Active Vocabulary

ladle-ковш	frequency of impacts - частота воздействий, ударов
clamp diameter – диаметр захвата	digging depth – глубина копания
weight – вес	dredge – экскаватор
the equipment – оборудование	hydraulics - гидравлика

TEXT 18

Tomorrow's farm machinery

Designers have been making tractors more powerful to increase the speed of ploughing. But even a giant tractor like the K-700 A increases the width of the cultivated swath only slightly. By developing more powerful tractors, machines of 500 hp, for instance, the swath can be widened to six meters - - but what about the weight of such giant tractors? With today's ploughs a tractor expands its power not only on tilling but also on overcoming the resistance of the soil to the movement of the plough through it. After long searches, designers have developed a ploughshare having a more active reaction with respect to the engine. When moving across a field a plough loosens the soil by pushing its working parts away from the layer of earth. A tractor wheel or crawler track pushing away from the soil imparts a forward motion to the tractor. By attaching a cultivating tool to the rim of a wheel or to the crawler tracks you get a reaction cultivator. At present this principle is being applied in a mounted implement. One after another the working parts bite into the soil, loosening it, and at the same time push away from it helping the tractor. Thus, soil resistance (the reaction of the layer) is diverted into the direction of the movement instead of in the opposite direction, as in conventional ploughing. This considerably reduces the expenditure of energy in ploughing.

The use of reaction cultivation components is a highly prom­ising field. They make swaths as much as 12 meters wide. Despite the fact that they are propelled by light tractors with more powerful engines cultivation goes ahead faster. This unusual type of implement is still in its infancy. Scientists believe that in future a self-propelled plough will be developed.

We have mentioned only a few experimental models of farm machines. Some will prove their worth while others may possibly be rejected. That is a natural process as our scientists develop new, highly productive machines for farm fields.

Active Vocabulary

arid - бесплодный	profitable - выгодный
cheap - дешевый	remain - остаться
compose - составьте	advantage - преимущество
disadvantage - неудобство	excess - избыток
sufficient - достаточный	skill - навык
choice - выбор

TEXT 19

Basic parts of the automobile

The automobile consists of units and the mechanisms forming three basic parts: the chassis, a body and the engine

The chassis of the automobile consists of transmission and a running part and mechanisms of management.

Transmission of the automobile consists of units and the units transmitting twisting moment from the engine to driving wheels and varying twisting moment, frequency of revolutions on size and a direction.

The basic units of transmission of the automobile are: coupling, a box of transfers, cranked transfer, the main transfer, and differential and power shafts -floor axis.

Coupling of the automobile is the mechanism transmitting twisting moment of the engine and allowing quickly disconnecting the engine from transmission and again them smoothly to connect.

The box of transfers of the automobile will transform twisting moment on size and a direction and enables to move forward and back and to separate the engine from transmission on long time.

Cranked transfer of the automobile enables to transfer twisting moment from a box of transfers to conducting bridges under varied corners.

The main transfer will transform twisting moment on size and transfers it from cranked a shaft through differential on floor axis under a constant corner.

The differential of the automobile enables to rotate to driving wheels with various speeds.

The running part is a basis of the automobile, the frame, forward and back axes, springs, shock-absorbers, wheels and trunks concern to it.

Mechanisms of management enable to operate the automobile -steering management change directions of movement, and brakes slowly down speed of movement stop the automobile.