- •2006, Isbn 3-527-30997-7
- •Isbn-13: 978-3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn-10: 3-527-30999-3
- •Volume 1
- •1.1 Introduction 3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •2.2 Outlook 59
- •4.1 Introduction 109
- •4.2.5.1 Introduction 185
- •4.3.1 Introduction 392
- •5.1 Introduction 511
- •6.1 Introduction 561
- •6.2.1 Introduction 563
- •6.4.1 Introduction 579
- •Volume 2
- •7.3.1 Introduction 628
- •7.4.1 Introduction 734
- •7.5.1 Introduction 777
- •7.6.1 Introduction 849
- •7.10.1 Introduction 887
- •8.1 Introduction 933
- •1 Introduction 1071
- •5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and
- •III Recovered Paper and Recycled Fibers 1147
- •1 Introduction 1149
- •2.2 Inorganic Components 1219
- •2.3 Extractives 1224
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •4680 Lenzing
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •4860 Lenzing
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1 Introduction
- •1.2 The History of Papermaking
- •1 Introduction
- •1.2 The History of Papermaking
- •1 Introduction
- •1.3 Technology, End-uses, and the Market Situation
- •1 Introduction
- •1.3 Technology, End-uses, and the Market Situation
- •1 Introduction
- •1.3 Technology, End-uses, and the Market Situation
- •1 Introduction
- •1.5 Outlook
- •150.000 Annual Fiber Flow[kt]
- •1 Introduction
- •1.5 Outlook
- •1 Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Void volume
- •Void volume fraction
- •Xylan and Fiber Morphology
- •Initial bulk residual
- •4.2.5.1 Introduction
- •In (Ai) Model concept Reference
- •Initial value
- •Validation and Application of the Kinetic Model
- •Inititial
- •Volume.
- •Viscosity
- •Influence on Bleachability
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Introduction
- •International
- •Impregnation
- •4.3.4.2.1 Cellulose
- •Influence of Substituents on the Rate of Hydrolysis
- •140 116 Total so2
- •Xylonic
- •Viscosity Brightness
- •Xyl Man Glu Ara Furf hoAc XyLa
- •Initial NaOh charge [% of total charge]:
- •864 (Hemicelluloses), 2004: 254.
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Xylosec
- •Xylan residues
- •Viscosity
- •Introduction
- •Viscosity
- •Viscosity
- •Introduction
- •Initiator Promoter Inhibitor
- •Viscosity
- •Viscosity
- •Viscosity
- •Introduction
- •Viscosity
- •Introduction
- •Intra-Stage Circulation and Circulation between Stages
- •Implications of Liquor Circulation
- •Vid Chalmers Tekniska
- •Introduction
- •It is a well-known fact that the mechanical properties of the viscose fibers
- •Increase in the low molecular-weight fraction [2]. The short-chain molecules represent
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •In the cooking process or, alternatively, white liquor can be used for the cold
- •Is defined as the precipitate formed upon acidification of an aqueous alkaline solution
- •934 8 Pulp Purification
- •8.2 Reactions between Pulp Constituents and Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Solution 935
- •Is essentially governed by chemical degradation reactions involving endwise depolymerization
- •80 °C [12]. Caustic treatment: 5%consistency ,
- •30 Min reaction time, NaOh concentrations:
- •8.2 Reactions between Pulp Constituents and Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Solution
- •80 °C is mainly governed by chemical degradation reactions (e.G. Peeling reaction).
- •Investigated using solid-state cp-mas 13c-nmr spectroscopy (Fig. 8.4).
- •Indicates cleavage of the intramolecular hydrogen bond between o-3-h and o-5′,
- •8 Pulp Purification
- •Interaction between alkali and cellulose, a separate retention tower is not really
- •In the following section.
- •3% In the untreated pulp must be ensured in order to avoid a change in the supramolecular
- •8.3 Cold Caustic Extraction
- •Xylan content [%]
- •8 Pulp Purification
- •Is calculated as effective alkali (ea). Assuming total ea losses (including ea consumption
- •Xylan content [%]
- •8.3 Cold Caustic Extraction
- •120 °C (occasionally 140 °c). As mentioned previously, hce is carried out solely
- •Involved in alkaline cooks (kraft, soda), at less severe conditions and thus avoiding
- •8.4Hot Caustic Extraction 953
- •954 8 Pulp Purification
- •120 Kg NaOh odt–1, 90–240 min, 8.4 bar (abs)
- •8.4Hot Caustic Extraction 955
- •956 8 Pulp Purification
- •Into the purification reaction, either in the same (eo) or in a separate stage
- •960 8 Pulp Purification
- •8.4.1.5 Composition of Hot Caustic Extract
- •8.4Hot Caustic Extraction 961
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Xyloisosaccharinic acid
- •Inorganicsa
- •Inorganic compounds
- •Value (nhv), which better reflects the actual energy release, accounts for the fact
- •968 9 Recovery
- •It should be noted that the recycling of bleach (e.G., oxygen delignification) and
- •9.1 Characterization of Black Liquors 969
- •9.1.2.1 Viscosity
- •9.1.2.3 Surface Tension
- •9.1.2.5 Heat Capacity [8,11]
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes
- •Is described by the empirical equation:
- •9 Recovery
- •Vent gases from all areas of the pulp mill. From an environmental perspective,
- •9.2.2.1 Introduction
- •In the sump at the bottom of the evaporator. The generated vapor escapes
- •Incineration, whereas sulphite ncg can be re-used for cooking acid preparation.
- •9 Recovery
- •Values related to high dry solids concentrations. The heat transfer rate is pro-
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes
- •9.2.2.3 Multiple-Effect Evaporation
- •7% Over effects 4 and 5, but more than 30% over effect 1 alone.
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes
- •Increasing the dry solids concentration brings a number of considerable advantages
- •9.2.2.4 Vapor Recompression
- •Is driven by electrical power. In general, vapor coming from the liquor
- •Vapor of more elevated temperature, thus considerably improving their performance.
- •9 Recovery
- •Is typically around 6 °c. The resulting driving temperature difference
- •Is low, and hence vapor recompression plants require comparatively large heating
- •Vapor recompression systems need steam from another source for start-up.
