Indirect Questions

General and tag

questions

Special questions

Requests for advice

1. "Are you hungry?" — He asked (me)

if/whether I was hungry, but: if a question has just been asked, we can say: „—Are you hungry?"

What did he ask you?

He asked (me)

1. a) "When did you go there?" — He asked (me) when I had gone (or went) there. b) "Why is she smil­ing?"

— I wondered why she was smiling.

1. "Shall/Should I invite her?" — He wanted to know if/whether h< should invite her.

or He wanted to know whether to invite her.

2. You are hungry, aren't you?" — He asked (me) if/whether I was hungry.

2. a) "He left for Lviv" — They asked (me) who (had) left for Lviv.

b) "Which film has won the prize?" — He asked which film had won the prize.

2. "How shall/should

do that?" — He wanted

to know how he should

do that.

or He wanted to know

how to do that.

but: He wanted to know

why he should do that

Infinitive

Participle

Gerund

Indefinite

Present

Perfect

Continuous

Perfect Continuous

To write

-

To have written

To be writing

To have been writing

-

Reading

Having read

-

-

Reading

-

Having read

-

-

Infinitive

Participle

Gerund

Indefinite

Present

Perfect

Continuous

Perfect Continuous

Past

To be written

To have been written

-

-

-

Being asked

having been asked

-

-

asked

Being read

-

Having been read

-

-

-

Infinitive denotes

Participle denotes

Gerund denotes

1. Indefinite (simultaneous action)

e.g. I was glad to see him.

Я був радий бачити його.

1. Participle I (or Present Participle)(simultaneous action)

e.g. He sat smiling.

Він сидів, усміхаючись.

1. Indefinite (simultaneous action)

e.g. This book is worth reading.

Цю книгу варто прочитати.

e.g. The house wants/needs/requires repairing.

Будинок потребує ремонту.

2. Continuous (simultaneous action in its progress)

e.g. It was pleasant to be driving a car. Було приємно вести автомобіль.

-

-

3. Perfect (Prior action)

e.g. I am/was happy to have spent my holiday in Paris. Я є/був щасливий, що провів канікули в Парижі.

3. Participle II (or Past Participle)(in most cases – prior action)

e.g. I bought a book printed in my town.

Я купив книжку, яка була видана в моєму місті.

3. Perfect (prior action)

e.g. I am proud of having been his pupil. Я пишаюся, що був його учнем.

Remember!

After to thank, to forget, to remember, to excuse, to apologize, on and after Indefinite Gerund is usually used for prior action.

e.g. Thank you for helping me. – Дякую, що допомогли мені.

4. Perfect Continuous (prior action that lasted for a certain period of time)

e.g. It was funny to have been playing hide and seek.

Було потішно грати в хованки.

-

-

Gerund or Infinitive

Infinitive

Gerund or Infinitive

avoid

enjoy

consider

finish reading

mind

suggest

I am busy

I look forward to

It is (not) worth

I can't help

decide

offer

fail

hope (to) leave

want

would like / love

Why not

Had better краще

Would rather краще

Would sooner краще

begin

start

continue

prefer to study /

stop studying

love / (preferably Gerund)

like / (preferably Gerund)

hate / (preferably Gerund)

Objective

Об’єктний

Subjective

суб’єктний

Absolute

незалежний

Gerundial

герундіальний

noun/object pro­noun + Infinitive/ Participle

noun/ subject pronoun +Verb (Pasive) +Infiniti ve/ Par­ticiple

noun/ subject pronoun + Par­ticiple

noun (possessive case) /possessive pronoun + Ger­und or object pram noun + Gerund

1. Infinitive

e.g. I saw him cross the street. Я бачив, як він переходив вулицю – факт.

e.g. We expect them to arrive on Monday

1. Infinitive

e.g. He was heard to play the guitar. Чули, як він грав на гітарі - факт

_______

________

Participial a) e.g. I saw him crossing the

street. (Present Participle) Я бачив як він переходив вулицю – процес.

e.g. She had her hair done. (Past Participle) Їй зробили зачіску.

2. Participial

e.g. Her was heard playing the guitar. Чули, як він грав на гітарі – процес.

2. Participial

e.g. Her face smiling, she en­tered the room.

_______

_____

_____

______

3. Gerundial

a) e.g. They told us of Ann 's/her stay­ ing there. Вони сказали нам, що Аня/вона зупинилася там.

b) e.g. I don't like him going there. Мені не подобається, що він йде туди.

