In selected kinetics model 228–229

– diffusion model with cylindrical

symmetries 162–163

O

oak species 37

ODE see ordinary differential equation

offgas

– medium-consistency ozone delignification

system 826

– pressurized peroxide bleaching system

867

OH– see hydroxide ion

old growth redwood, average moisture

content 125

olefins, ozone reactions 793

oleoresin, softwood species 35

oligosaccharides

– fractionation 1230

– in water prehydrolyzate from beechwood

340

4OMeGlcA 940

once-through gas management 828

one-stage acid sulfite cooking

– material balance for different wood

species 458

– parameters 452

one-stage oxygen-delignified pulp 631

Onsager see Debye–Hьckel–Onsager equation

opacity 1280

open-air chip storage 101

open rotor 564

operating parameters, screening 575–578

operating variables, base case study 697

OQP sequence, effect on ligin structure 858

orange liquor 311

ordinary differential equation 159, 229

organic chlorine

– formation kinetics 772

– low pH 753

organic compounds

– dissolving pulp 1026–1033

– volatile 1002

organic constituents, black liquor 967

organic halogen, adsorbable see AOX

organic solutes, effect on ozone

concentration 788

organic solvents 342

organochlorine compounds

– commercial paper-grade pulp 1014

– see also OX

organohalogen, dissolving pulp

characterization 1061

organosolv pulping 16

osmosis, molar mass determination 1243

osmotic pressure, evaluation 1244

outlet consistency (NStd), standardized 545

outthrow materials, recovered paper 1162

overall selectivity, optimum 728

overflow, hydrocyclone 579–580

oversized logs, waste generation 105

OX 17, 628, 764, 767–777, 882, 1001, 1061

Ox-Dem see oxymercuration-demercuration

oxalic acid, ozone treatment 821

OXE 70, 264–265, 314, 705, 716

– bleaching chemicals 612–613

– formation during bleaching 847

– ITC-type and ASAM pulp 273

– QPQP bleaching 271

oxidants, extraction stage 869

oxidation

– amount of reagent 1227

1328 Index

– veratryl-b-guaiacyl ether 751

oxidation capacity 612

oxidation equivalents see OXE

oxidation potential

– hydrogen peroxide 852

– wasted 740

oxidative bleaching, carbonyl groups 1041

oxidative degradation, relative degradation

acid frequencies 637

oxidative peeling 177

– cellulose chain 663

oxidimetry, operating principle 1221

oxidizable impurities, removal 831

oxidizing power, ozone 779

oxime method, functional groups

determination 1236–1237

oxiran, nucleophilic opening 171

oxirane intermediates 858

oxygen 641–649

– autoxidation 644–645

– consumption 707, 869

– mass transfer to pulp fibers 688

– oxidation capacity (OXE) 613

– phenoxyl radical formation 650

– reduction energetics 643

– single O2–excited state 645–646

– solubility under equilibrium conditions

692

– see also dioxygen

oxygen-alkali bleaching, intial step 633

oxygen charge

– delignification process 707

– effect on delignification 700

– two-stage delignification operating

conditions 730

oxygen delignification 675, 681, 948, 950,

952

– alkali charge 703

– bleaching 628–734

– chemistry 632–670

– comparison between model and

experiment 683

– effect of carry-over 718–719

– efficiency in relation to P-factor 259

– first commercial application 727

– flowsheet 689

– industrial 688, 722

– ITC-type and ASAM pulp 274

– kappa number 258, 678, 684, 721

– kinetics 671

– kraft pulp 701, 759–761

– mass transfer 671

– paper-grade pulp 728

– P-factor 259

– pH Value 704

– pine pulp 667

– power law kinetic parameters 677, 679

– principal reaction schema 649–656

– process variables 701

– pulp bleaching 628

– residual xylan content, delignification

efficiency and chain scissions number 260

– selectivity 629, 702, 720–721

– softwood kraft pulp 713, 723

– temperature effect 813

– under mass tranfer limitation 698

– xylan 260

oxygen-delignified pulp 631

oxygen gas management 828

oxygen-oxygen bond, cleavage activation

energy 851

oxygen pressure, delignification process 707

oxygen susceptibility (relative), lignin model

compounds 640

oxymercuration-demercuration kappa

number 723

OxyTrac system 730

OZE-bleached pulp 825

ozonation 840, 1038

– degree of 840

– low pH 812

– rate 801

ozone

– charge 834, 1039–1040

– concentration 785

– consumption 803, 817, 831

– consumption rate 803

– consumption yield 804

– containing gas 806

– decomposition 786–790

– delignification 777–849

– dissolved 798

– generation 782–785

– oxidation capacity 613

– oxidation equivalents (OXE) 264

– physical properties 778–782

– radical reactions 792

– reactivity with pulp fibers 807

– resonance structures 779

– self-decomposition 811

ozone bleaching 793, 798

– basic considerations 829–830

– comparison of different stages 843–846

– efficiency 784

– installations 810

– medium-consistency 805