- •9 Recovery
- •Its temperature is continuously falling to about 180 °c. After the superheaters,
- •In the furnace walls, and only 10–20% in the boiler bank. As water turns into
- •9.2.3.1.2 Material Balance
- •Is required before the boiler ash is mixed. In addition, any chemical make-up
- •In this simplified model, all the potassium from the black liquor (18 kg t–1
- •Values for the chemicals in Eq. (11) can be inserted on a molar basis, equivalent
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes
- •Input/output
- •9 Recovery
- •9.2.3.1.3 Energy Balance
- •In the black liquor, from water formed out of hydrogen in organic material, and
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes
- •9.2.3.2 Causticizing and Lime Reburning
- •9.2.3.2.1 Overview
- •9.2.3.2.2 Chemistry
- •986 9 Recovery
- •Insoluble metal salts are kept low. Several types of filters with and without lime
- •Is, however, not considered a loss because some lime mud must be
- •988 9 Recovery
- •In slakers and causticizers needs special attention in order to avoid particle disintegration,
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes 989
- •Ing disks into the center shaft, and flows to the filtrate separator. There, the white
- •9.2.3.2.4 Lime Cycle Processes and Equipment
- •It is either dried with flue gas in a separate, pneumatic lime mud dryer or is fed
- •990 9 Recovery
- •Its temperature falls gradually. Only about one-half of the chemical energy in the
- •9.2.3.3.2 Black Liquor Gasification
- •Inorganics leave the reactor as solids, and into high-temperature techniques,
- •In the bed. Green liquor is produced from surplus bed solids. The product gas
- •992 9 Recovery
- •Incremental capacity for handling black liquor solids. The encountered difficulties
- •10% Of today’s largest recovery boilers. When the process and material issues are
- •9.2 Chemical Recovery Processes 993
- •9.2.3.3.3 In-Situ Causticization
- •Is still in the conceptual phase, and builds on the formation of sodium titanates
- •9.2.3.3.4 Vision Bio-Refinery
- •Into primary and secondary recovery steps. This definition relates to the recovery
- •994 9 Recovery
- •Is largely different between sulfite cooking bases. While magnesium and
- •Introduction
- •In alkaline pulping the operation of the lime kiln represents an emission source.
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Is by the sophisticated management of these sources. This comprises their collection,
- •Ions, potassium, or transition metals) in the process requires the introduction
- •Industry”. Similarly guidelines for a potential kraft pulp mill in Tasmania [3]
- •Initially, the bleaching of chemical pulp was limited to treatment with hypochlorite
- •In a hollander, and effluent from the bleach plant was discharged without
- •In a heh treatment and permitted higher brightness at about 80% iso (using
- •Increasing pulp production resulted in increasing effluent volumes and loads.
- •10.2 A Glimpse of the Historical Development 999
- •It became obvious that the bleaching process was extremely difficult to operate in
- •In a c stage was detected as aox in the effluent (50 kg Cl2 t–1 pulp generated
- •1% Of the active chlorine is converted into halogenated compounds (50 kg active
- •In chlorination effluent [12] led to the relatively rapid development of alternative
- •1000 10 Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production
- •10.2 A Glimpse of the Historical Development
- •In 1990, only about 5% of the world’s bleached pulp was produced using ecf
- •64 Million tons of pulp [14]. The level of pulp still bleached with chlorine
- •10 000 Tons. These are typically old-fashioned, non-wood mills pending an
- •In developed countries, kraft pulp mills began to use biodegradation plants for
- •10 Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production
- •Indeed, all processes are undergoing continual development and further improvement.
- •Vary slightly different depending upon the type of combustion unit and the fuel
- •10.3Emissions to the Atmosphere
- •Volatile organic
- •In 2004 for a potential pulp mill in Tasmania using “accepted
- •10 Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production
- •Is woodyard effluent (rain water), which must be collected and treated biologically
- •10.4 Emissions to the Aquatic Environment
- •Is converted into carbon dioxide, while the other half is converted into biomass
- •Into alcohols and aldehydes; (c) conversion of these intermediates into acetic acid and
- •10 Environmental Aspects of Pulp Production
- •In North America, effluent color is a parameter which must be monitored.
- •It is not contaminated with other trace elements such as mercury, lead, or cadmium.
- •10.6 Outlook
- •Increase pollution by causing a higher demand for a chemical to achieve identical
- •In addition negatively affect fiber strength, which in turn triggers a higher
- •Introduction
- •2002, Paper-grade pulp accounts for almost 98% of the total wood pulp production
- •Important pulping method until the 1930s) continuously loses ground and finds
- •Importance in newsprint has been declining in recent years with the increasing
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Virtually all paper and paperboard grades in order to improve strength properties.
- •In fact, the word kraft is the Swedish and German word for strength. Unbleached
- •Importance is in the printing and writing grades. In these grades, softwood
- •In this chapter, the main emphasis is placed on a comprehensive discussion of
- •1010 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Is particularly sensitive to alkaline cleavage. The decrease in uronic acid content
- •Xylan in the surface layers of kraft pulps as compared to sulfite pulps has been
- •80% Cellulose content the fiber strength greatly diminishes [14]. This may be due
- •Viscoelastic and capable of absorbing more energy under mechanical stress. The
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp 1011
- •Various pulping treatments using black spruce with low fibril
- •In the viscoelastic regions. Fibers of high modulus and elasticity tend to peel their
- •1012 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •Viscosity mL g–1 793 635 833 802 1020 868 1123
- •Xylose % od pulp 7.3 6.9 18.4 25.5 4.1 2.7 12.2
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Inorganic Compounds
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •Insight into many aspects of pulp origin and properties, including the type of
- •Indicate oxidative damage of carbohydrates).
- •In general, the r-values of paper pulps are typically at higher levels as predicted
- •Is true for sulfite pulps. Even though the r-values of sulfite pulps are generally
- •Is rather unstable in acid sulfite pulping, and this results in a low (hemicellulose)
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Ing process, for example the kraft process, the cellulose:hemicellulose ratio is
- •Increases by up to 100%. In contrast to fiber strength, the sheet strength is highly
- •Identified as the major influencing parameter of sheet strength properties. It has
- •In contrast to dissolving pulp specification, the standard characterization of
- •Is observed for beech kraft pulp, which seems to correlate with the enhanced
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Is significantly higher for the sulfite as compared to the kraft pulps, and indicates
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •Xylan [24].
