- •Предисловие
- •Contents
- •The internal combustion engine
- •Active Vocabulary to Text a
- •Exercises
- •The basic systems of the internal combustion engine
- •I cooling system
- •Active Vocabulary to Text b, I
- •II lubricating system
- •Active Vocabulary to Text b, II
- •Exercises
- •At a service station
- •Engine servicing
- •Active Vocabulary to Text c
- •Exercises
- •At the Service Station
- •Four stroke cycle of the diesel engine
- •The functions of the fuel
- •Electrical systems
- •Checking technical state of a car
- •Test questions
- •Lesson 2 tractors
- •Modern tractors
- •Active Vocabulary to Text а
- •Exercises
- •Constructional features of modern tractors
- •Active Vocabulary to Text в
- •Exercises
- •Diagnostic procedures
- •Active Vocabulary to Text с
- •Exercises
- •Tractor t-40 am
- •Tracklaying tractors
- •Faults and remedies1 of the electrical equipment and relay-regulators
- •Faults and remedies of the starter, gearbox, rear axle and hydraulic system
- •Test questions
- •Lesson 3 cultivation machinery
- •Text a cultivation machinery
- •Active Vocabulary to Text а
- •Exercises
- •Modern plows
- •Active Vocabulary to Text в
- •Exercises
- •Service and maintenance of cultivation machinery
- •Active Vocabulary to Text с
- •Exercises
- •Disk plows
- •Walking tractor
- •Active Vocabulary to Text а
- •Exercises
- •The combine you can rely on
- •Total quality standards
- •Active Vocabulary to Text в
- •Exercises
- •I think; As for me; In my opinion; As far as I understand.
- •Main faults of combine-harvesters
- •Active Vocabulary to Text с
- •Exercises
- •Datavision tv monitor
- •Combines
- •Test questions
- •Additional texts for test translation
- •The horseless carriage
- •Daf diesel
- •Quality standards
- •Finding a fault in a car
- •Instructions for checking the spark plug
- •Some pieces of advice to an auto fan
- •Cultivator bertolini 315
- •Combines for the 21st century
- •Texts for independent work
- •The technology of maintenance
- •Of the machines in the agricultural-industrial complex
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Text 2 the central injection unit removal and installation
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Car of future
- •Transmission
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Text 5 reassembly
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Fuel pump
- •Fuel system
- •Removal and installation of the engine
- •Steering system
- •Air cleaner
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Quadram power engines
- •The electric system
- •Active Vocabulary
- •The lubrication system
- •Why we call it a «diesel» engine
- •Gearing friction gearing
- •Toothed bevel gearing
- •Removable excavating and loading implements
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Tomorrow's farm machinery
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Basic parts of the automobile
- •Active Vocabulary
- •The body structure of the new cars
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Toyota carina - e
- •Characteristics of the automobile Toyota Carina e
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Safety checks
- •Trunk Lid. Move the ornament upward to insert the key.
- •Detachable front seat belt. (Hardtop models). The shoulder belt can be detached from the front seat belt.
- •Important:
- •Warning/indicator/ monitoring light and chime
Constructional features of modern tractors
Farmers are the principal users of tractors. That is why tractor development is closely1 connected with agricultural operations. Engineers and designers constantly have to improve the models of tractors. Agriculture needs powerful machines that can provide efficient performance, easy operation, total quality and reliability and long service. Modern tractors are to be constructed with certain features. The basic parts of a tractor are the frame, the traction mechanism, the efficient power unit, the transmission power system, the steering unit, and the working and auxiliary devices.
The frame carries numerous parts that form the tractor. The frame must be rigid2 to fix all the units on their places. To prevent tractor parts from damage three-point suspension is commonly used. Two points of the suspension are attached to the rear axle and one point is fitted to the middle of the front axle.
The traction mechanism of a tractor may be of two types: pneumatic wheels or tracks. Tracks are more reliable on heavy, sandy or hilly lands where wheels don't provide perfect adhesion with the soil.
The power unit includes a powerful diesel or petrol engine in which fuel is converted into mechanical energy. Unlike3 a car engine tractor engine is low-speed. The engine may be air-cooled or water-cooled, the latter4 being more popular. To lubricate the engine, the force feed method is used.
The transmission system consists of a clutch, mechanically operated gear mechanism, shafts, axles, differential and drives. The function of this system is to transmit the power produced by the engine to the driving speeds of the tractor, operating in different conditions. The transmission system should be compact and reliable.
The steering unit causes the tractor to move, change speed and direction. The working equipment consists of a PTO-shaft, a pulley, a hydraulic system to mount mechanisms, a three-point linkage to control implements. The auxiliary5 equipment includes a cab and an operator's seat, heating system; light and sound control devices, etc. One has to know all parts of a tractor and keep them in order to use it with the highest efficiency.
NOTES
1closely - тесно
2rigid - жесткий
3unlike - в отличие от
4latter - последний
5auxiliary - вспомогательный
Active Vocabulary to Text в
improve - улучшать |
clutch - муфта |
frame - рамка |
dual clutch-двойная муфта |
cause - вызывать |
form - образовывать |
pulley - ременной шкив |
reliable - надежный |
fix - укреплять |
control - управлять |
fixed - неподвижный |
numerous - многочисленный |
keep - содержать |
traction mechanism - ходовая часть |
suspension - подвеска |
steering - рулевое управление |
fit - крепить |
force feed method – метод принудительной смазки |
order - порядок |
perfect - cовершенный, полный |