Function

Participle

Gerund

1. adverdial modifier

(обставина)

1. e.g. Entering the room, she said hello. Увійшовши до кімнати, вона привіталася (Вона привіталася (коли?), коли увійшла до кімнати.)

1. e.g. On entering the room, she said hello. Увійшовши до кімнати, вона вона привіталася.

(In this function Gerund is

used with prepositions.)

2. attribute

(означення)

2. e.g. The boy standing at the window dances very well.

- Хлопчик (який?), який стоїть біля вікна, дуже гарно танцює.

2. e.g. I have a good habit of giving presents. — Я маю гарну звичку (яку?) дарувати подарунки.

3. predicative

(предикатив)

3. e.g. The window is bro­ken. Вікно розбите.

3. e.g. His hobby is collecting stamps. Його улюблене заняття – колекціонувати марки.

4. object

(додаток)

—

4. e.g. He likes swimming. Він любить (що?) плавання/плавати.

5. subject

(підмет)

—

5. e.g. Seeing is believing.

Бачити – значить вірити.

to enjoy — насолоджуватися

to be tired of— втомитися

to be interested in — цікавитися

to be used to — звикнути

to feel like — мати настрій (щось робити)

to dream of—мріяти

to congratulate on — вітати

to prevent from —перешкоджати

can

may

must

could (past)

might (past)

—

to be able to (equivalent)

to be allowed

to be permitted

(equivalent)

to have to

(equivalent)

1. ability (уміння, здатність)

e.g. I can swim. Я вмію плавати.

1. possibility

e.g. You may go there by train. Ви можете дістатися туди поїздом.

1. obligation/necessity

(обов’язок, необхідність)

e.g. You must tell the truth. Ти повинен сказати правду

e.g. It's cold. I must put on my sweater. Холодно. Я мушу одягнути светр.

2. permission (дозвіл) (informal)

e.g. Can I use your pen?

e.g. You can use my pen.

2. permission (formal)

e.g. May I go out?

e.g. You may go out.

_______

3. doubt (сумнів) only in questions and negative sentences.

e.g. Can/Could he know German? Невже він знає німецьку мову?

e.g. He can’t/couldn’t live there. Не може бути, що він живе там.

Could – лише підсилює сумнів.

3. supposition (припущення з відтінком сумніву) only in affirmative and negative sentences.

e.g. He may be waiting for you. Можливо він чекає тебе.

3. assumption (припущення , що межує з упевненістю) only in affirmative sentences.

e.g. He must be waiting for you. Він, напевно, чекає тебе.

4. request (прохання) (informal)

4. request (formal)

_____

Could

1)ability in the past

2)polite request

3)asking permission more politely

Might

1) possibility in the future

e.g. Take your umbrella. It might rain. Візьми парасолю. Може бути дощ.

2) reproach (докір)

e.g. You might write me a

______

letter. Miг 6u написати мені листа.

3) asking permission (more formal)

1) Compare:

They will win the match. (I am sure they will)

They might win the match. (It's possible, but I don't know)

to be to

need

should/ought to

dare

1. obligation

(resulting from a

previous agree­ment, plan, time table etc)

e.g. We are to meet at 5 o'clock.

1. necessity

e.g. Your hair needs cutting. Тобі потрібно підстригтися.

1. advice (saying what the best thing to do is) e.g. You should stop smoking.

Тобі слід перестати палити.

1. to have the cour­age to do something

(in questions and negative sentences) e.g. How dare you ask me such a ques­tion? Як смієш питати мене таке?

2. order or in­struction

e.g. The medicine is to be kept in a cool place. Ліки слід зберігати у прохолодному місці.

—

2. obligation only ought to

e.g. We ought to

respect elderly people. Нам слід поважати старших людей.

—

shall

will

would

1. suggestions, offers

e.g. Shall I close the

window? Зачинити вікно?

1. predictions, requests, offers, warn­ings.

e.g. You will get fat if you eat so much. Ти поправишся, якщо будеш так багато їсти.

e.g. I'll open the door for you (an offer). Я відкрию тобі двері.

1. polite or formal re­quests

Would you type this let­ter, please?

2. asking for advice e.g. Shall I tell him the truth? Сказати йому правду?

2. shows that thing fails to perform its function (only in negative sentences)

e.g. The knife won't cut. Ніж не ріже.

2. shows that thing fails to perform its function (only in negative sentences) e.g. The knife wouldn't cut. Ніж не різав