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •11.2 Paper-Grade Pulp
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Introduction
- •Various cellulose-derived products such as regenerated fibers or films (e.G.,
- •Viscose, Lyocell), cellulose esters (acetates, propionates, butyrates, nitrates) and
- •In pulping and bleaching operations are required in order to obtain a highquality
- •Important pioneer of cellulose chemistry and technology, by the statement that
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Involves the extensive characterization of the cellulose structure at three different
- •Is an important characteristic of dissolving pulps. Finally, the qualitative and
- •Inorganic compounds
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •11.3.2.1 Pulp Origin, Pulp Consumers
- •Include the recently evaluated Formacell procedure [7], as well as the prehydrolysis-
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Viscose
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •11.3.2.2 Chemical Properties
- •11.3.2.2.1 Chemical Composition
- •In the polymer. The available purification processes – particularly the hot and cold
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •In the steeping lye inhibits cellulose degradation during ageing due to the
- •Is governed by a low content of noncellulosic impurities, particularly pentosans,
- •Increase in the xylan content in the respective viscose fibers clearly support the
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Instability. Diacetate color is measured by determining the yellowness coefficient
- •Xylan content [%]
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Xylan content [%]
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Is, however, not the only factor determining the optical properties of cellulosic
- •In the case of alkaline derivatization procedures (e.G., viscose, ethers). In industrial
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Viscose
- •Viscose
- •In order to bring out the effect of mwd on the strength properties of viscose
- •Imitating the regular production of rayon fibers. To obtain a representative view
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Viscose Ether (hv) Viscose Acetate Acetate
- •Xylan % 3.6 3.1 1.5 0.9 0.2
- •1.3 Dtex regular viscose fibers in the conditioned
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Is more pronounced for sulfite than for phk pulps. Surprisingly, a clear correlation
- •Viscose fibers in the conditioned state related to the carbonyl
- •1038 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •In a comprehensive study, the effect of placing ozonation before (z-p) and after
- •Increased from 22.9 to 38.4 lmol g–1 in the case of a pz-sequence, whereas
- •22.3 To 24.2 lmol g–1. The courses of viscosity and carboxyl group contents were
- •Viscosity measurement additionally induces depolymerization due to strong
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Increasing ozone charges. For more detailed
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Is more selective when ozonation represents the final stage according to an
- •11.3.2.3 Supramolecular Structure
- •1042 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Is further altered by subsequent bleaching and purification processes. This
- •Involved in intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The softened state favors
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Interestingly, the resistance to mercerization, which refers to the concentration of
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Illustrate that the difference in lye concentration between the two types of dissolving
- •Intensity (see Fig. 11.18: hw-phk high p-factor) clearly changes the supramolecular
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Viscose filterability, thus indicating an improved reactivity.
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Impairs the accessibility of the acetylation agent. When subjecting a low-grade dissolving
- •Identification of the cell wall layers is possible by the preferred orientation of
- •Viscose pulp (low p-factor) (Fig. 11.21b, top). Apparently, the type of pulp – as well
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •150 °C for 2 h, more than 70% of a xylan, which was added to the cooking liquor
- •20% In the case of alkali concentrations up to 50 g l–1 [67]. Xylan redeposition has
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Xylan added linters cooked without xylan linters cooked with xylan
- •Viscosity
- •In the surface layer than in the inner fiber wall. This is in agreement with
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Xylan content in peelings [wt%]
- •Xylan content located in the outermost layers of the beech phk fibers suggests
- •11.3.2.5 Fiber Morphology
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •50 And 90%. Moreover, bleachability of the screened pulps from which the wood
- •11.3.2.6 Pore Structure, Accessibility
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Volume (Vp), wrv and specific pore surface (Op) were seen between acid sulfite
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Irreversible loss of fiber swelling occurs; indeed, Maloney and Paulapuro reported
- •In microcrystalline areas as the main reason for hornification [85]. The effect of
- •105 °C, thermal degradation proceeds in parallel with hornification, as shown in
- •Increased, particularly at temperatures above 105 °c. The increase in carbonyl
- •In pore volume is clearly illustrated in Fig. 11.28.
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Viscosity
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Increase in the yellowness coefficient, haze, and the amount of undissolved particles.
- •11.3.2.7 Degradation of Dissolving Pulps
- •In mwd. A comprehensive description of all relevant cellulose degradation processes
- •Is reviewed in Ref. [4]. The different modes of cellulose degradation comprise
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •50 °C, is illustrated graphically in Fig. 11.29.
- •11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •In the crystalline regions.
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp
- •Important dissolving pulps, derived from hardwood, softwood and cotton linters
- •11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp 1061
- •Xylan rel% ax/ec-pad 2.5 3.5 1.3 1.0 3.2 0.4
- •Viscosity mL g–1 scan-cm 15:99 500 450 820 730 1500 2000
- •1062 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1072 1 Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Inventor of stone groundwood. Right: the second version
- •1074 2 A Short History of Mechanical Pulping
- •In refining, the thinnings (diameter 7–10cm) can also be processed.
- •In mechanical pulping as it causes foam; the situation is especially
- •In mechanical pulping, those fibers that are responsible for strength properties
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •In mechanical pulping, the wood should have a high moisture content, and the
- •In the paper and reduced paper quality. The higher the quality of the paper, the
- •1076 3 Raw Materials for Mechanical Pulp
- •1, Transversal resistance; 2, Longitudinal resistance; 3, Tanning limit.
- •3.2 Processing of Wood 1077
- •In the industrial situation in order to avoid problems of pollution and also
- •1078 3 Raw Materials for Mechanical Pulp
- •2, Grinder pit; 3, weir; 4, shower water pipe;
- •5, Wood magazine; 6, finger plate; 7, pulp stone
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •4.1.2.1 Softening of the Fibers
- •1080 4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •235 °C, whereas according to Styan and Bramshall [4] the softening temperatures
- •Isolated lignin, the softening takes place at 80–90 °c, and additional water
- •4.1 Grinding Processes 1081
- •1082 4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •1, Cool wood; 2, strongly heated wood layer; 3, actual grinding
- •4.1.2.2 Defibration (Deliberation) of Single Fibers from the Fiber Compound
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •Influence of Parameters on the Properties of Groundwood
- •In the mechanical defibration of wood by grinding, several process parameters
- •Improved by increasing both parameters – grinding pressure and pulp stone
- •In practice, the temperature of the pit pulp is used to control the grinding process,
- •In Fig. 4.8, while the grit material of the pulp stone estimates the microstructure
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •4.1 Grinding Processes
- •Is of major importance for process control in grinding.
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •4.1.4.2 Chain Grinders
- •Is fed continuously, as shown in Fig. 4.17.
