1322 Index

– oxygen susceptibility (relative) 640

– partial kappa numbers 724

– phenolic hydroxyl 263, 636

– phenolic hydroxyl groups 173

– phenolic polymer 31

– phenolic subunits 164

– phenylpropane building blocks 32

– PHK process 348

– photodegradation 655

– polymerized 853

– production in AQ-kraft process 323

– pteridophytes 30

– pulp bleaching 1126

– pulp fraction 440

– pulping yields 110

– para-quinone methide 164–165

– reactions with acid sulfite 407–416

– reactions with ozone 795

– reactions with peracid 881

– reactivity 634–641

– redox mechanisms 319

– relative oxygen susceptibility 640

– removal in CBC process 286

– removal rate in prehydrolysis-kraft process

348

– residual 174, 635, 704

– residual structure 173–174, 257–264

– resistant fractions 724

– selective bromination 316

– selective hydrolysis 1227

– side chain 635

– side-chain enone structures 857

– softening temperature 1081

– softwoods 22, 33

– solubilization 714

– specific consumption in selected model of

kraft cooking kinetics 221

– spermatophytes 30

– spruce 213

– structure see lignin structures

– sulfitolysis 407

– sulfonation 407–408

– syringylpropane unit 165

– topochemical distribution 61–63

– units 164, 170–172, 420

– weight fractions 213

– yield as function of H-factor 438

– see also RLCC

lignin-carbohydrate complexes 181, 258, 796

– formation and structure 171

– residual see RLCC

lignin content 1227–1228

– in relation to carbohydrate yield in alkaline

pulping 186

– in relation to wood component yields 481

– in softwoods and hardwoods 22

– residual 1014, 1033

lignin model compounds

– a-carbonyl group-containing 655

– relative oxygen susceptibility 640

lignin species, degradation during kraft

pulping 213

lignin structures 164–165, 173–174, 261–263

– b-O-4 263

– phenolic 795

– reactivity 634–641

– residual 262, 713–716

– responsible for bleaching reactivity 261

lignosulfonates, structure 415–416

lime cycle processes 990–991

lime kiln

– emission limits 1003

– schematic 991

lime mud 987

lime reburning 986–991

limiting-consistency model 517

limiting degree of polymerization 1043

linkages, frequencies in kraft residual lignin

638

liquid chromatography 1232

liquid-ring vacuum pump 977

Liquidamber styraciflua, kinetic parameters for

Xylan water prehydrolysis 333

liquor charging, acid sulfite pulping process

chemistry 428

liquor circulation 887

– implications 893–894

– schematic 889

liquor composition, AS/AQ and kraft

pulping 476

liquor cycle closure, stages 891

liquor management, advanced 366

liquor-to-wood ratio, prehydrolysis 326

liquors

– kraft cooking 113–121

– spent liquor composition 448

– see also black liquor, green liquor, orange

liquor, white liquor

LMS see laccase mediator- system

Lo-Level heat recovery system, Andritz 391

Lo-Solids™ process

– birch laboratory cooks 301–302

– dissolved lignin concentration at different

digester locations 298

Index 1323

– downflow single-vessel hydraulic digester

390

– Eucalyptus urophylla laboratory cooks

304–305

– introduction 299

– process steps and flow regime 389

– results 298–306

– single-vessel hydraulic digester 388

– technology and equipment 388–390

lobolly pine

– average moisture content 125

– lignin weight fractions 213

– photosensitized degradation 656

Lobry de Bruyn-Alberda van Ekenstein

mechanism 1233–1234

LODP see level-off DP

log handling, wood yard operations 97

log storage, wood 1076

long fiber removal, as function of short fiber

loss 592

long loop gas management 829

longitudinal diffusion

– dependency on temperature and activation

energy 140

– residual sodium fractions 139

longitudinal groundwood 1079

Lophira alata, stem section 58

low consistency discharge

– downflow reactor 625

– Metso Tower scrapers 624

low-consistency ozone bleaching 806–807

– delignification selectivity 809

low-lignin pulp, production in AQ-kraft

process 323

low molecular fraction, adsorbable organic

compounds 771

low molecular-weight components,

determination 1219–1226

low-temperature gasification 482, 992

low unbleached kappa-values 716

low-viscosity pulp 464

– sulfite cooking 957

low-volume high-concentration 372

lower cooking circulation 298

Lowest Unoccupied Molecule Orbital

– benzylium cation 409

– carbonium-oxonium ion 417

– quinone-methide 166

LUMO see Lowest Unoccupied Molecule

Orbital

LVHC see low-volume high-concentration

Lyocell dopes, discoloration 1027

Lyocell process 1022

m

+M-effect 790

macrofibrils, cellulose 41

macromolecular chains, solution viscosity

1248–1251

macromolecular composition 1227–1256

macromolecular substances, wood 22

macropores, accessibility 1054

macroscopic level, wood characterization 21

macrostructure, pulp stone 1093

magazine-type grinder, mechanical pulping

1089

magnefite process 466–467

– pH range 393

– two-stage neutral 467–468

magnesium

– protective effect 668

– stabilizing effect on hydrogen peroxide

855

magnesium acid sulfite cook, beech

435–437, 439

magnesium carbonate, cellulose protection

710–711

magnesium hydrogen sulfite

– diffusion coefficient 404

– solution 392

magnesium hydroxide, pulp bleaching 1130

magnesium oxide 879

magnolia, average moisture content 125

manganese

– distribution between fiber wall and external

solution 419

– pulp sorption as function of pH 523

– removal 862

manganese complex, model 877

mannan 834

– content 1028

– content as function of P-factor in

unbleached Visbatch® pulp 361

– dissolving pulp characterization 1061

– in relation to screened yield 362

– in relation to viscosity-to-kappa number

ratio 364

– relative acid hydrolysis rates 417

– structure 30

mannonic acid

– content in aldonic acid residues 658

– stabilization of reducing end-groups 657

mannose

– commercial paper-grade pulp 1013

– concentration development in beechwood

prehydrolysis 337–338

– content as function of H-factor 447