first recorded use of fingerprints was by the ancient Greeks for the signing of legal documents.

3. Probably the first modern study of fingerprints was made by the Czech physiologist Johannes Evangelista Purkinje, who in 1823 proposed a system of classification that attracted great attention.

4. In the19th century Sir Francis Galton, the American scientist, proposed to use of fingerprints for identification purposes and wrote a detailed study of fingerprints in which he presented a new classification system using prints of all ten fingers.

5. Galton started using fingerprints to identify criminals.

6. The old Bertillon system of identification by means of body measurements superseded the Henry system.

7. The FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) contains sets of fingerprints of law abiding people.

8. Henry established the first British fingerprint files in London in 1905.

Упр. 10. Переведите на английский язык и запишите следующие вопросы:

1. Почему легко установить личность по отпечаткам пальцев?

2. Как криминалисты получают отпечатки пальцев?

3. Для чего сирийцы и китайцы использовали отпечатки пальцев?

4. Кто впервые начал изучать отпечатки пальцев?

5. Какой ученый представил новую систему классификации отпечатков?

6. Гэлтон или Генри начал использовать отпечатки пальцев для установления личности преступника?

7. Почему система компьютерного автопоиска, созданная ФБР, очень эффективна?

Упр. 11. Ответьте письменно на данные вопросы.

Упр. 12. Используя полученные ответы в качестве плана, перескажите текст.

Упр. 13. Переведите текст со словарем и определите сущность системы Бертилона в установлении личности подозреваемого.

Bertillon System, scientific method for identifying people, especially criminals, devised in 1879 by the French criminologist Alphonse Bertillon. The system records anthropometric measurements and personal characteristics, such as color of eyes, scars, and deformities. The following measurements are taken: (1) body: height standing, reach from fingertips to fingertips, length of trunk and head, or height sitting; (2) head: length and width, length and width of right ear; (3) limbs: length of left foot, length of left middle finger, length of left little finger, length of left forearm. These measurements are recorded on cards and classified according to the length of the head.

Bertillon measurements are difficult to take with uniform exactness, and physical dimensions can change as a result of growth or surgery. For these reasons fingerprinting and other methods have for the most part superseded the Bertillon system as the principal means of identification in American and European police systems.

UNIT 2

From the History of Police Forces