- •Initial thickness of the
- •75 Mm thickness, is much thinner than that of a concrete pulp stone, much
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •Include:
- •Increases; from the vapor–pressure relationship, the boiling temperature is seen
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •In the pgw proves, and to prevent the colder seal waters from bleeding onto the
- •4.1 Grinding Processes
- •In pressure grinding, the grinder shower water temperature and flow are
- •70 °C, a hot loop is no longer used, and the grinding process is
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •Very briefly at a high temperature and then refined at high
- •4.2 Refiner Processes
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •Intensity caused by plate design and rotational speed.
- •4.2 Refiner Processes
- •1. Reduction of the chips sizes to units of matches.
- •2. Reduction of those “matches” to fibers.
- •3. Fibrillation of the deliberated fibers and fiber bundles.
- •1970S as result of the improved tmp technology. Because the key subprocess in
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •Impregnation Preheating Cooking Yield
- •30%. Because of their anatomic structure, hardwoods are able to absorb more
- •Is at least 2 mWh t–1 o.D. Pulp for strongly fibrillated tmp and ctmp pulps from
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •4.2 Refiner Processes
- •1500 R.P.M. (50 Hz) or 1800 r.P.M. (60 Hz); designed pressure 1.4 mPa
- •1500 R.P.M. (50 Hz) or 1800 r.P.M. (60 Hz); designed pressure 1.4 mPa;
- •4.2 Refiner Processes
- •4 Mechanical Pulping Processes
- •In hardwoods makes them more favorable than softwoods for this purpose. A
- •4.2 Refiner Processes
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1114 5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and Cleaning
- •5.2Machines and Aggregates for Screening and Cleaning 1115
- •In refiner mechanical pulping, there is virtually no such coarse material in the
- •1116 5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and Cleaning
- •5.2Machines and Aggregates for Screening and Cleaning
- •5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and Cleaning
- •5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and Cleaning
- •5.3 Reject Treatment and Heat Recovery
- •55% Iso and 65% iso. The intensity of the bark removal, the wood species,
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1124 6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •Initially, the zinc hydroxide is filtered off and reprocessed to zinc dust. Then,
- •2000 Kg of technical-grade product is common. Typically, a small amount of a chelant
- •6.1 Bleaching with Dithionite 1125
- •Vary, but are normally ca. 10 kg t–1 or 1% on fiber. As the number of available
- •1126 6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •6.2 Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide
- •70 °C, 2 h, amount of NaOh adjusted.
- •6.2 Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide
- •Is shown in Fig. 6.5, where silicate addition leads to a higher brightness and a
- •Volume (bulk). For most paper-grade applications, fiber volume should be low in
- •Valid and stiff fibers with a high volume are an advantage; however, this requires
- •1130 6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •6.2 Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide
- •Very high brightness can be achieved with two-stage peroxide bleaching, although
- •In a first step. This excess must be activated with an addition of caustic soda. The
- •Volume of liquid to be recycled depends on the dilution and dewatering conditions
- •6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •Is an essential requirement for bleaching effectiveness. Modern twin-wire presses
- •Is discharged to the effluent treatment plant. After the main bleaching stage, the
- •6.3 Technology of Mechanical Pulp Bleaching
- •1136 6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •7.3 Shows the fractional composition according to the McNett principle versus
- •1138 7 Latency and Properties of Mechanical Pulp
- •7.2 Properties of Mechanical Pulp 1139
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •In Fig. 1.2, the development of recovered paper utilization and paper production
- •Is split into the usa, the cepi countries, and Germany. It is clear that since 1990,
- •5.8% For Germany and worldwide, and 5.9% for the cepi countries.
- •1150 1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •Industry, environmentalists, governmental authorities, and often even the marketplace.
- •It is accepted that recycling preserves forest resources and energy used for
- •1 Introduction
- •Incineration. The final waste (ashes) can either be discarded or used as raw
- •Virgin fibers
- •74.4 % Mixed grades
- •Indonesia
- •Virgin fibers
- •Inhomogeneous sample Homogeneous sample
- •Variance of sampling Variance of measurement
- •1.Quartile
- •3.Quartile
- •Insoluble
- •Insoluble
- •Insoluble
- •Integral
- •In Newtonion liquid
- •Velocity
- •Increasing dp
- •2Α filter
- •0 Reaction time
- •Increasing interaction of probe and cellulose
- •Increasing hydrodynamic size
- •Vessel cell of beech
- •Initial elastic range
- •Internal flow
- •Intact structure
- •Viscosity 457
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1292 Index
- •Visbatch® pulp 354
- •Index 1293
- •1294 Index
- •Impregnation 153
- •Viscosity–extinction 433
- •Index 1295
- •1296 Index
- •Index 1297
- •Inhibitor 789
- •1298 Index
- •Index 1299
- •Impregnation liquor 290–293
- •1300 Index
- •Industries
- •Index 1301
- •1302 Index
- •Index 1303
- •Xylose 463
- •1304 Index
- •Index 1305
- •1306 Index
- •Index 1307
- •1308 Index
- •In conventional kraft cooking 232
- •Visbatch® pulp 358
- •Index 1309
- •In prehydrolysis-kraft process 351
- •Visbatch® cook 349–350
- •1310 Index
- •Index 1311
- •1312 Index
- •Viscosity 456
- •Index 1313
- •Viscosity 459
- •Interactions 327
- •1314 Index
- •Index 1315
- •Viscosity 459
- •1316 Index
- •Index 1317
- •Xylose 461
- •Index 1319
- •Visbatch® pulp 355
- •Impregnation 151–158
- •1320 Index
- •Index 1321
- •1322 Index
- •Xylan water prehydrolysis 333
- •Index 1323
- •1324 Index
- •Viscosity 459
- •Index 1325
- •Xylose 940
- •1326 Index
- •Index 1327
- •In selected kinetics model 228–229
- •4OMeGlcA 940
- •1328 Index
- •Index 1329
- •Intermediate molecule 164–165
- •1330 Index
- •Viscosity 456
- •Index 1331
- •1332 Index
- •Impregnation liquor 290–293
- •Index 1333
- •1334 Index
- •Index 1335
- •1336 Index
- •Impregnation 153
- •Index 1337
- •1338 Index
- •Viscose process 7
- •Index 1339
- •Volumetric reject ratio 590
- •1340 Index
- •Index 1341
- •1342 Index
- •Index 1343
- •1344 Index
- •Index 1345
- •Initiator 788
- •Xylose 463
- •1346 Index
- •Index 1347
- •Vessel 385
- •Index 1349
- •1350 Index
- •Xylan 834
- •1352 Index
Important dissolving pulps, derived from hardwood, softwood and cotton linters
and produced according to acid sulfite and PHK procedures.
