1338 Index

– stabilization 657–660

reduction, degree of see DR

reduction efficiency 982

reduction energetics, oxygen 643

reduction products, dioxygen 644

reductive bleaching 1134

refiner mechanical pulp 1098

– definition 1072

refiner plates 1108

– designs 1109

refiner process 1098–1112

refiner types, characteristics 1108

reflectance, sheets 1280

reflectance spectra, hardwood sulfite pulp

611

refractive index, acid sulfite cooking liquor

analysis 433

refractory kappa number 672

regenerated cellulose fibers, production by

Viscose process 7

regenerated fibers 1047

– global production 11

regeneration

– black liquor 112

– cellulose II 27

reject handling, pulp processing 1113–1122

reject rate, screening operating parameters

575

reject ratio, volumetric 568–569, 576

reject refining stage 1121

reject thickening, in relation to volumetric

reject ratio 568–569, 576

– screening theory 566–570

reject treatment 1121–1122

relative hydrolysis rates, methyl-b-pyranosides

and 328

relative oxygen susceptibility, lignin model

compounds 640

reliability, quality control 1215

removal efficiency, fibers 590–591

repeatability, quality control 1215

reprecipitation, xylan 1011

reproducibility, quality control 1215

residual chromophores 1030

residual lignin 174, 704, 856–859, 1033

– composition after cooking and bleaching

634–640

– contents 722

– functional group content 635

– linkage frequencies 638

– modification with peracetic acid 880

– phenolic hydroxyl content 263

– b-O-4-structures content 263

residual lignin-carbohydrate complex see

RLCC

residual lignin structures 173–174, 713–716,

749

– milled wood lignin, conventional and

EMCC® kraft pulp 262

– modified kraft cooking 257–264

residual phase, kraft pulping reactions

overview 184

residual sodium, unidirectional longitudinal

diffusion 139

resin 1030–1033

– black liquor 967

– dissolving pulp characterization 1061

resin acids

– kraft cooking extractives 183

– softwoods 35–36

resin canals, softwoods 52

resin content, wood quality 1075

resin ducts, softwoods 51

resin reduction 960

resin-rich, softwoods and hardwoods 465

resistance to chlorine dioxide oxidation 749

resistant lignin fractions, partial kappa

numbers 724

resonance structures, chlorine dioxide 735

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, US

legislation 1195

Resource Recycling Facilitation Law, Japanese

legislation 1198

retention time 702–703, 804

– ozone bleaching 802

– temperature, speed 1098

– two-stage delignification operating

conditions 730

rheology, pulp-liquor systems 614–615

ribonic acid, content in aldonic acid residues

658

rice straw fibers, cell dimensions and

chemical composition 4

ring-conjugated structures, hydroxyl radical

adducts 653

ring debarkers 77–80

ring grinder, mechanical pulping 1088

ring-porous hardwoods, Fraxinus excelsior 53

ring-porous woods

– liquid flow 133

– vessels 53

Ritter–Kellner process 6

– sulfite chemical pulping 392

RLCC 634, 666–668

– composition before and after after

bleaching 640–641