1060
11.3 Dissolving Grade Pulp 1061
Tab. 11.16 Chemical and physical characterization profile of selected dissolving pulps.
Parameters Viscose products Cellulose acetate High-viscosity ether
Pulp origin
Wood HardwoodHardwood Softwood Hardwood Softwood Cotton
Process
Cooking
Bleaching
Method Reference Acid sulfite
ECF
PHK
TCF
Acid sulfite
ECF
PHK
ECF
Acid sulfite
ECF
Soda
ECF
Chemical properties
Chemical Composition
Carbohydrates [25]
Glucan rel% AX/EC-PAD 97.0 96.3 97.5 98.8 94.8 99.6
Mannan rel% AX/EC-PAD 0.5 0.2 1.2 0.2 2.0 0.0
Xylan rel% ax/ec-pad 2.5 3.5 1.3 1.0 3.2 0.4
Extractives, Resins
Acetone extractives % ISO 624 (mod.) 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.06
DCM extractives % ISO 624 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.03
Kappa number T 236 cm-85 mod. 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.1
Organohalogen (OX) ppm DIN 52355 100 25 55 100 130 120
Total ash % LAG Z614 0.1 0.08 0.1 0.07 0.2 0.02
Metal ions
Mn ppm ICP-AES 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5
Fe ppm ICP-AES 3 5 3 3 5 10
Mg ppm ICP-AES 10 50 10 15 100 15
Ca ppm ICP-AES 15 15 15 20 100 60
Si ppm ICP-AES 20 20 15 10 15 10
Macromolecular properties
Viscosity mL g–1 scan-cm 15:99 500 450 820 730 1500 2000
Mn kg mol–1 GPC-MALLS [36] 56 58 100 121 119 722
Mw kg mol–1 GPC-MALLS [36] 250 175 400 340 950 1300
PDI GPC-MALLS [36] 4.5 3.0 4.0 2.8 8.0 1.8
DP < 100 wt% GPC-MALLS [36] 5.0 2.8 2.0 1.5 0.0 0.0
DP > 2000 wt% GPC-MALLS [36] 25.0 15.0 45.0 38.0 65.0 95.0
1062 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
Tab. 11.16 Continued.
Parameters Viscose products Cellulose acetate High-viscosity ether
Pulp origin
Wood HardwoodHardwood Softwood Hardwood Softwood Cotton
Process
Cooking
Bleaching
Method Referencea Acid sulfite
ECF
PHK
TCF
Acid sulfite
ECF
PHK
ECF
Acid sulfite
ECF
Soda
ECF
Functional Groups
Copper number % ZM IV/8/70 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.2
Carbonyl lmol g–1 CCOA [21] 14.0 6.0 9.0 4.0 6.0 3.0
Carboxyl
lmol g–1 methylene blue [95] 30.0 28.0 25.0 16.0 50.0 10.0
Physical properties
Single Fiber
Water retention value (WRV) % DIN 53814 73 71 71 80 71 54
Pulp sheet
Brightness % ISO ISO 2470 93.0 89.0 94.0 92.5 85.0 85.0
Basis weight g m–2 ISO 638 800 770 n.d. 700 720 600
Density
g cm–3 ISO 438 0.913 0.600 n.d. 0.530 0.570 n.d.
Application Tests
Viscose filterability [68] __ __
Cellulose ether (e.g. MHPC, MHEC,
CMC)
__ __ __ __
Cellulose acetate
[96] __ __
Alkali resistance
R10 % DIN 54355 89.0 92.0 93.5 97.7 93.8 98.5
R18
% DIN 54355 95.0 96.5 96.5 98.2 95.0 99.2
References 1063
References
Sections 11.1–11.2
1 Niskanen, K., Paper Physics. Papermaking
Science and Technology, J. Gullichsen,
H. Paulapuro, Eds. Vol. 16. Fapet Oy,
1998.
2 Levlin, J.-E., L. Sцderhjelm, Pulp and
Paper Testing. Papermaking Science and
Technology, J. Gullichsen, H. Paulapuro,
Eds. Vol. 17. Fapet Oy, 1999.
3 Rydholm, S.A., Pulping Processes.
Malabar, Florida 1965: Robert E. Krieger
Publishing Co., Inc., 1965: 1135–1166.
4 Young, R.A., Comparison of the properties
of chemical cellulose pulps. Cellulose,
1994; 1: 107–130.
5 Jayme, G., A.v. Kцppen, Strukturelle
und chemische Unterschiede zwischen
Sulfit- und Sulfatzellstoffen. Das Papier,
1950; 4(23/24): 455–462.
6 Luce, J.E., Radial distribution of properties
through the cell wall. Pulp Paper
Mag. Can., 1964: 419–423.
7 Jayme, G., A.v. Kцppen, Strukturelle
und chemische Unterschiede zwischen
Sulfit- und Sulfatzellstoffen. Das Papier,
1950; 4(21/22): 415–420.
8 Hamilton, J.K., N.S. Thompson,
A chemical comparison of kraft and sulphite
pulps. Pulp Paper Mag. Can., 1960:
263–272.
9 Yllner, S., B. Enstrцm, Studies of the
adsorption of xylan on cellulose fibres
during the sulphate cook. Part 1. Svensk.
Papperstidn., 1956; 59: 229–234.
10 Yllner, S., B. Enstrцm, Studies of the
adsorption of xylan on cellulosic fibres
during the sulphate cook. Part 2. Svensk.
Papperstidn., 1957; 60(15): 549–554.
11 Dahlmann, O., J. Sjoeberg. Comparative
study of different approaches for analyzing
carbohydrates at the surface of
chemical pulp fibers. In Seventh European
Workshop on Lignocellulosics
and Pulp. Turku/Abo, Finland: Abo
Akademi, 2002; 111–114.
12 Pettersson, S.E., S.A. Rydholm, Hemicelluloses
and paper properties of birch
pulps. III. Svensk. Papperstidn., 1961;
64(1): 4–17.
13 Page, D.H., The origin of the differences
between sulphite and kraft pulps.
J. Pulp Paper Sci., 1983; 9(1):
TR15–TR20.
14 Page, D.H., The mechanism of strength
development of dried pulps by beating.
Svensk. Papperstidn., 1985; 88(3):
R30–R35.
15 Scallan, A.M. In Fibre Water Interactions
in Papermaking. Clowes: London, 1978.
16 Koeppen, A.V., Structural and chemical
differences between sulfite and kraft
pulps. Tappi, 1964; 47(10): 589–595.
17 Sixta, H., R. Mцslinger, Characterization
of commercial paper grade pulps. R&D
Lenzing AG, Internal Report: Lenzing,
2004.
18 Molin, U., A. Teder, Importance of cellulose/
hemicellulose-ratio for pulp
strength. Nordic Pulp Paper Res. J., 2002;
17(1): 14–19.
19 Jenzen, C.A., The effect of stress applied
during drying on some of the properties
of individual pulp fibers. Tappi, 1964;
47(7): 412–418.
20 Rцhrling, J., et al., A novel method for
the determination of carbonyl groups in
cellulosics by fluorescence labeling. 2.
Validation and applications. Biomacromolecules,
2002; 3: 969–975.
21 Rцhrling, J., et al., A novel method for
the determination of carbonyl groups in
cellulosics by fluorescence labeling. 1.
Method development. Biomacromolecules,
2002; 3: 959–968.
22 Baldinger, T., A. Potthast, Evaluation of
keto groups generated along the cellulose
chain from combined GPC-CCOA
measurement. CD Laboratory, Internal
Report: Vienna, 2004.
23 Schelosky, N., T. Roder, T. Baldinger,
Molecular mass distribution of cellulosic
products by size exclusion chromatography
in DMAc/LiCl. Das Papier,
1999; 53(12): 728–738.
24 Kettunen, J., et al., Aspects of strength
development in fibre produced by different
pulping methods. Pap. Puu, 1982;
Specialnummer 4: 205–211.
1064 11 Pulp Properties and Applications
Section 11.3
1 Treiber, E., Charakterisierung von Chemiefaserzellstoffen.
Das Papier, 1971:
25(12): 830–833.
2 Treiber, E., Probleme bei der Charakterisierung
von Chemiefaserzellstoffen.
Faserforschung und Textiltechnik, 1974;
25(9): 387–391.
3 Treiber, E., The viscose process surveyed
from an industrial and laboratory point
of view. Tappi J., 46(10), 594–600.
4 Klemm, D., et al., Comprehensive Cellulose
Chemistry. Vol. 1. Weinheim,Germany:
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 1998:
9–42.
5 Kleinert, T.N., Z. Angew. Chem., 1931;
44(39): 788.
6 Peter, W.,Herstellung von Kunstfaserzellstoff
nach dem Organosolv-AufschluЯverfahren.
Lenzinger Ber., 1986;
61: 12–16.
7 Sixta, H., et al., Evaluation of new organosolv
dissolving pulps. part I: Preparation,
analytical characterization and viscose
processability. Cellulose, 2004; 11:
73–83.
8 Kordsachia, O., S. RoЯkopf, R. Patt, Production
of spruce dissolving pulp with
the prehydrolysis-alkaline sulfite process
(PH-ASA). Lenzinger Ber., 2004; 83:
24–34.
9 Sixta, H., A. Borgards, New technology
for the production of high-purity dissolving
pulps. Das Papier, 1999; 53(4):
220–234.
10 Rosenau, T., et al., The chemistry of
side reactions and byproduct formation
in the system NMMO/cellulose (Lyocell
process). Prog. Polym. Sci., 2001; 26:
1763–1837.
11 Rosenau, T., et al., Isolation and identification
of residual chromophores in cellulosic
materials. Polymer, 2004; 45:
6437–6443.
12 White, P., Lyocell: the production process
and market development. In Regenerated
Cellulose Fibres, C. Woodings, Ed.
Woodhead Publishing Limited: Cambridge,
England, 2001: 62–87.
13 Lenz, J., et al., Der EinfluЯ der Begleitsubstanzen
des Zellstoffs auf Verarbeitbarkeit
und Fasereigenschaften im
ViskoseprozeЯ. Lenzinger Ber., 1981; 51:
10–13.
14 Jayme, G., N. Nikoliew, The reactivity of
the hemicelluloses of pulp in the
xanthation reaction. Angew. Chemie,
1948; A60: 15–18.
15 Micic, M., Correlation between the filtration
constant and alpha-cellulose,
pentosans, brightness, impurities,
mineral substances, resins, and viscose
of pulp. Hemijska Vlakna, 1988; 28(3):
9–13.
16 Siclari, F., Polynosic fibres from different
types of dissolving pulps. Pure Appl.
Chem., 1967; 14(3–4): 423–433.
17 Wilson, J.D., R.S. Tabke. Influence of
hemicelluloses on acetate processing in
high catalyst systems. In Dissolving
Pulps Conference. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI,
1973: 55–68.
18 Adorjan, I., et al., Discoloration of cellulose
solutions in N-methylmorpholine-
N-oxide (Lyocell). Part 1: Studies on
model compounds and pulps. Cellulose,
2005; 12: 51–57.
19 Wilson, J.D., R.S. Tabke, Influence of
hemicelluloses on acetate processing in
high catalyst systems. Tappi, 1974;
57(8): 77–80.
20 Gardner, P.E., M.Y. Chang. The acetylation
of native and modified hemicelluloses.
In Dissolving Pulps Conference.
Atlanta: Tappi, 1973: 93–95.
21 Neal, J.L., Factors affecting the solution
properties of cellulose acetates. J. Appl.
Polymer Sci., 1965; 9(3): 947–961.
22 Borgards, A., H. Sixta, Evaluation of Cellulose
Triacetate. Lenzing AG, Internal
Report, 2000.
23 Conca, R.L., J.K. Hamilton, H.W.
Kircher, Haze in cellulose acetate. Tappi,
1963; 46(11): 644–648.
24 Wells, F.L., W.C. Schattner, A. Walker,
Hemicellulose and false viscosity in cellulose
acetate. Tappi, 1963; 46(10):
581–586.
25 Sixta, H. et al., Characterisation of
alkali-soluble pulp fractions by chromatography,
11th Intern. Symp. on Wood
and Pulping Chem. (ISWPC), Nice,
France, 2001: 655–658.
26 Swan, B., Extractives of unbleached and
bleached prehydrolysis-kraft pulp from
References 1065
Eucalyptus globulus. Svensk. Papperstidn.,
1967; 70(19): 616–619.
27 Rydholm, S.A., Production and properties
of eucalyptus pulp. Papier, 1966;
20(10): 711–720.
28 Croon, I., Resins, waxes, and fats present
in wood pulp. Papier, 1965; 19(10A):
711–719.
29 Assarsson, A., H. Jonsйn, O. Samuelson,
Influence of resin in viscose upon the
clogging of spinnerets. Svensk Papperstidn.,
1968; 5: 137–141.
30 Gцransson, S., Effect of pulp extractives
in the viscose process. Svensk. Papperstidn.,
1968; 16: 533–543.
31 Sixta, H., The use of aspen wood for the
production of viscose pulp. R&D
Lenzing AG: Lenzing, 2004.
32 Rдsдnen, R.H., J. Erva, M. Saaristo.
Evaluation of viscose pulp at a pulp
mill. In Dissolving Pulp Conference.
Atlanta, GA.: Tappi, 1973: 25–41.
33 Berzings, V., J.E. Tasman, The relationship
of the kappa number to the lignin
content of pulp materials. Pulp Paper
Canada, 1957; 9: 154–158.
34 Chinchloe, P.R. Residual lignin in dissolving
grade pulp. In Dissolving Pulps
Conference. Atlanta, GA: Tappi, 1973.
35 Bergner, C., B. Philipp, S. Schulze,
Untersuchungen zur Menge und Verteilung
mineralischer Verunreinigungen
in Buchensulfit-Textilzellstoffen. Zellstoff
und Papier, 1990; 39(1): 11–16.
36 Schelosky, N., T. Rцder, T. Baldinger,
Molecular mass distribution of cellulose
products by size exclusion chromatography
in DMAC/LiCl. Das Papier, 1999;
53(12): 728–738.
37 Hermans, P.H., The analogy between
the mechanism of deformation of cellulose
and that of rubber. J. Phys. Chem.,
1941; 45: 827–836.
38 Avela, E., et al., Sulphite pulps for
HWM-fibres. Pure Appl. Chem., 1967;
14(3–4): 289–301.
39 Treiber, E.E., Zellstoffe fьr Modalfasern.
Lenzinger Ber., 1988; 64: 19–22.
40 Treiber, E. Gegenwдrtiger Stand und
Zukunftstrend des Viskoseverfahrens
und seines Rohstoffes. In 4th International
Symposium on Man-Made Fibres.
Kalinin, USSR, 1986.
41 Rцhrling, J., et al., A novel method for
the determination of carbonyl groups in
cellulosics by fluorescence labeling. 2.
Validation and applications. Biomacromolecules,
2002; 3: 969–975.
42 Schleicher, H. and H. Lang, Carbonylund
Carboxylgruppen in Zellstoffen
und Celluloseprodukten. Das Papier,
1994; 12: 765–768.
43 Beyer, M., C. Bдurich, K. Fischer, Mechanism
of light- and thermal-induced yellowing
of pulps. Das Papier, 1995;
49(10A): V8–V14.
44 Beving, H.F.G., O. Theander, Degradation
of methyl alpha-D-glucohexo-1,5-
dialdopyranoside in aqueous solution.
Acta Chim. Scand., Ser. B, 1975; 29(5):
577–581.
45 Baldinger, T., A. Potthast, Evaluation of
keto groups generated along the cellulose
chain from combined GPC-CCOA
measurement. CD Laboratory, Internal
Report: Vienna, 2004.
46 Sixta, H., R. Mцslinger, Influence of
ozone bleaching with Z-stage in various
positions within a TCF sequence on
thermal-induced discoloration of a
beech sulfite dissolving pulp. R&D
Lenzing AG: Lenzing, 2004.
47 Gratzl, J.S., Lichtinduzierte Vergilbung
von Zellstoffen – Ursachen und Verhьtung.
Das Papier, 1985; 39(10A):
V14–V23.
48 Philipp, B., J. Baudisch, W. Stцhr, Zum
EinfluЯ einiger chemischer Faktoren
auf den thermischen Abbau der Cellulose.
Cellulose Chem. Technol., 1972; 6:
379–392.
49 Buchert, J., et al., Significance of xylan
and glucomannan in the brightness
reversion of kraft pulps. Tappi, 1997;
80(6): 165–171.
50 Fink, H., E. Walenta, Rцntgenbeugungsuntersuchungen
zur ьbermolekularen
Struktur von Cellulose im
VerarbeitungsprozeЯ. Das Papier, 1994;
48: 739–748.
51 Kunze, J., A. Ebert, H.-Fink, Characterization
of cellulose and cellulose ethers
by means of 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Cellulose
Chem. Technol., 2000; 34: 21–34.
52 Baldinger, T., J. Moosbauer, H. Sixta,
Supermolecular structure of cellulosic
materials by FTIR spectroscopy calibrat1066
11 Pulp Properties and Applications
ed by WAXS and 13C NMR. Lenzinger
Ber., 2000; 79: 15–17.
53 Fink, H.-P., et al., Evaluation of new
organosolv dissolving pulps. Part II:
Structure and NMMO processability of
the pulps. Cellulose, 2004; 11: 85–98.
54 Akim, E.L., Manufacture and chemical
treatment of dissolving pulps. Tappi,
1978; 61(9): 111–114.
55 Steege, H.H., B. Philipp, Production,
characterization, and use of microcrystalline
cellulose. Zellst. Pap., 1974; 23(3):
68–73.
56 Sixta, H., Comparative evaluation of
TCF bleached hardwood dissolving
pulps. Lenzinger Ber., 2000; 79: 119–128.
57 Schleicher, H., B. Philipp, Effect of activation
on the reactivity of cellulose. Das
Papier, 1980; 34(12): 550–555.
58 Philipp, B., R. Lehmann, C. Rauscher,
Influence of cellulose material on the
course of alkali cellulose formation. Faserforschung
und Textiltechnik, 1959; 10:
22–35.
59 Hinck, J.F., R.L. Casebier, J.K. Hamilton,
Dissolving Pulp Manufacturing. In
Sulfite Science & Technology, J.K.O. Ingruber,
P.E. Al Wong, Eds. TAPPI, CPPA:
Atlanta, 1985: 213–243.
60 Wallis, A.F.A., R.H. Wearne, Preparation
of chemical cellulose from radiata
pine bisulfite pulps without using chlorine-
containing reagents. Appita, 1992;
45(4): 239–242.
61 Sioumis, A.A., A.F.A. Wallis, Chemical
celluloses derived from Pinus radiata
wood pulps for nitrocellulose preparation.
Polymer Int., 1991; 25: 203–209.
62 El-Din, N.M.S., F.F.A. El-Megeid, The
effect of cold alkali pretreatment on the
reactivity of some cellulosic pulps
towards acetylation. Holzforschung,
1994; 48: 496–500.
63 Temming, H., H. Grunert, Temming
linters: technical informations about
cotton cellulose, ed. Peter Temming
AG. Glьckstadt: J.J. Augustin, 1972.
64 Purz, H.J., H. Graf, H.-Fink, Electron
microscopic investigations of fibrillar
and coagulation structure of cellulose.
Das Papier, 1995; 49(12): 714–730.
65 Yllner, S., B. Enstrцm, Studies of the
adsorption of xylan on cellulose fibres
during the sulphate cook. Part 1. Svensk.
Papperstidn., 1956; 59: 229–234.
66 Yllner, S., B. Enstrцm, Studies of the
adsorption of xylan on cellulosic fibres
during the sulphate cook. Part 2. Svensk.
Papperstidn., 1957; 60(15): 549–554.
67 Sixta, H., Investigation of xylan precipitation
during kraft cooking. R&D,
Lenzing AG: Lenzing, 2002: 8.
68 Hьpfl, J., J. Zauner, Testing dissolving
pulps by use of a laboratory-scale viscose
plant.. Das Papier, 20(3): 125–132.
69 Dahlmann, O., J. Sjoeberg. Comparative
study of different approaches for analyzing
carbohydrates at the surface of
chemical pulp fibers. In Seventh European
Workshop on Lignocellulosics
and Pulp. Turku/Abo, Finland: Abo
Akademi, 2002: 111–114.
70 Sjoeberg, J., et al., Fiber surface and
inner layer analysis of the polysaccharide
composition in sulfate and sulfite
dissolving pulps using enzymatic peeling
and CZE. In 227th ACS National
Meeting, Anaheim, CA., 2004.
71 Luce, J.E., Radial distribution of properties
through the cell wall. Pulp Paper
Mag. Can., 1964: 419–423.
72 Sixta, H., Preparation and characterization
of spruce and beech dissolving
pulps prepared by both acid sulfite and
prehydrolysis kraft cooking. R&D,
Lenzing AG: Lenzing, 2002.
73 Gruber, E., S. Ezzat, J. Schurz, Zellstoff-
Eigenschaften und Faserlдnge. II. Chemische
Reaktivitдt bei homogenen und
heterogenen Reaktionen. Das Papier,
1976; 30(4): 133–138.
74 Dubach, M., M. Rutishauser, Deresinification
of sulfite pulps by fiber fractionation.
Das Papier, 1957; 11: 37–43.
75 Yaldez, R., Fractionation of beech dissolving
pulp. Lenzinger Ber., 2000; 79:
143–148.
76 Maloney, T.C., T. Johansson,
H. Paulapuro, Removal of water from
the cell wall during drying. Paper Technol.,
1998; 39(6): 39–42, 44–57.
77 Maloney, T.C., H. Paulapuro, The formation
of pores in the cell wall. J. Pulp
Paper Sci., 1999; 25(12): 430–436.
78 Stone, J.E., A.M. Scallan, The effect of
component removal upon the porous
structure of the cell wall of wood. II.
References 1067
Swelling in water and the fiber saturation
point. Tappi, 1967; 50(10): 496–501.
79 Stone, J.E., A.M. Scallan, Structural
model for the cell wall of water-swollen
wood pulp fibers based on their accessibility
to macromolecules. Cellulose
Chem. Technol., 1968; 2(3): 343–358.
80 Bredereck, K., W.A. Schick, E. Bader,
Characterization of the pore structure of
water-swollen cellulose fibers. Makromolekulare
Chemie, 1985; 186(8):
1643–1655.
81 Bredereck, K., A. Blueher, A. Hoffmann-
Frey, The determination of pore structure
of cellulose fibers by exclusion
measurement. Papier, 1990; 44(12):
648–656.
82 Jayme, G., L. Rothamel, Development of
a standard centrifugal method for determining
the swelling values of pulps.
Papier, 1948; 2: 7–18.
83 Scallan, A.M., J.E. Carles, Correlation of
the water retention value with the fiber
saturation point. Svensk. Papperstidn.,
1972; 75(17): 699–703.
84 Urquhart, A.R., The mechanism of
adsorption of water by cotton. J. Textile
Inst., 1929; 20: T125–T132.
85 Newman, R.H., J.A. Hemmingson. Cellulose
cocrystallization in hornification
of kraft pulp. In 9th International Symposium
of Wood and Pulp Chemistry.
Montreal, Canada, 1997.
86 Rцder, T., H. Sixta. Thermal treatment
of cellulose pulps and its influence to
cellulose reactivity. In ISWPC. Madison,
WI, 2003.
87 Gruber, E., C. Schneider, W. Schempp,
Measuring the extent of hornification of
pulp fibers. Int. Papierwirtsch., 2001; 4:
T72–T75.
88 Fischer, K., W. Goldberg, M. Wilke,
Radiation pre-treatment of pulp for the
production of regenerated fibre production.
Lenzinger Ber., 1985; 59(8): 32–37.
89 Kuhn, W., Kinetics of the destruction of
high-molecular chains. Ber. Chem.
Dtsch. Ges., 1930; 63: 1503–1509.
90 Philipp, B., Struktur und Reaktivitдt der
Cellulose als Schwerpunkte der Celluloseforschung
im Institut fьr Polymerenchemie
in Teltow-Seehof. Das Papier,
1991; 12: 764–772.
91 Krдssig, H.A., Cellulose: Structure, Accessibility
and Reactivity. Polymer Monographs.
M.B. Huglin, Ed.. Vol. 11. Gordon
and Breach Science Publishers,
1993: 258–323.
92 Schenker, C., M.A. Heath, Development
of high purity dissolving wood pulp for
tire cord production. Tappi, 1959; 42(8):
709–712.
93 Patt, R., D.L.-K. Wang, Qualitдtsbeurteilung
von Chemiezellstoffen. Teil 2:
Alkalilцslichkeit und Gesamtzuckeranalyse.
Das Papier, 1987; 41(1): 7–12.
94 Methylenblue method, In Methods in
Carbohydrate Chemistry, Academic
Press, New York, ed.: R.L. Whistler, Vol.
III, 35–36.
95 Steinmeier, H., Acetate manufacturing,
process and technology. Chemistry of
Cellulose Acetylation. In Macromol.
Symp. 208; [Cellulose Acetates: Properties
and Applications, ed.: R. Rustemeyer,
Wiley-VCH], 2004, 49–60.
1069
II
Mechanical Pulping
Jьrgen Blechschmidt, Sabine Heinemann, and Hans-Ulrich Sьss
Handbook of Pulp. Edited by Herbert Sixta
Copyright © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim