Insoluble

soluble

Insoluble

beta

cellulose

gamma

cellulose

soluble

Insoluble

alpha

cellulose

S 18 R 18

carbohydrate

content

carbohydrate

content

treatment by

NaOH 17,5 %

treatment by

NaOH 18 %

neutralization

by acetic acid

oxidation of

carbohydrates

by K2Cr2O4

1___ ___ ____ ___ __ _ _____ ___ ______________ __ _____ ______ __

_____

__" __, -_" 2____

: _______ _______ _ ____'__ __ _____ ___ ___ ___ _______ _____ _________

__ @E? :_C% __ _____ ____ ______ __ ______ $@E_ ___ __ __ __________ __ ___

)C ____ _ /<61_ ___ _____ _____ ____ _ _ _________ _,__ _ ______ _)@E_ __

__ _________&__ /<=1_ K _ _ ___ _ _____ _____ __ _ __! _ _________ _______

____'__ __ ___ $@E_ _____ _ _ _____ _ ____ @E? :_C% ____ ___ _______'

____ ___ _______ ____ @=_<? :_C%_

___3 _ ________ ____ __________

___ __________ __ ____________ ____

___

_ _ ____ _ _ % _.____!___,__

_ __________ _ ____ _____ _____ _____ _ __ __ ______ % ______ _______

__ ___ _ _____ __ __ _ _____ __ _____ ____ ___ ________ ____ ___ ___'

___ _ _ _ ______ _ _____ _____ ___ ___ _______ __ ____ _ _ _ _____ _______

__ __ __ _______ _ _ ___ _______ _ _ __________ ____ ____ __ ___

K _ ________ ___ _ __________ ___ ____ _&__ _____ ______ ___ _ __ __&___

______ _ _ _ __________ ____ ___ __________ ______ ___________ _ ________'

______ _____ __ ___ ______ ____ ___ ___ ____ _____ __ ____ _ _ __ _

___ ___ ____ _____ ______ _____ _ _____ __ ____ ___ ___ __ _______ _ ___'

_____ ___ __" ___ _ _____ _______ ____ K___ *_0__

_____

__________ _ _ _ _ ____!___,__ _____ 4.,_ _.___

_______ 5__ _!_ __ ____!.

_ ____ _ ____&_ _____ _ ____ ____ ___ __ ___ _______ ___ __ ____

____ __ _ ____&__ __ ________&___ _ ____ ____ __ __ __ ____ ____ _______

____ ___ _ ______ ___ _ __ __ _ ____ _ __ _ _____ ___ ______ ____ ___'

________ _ ____ __ ________ _ ___ _ _ __ ___ ___________ __B)_ _______

_ ___ _____ _ _______ ___ ____ __ __ _ _ _ _________ __ __ _____ ___

____ _____ __ __ _ ____ __________ _ _A ___ _'_ ____ __ __ _____ __ __ ____'

_ __ __ _____ _ _ ___ _____D ____ ____ _ ___ _ _____ _ _ _ __ ___,_ __ ___

___ __ ___ _____ (_ _"____ _ ___ _ __ _ _____ ____ ___________ ___________

_ __ __ __ __ __ __ K___ *_+_

O

H

TMSO

H

TMSO

H

OTMS

OTMS

H

H

OTMS

O

H

TMSO

H

TMSO

H

H

OTMS

H

OTMS

OTMS

OTMS

H

H

H OTMS

OTMS H

O

H

TMSO

TMSO

H

OTMS

H

H OTMS

OTMS H

O

H

TMSO

TMSO

Si

CH3

CH3

TMS = CH3

1___ ___ ___ _____ _________ _ ___ ___________

_ ________ ____ __________

( ______'______ ____ __ _ ____________ ___________ _ ______ _ _______ ___

____ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ________ ___ __ ___________ _ _ _ _ _____ __ _ ___

________ ____ ____ ____ _________ _K___ *_*__ -____ ____ ____ __ ___ _____

_____ __ _ _____ __ ____

O

H

HO

H

HO

H

OH

H OH

H

OH

CH2OH

H OH

HO H

H OH

H OH

CH2OH

CH2OAc

H OAc

AcO H

H OAc

OAc

CH2OAc

BH3 Ac2O

CH3

O

Ac =

1___ ___ ___ ____ _ ___ __ ___ _ _ __ ___ ______ _______ ___ __ ___

)__ _______ ___ ______ _ ___ __ ________ _ _____ _______ __ _____ ___

__ ___ _____ _ ____ ____ _________ ____ ____ _________ ___,_ _ _ __ ___

"_ ___ ____ ___ ______ ___ ___ ____ __ /<E1_ ( _______ ___ __ ___ _____

__ __ __ ________ ____ _ ____ _ __&___ _ _____ _ ___ _ _____ _ _________ ___,

_____ _ ___ __ ___ _____

_______ 6!__/__.__ _!_ __ ____!.

___ ______ "_ ___ ______ ___ ____ ___ __ ___ ___ ____ __ ___ __ _________

_________ _____ ____'____ __ ___ ______ /<>1_ __ _______ ____ __ __ ____ __ _

_____ ____ ______ ____ _____ __ ___ _ ___ ____ ____ ___ ___ _______ ______

___ ____ ______ __ ________ ____ ______ ________ ___ __________ _____ _____ '

__ _ ______

_______ __7_, _!_ __ ____!.

____ ___ __ ___ ______ ________ _ ____ __ ____ _ _____ __ _____ __ '

___ ______ ________ _ ___ ___ (_ _ _ ___ _ __ __ ______ _ __ ______ ___ __'

___ ____ _ __ __________ _______ ___ __ ___ ______ _ _ _____ ________ ___

_ _ ____ ______ __ ____ _____ ____ ____ ___ _____'_ ___ __ _____D _____

___ _____ __ ___ ______ ___ ____ __ __,__ ____ _ _______ ___ _____

________ B___________ _ __ ____ __ ___ ___ _____ ___ ______ __ _____

_ _______ _____ _ ___ __ _ ______ _____ _ _ -.'__ _ ______

____

___ __________ __ ____________

_____

__________ _ _ %___ ____ _____ 4.,_ _.___

____ ____ ___ __ __________ __ ____ _&___ _ __________ _ ___ ____ ____

-____ ___ __ ____ _____ ___ ____ ___ _ __ ________ ____ __" ___ __ __

______ ____ _ ____ "______'_______ _K___ *_0__

Hexose _ O

HO CHO

Hydroxymethyl furfural

Pentose _ O CHO

Furfural

1___ ___ _________ ______ _ ___ ___ ____ ___ __ ____ ___ _________

K______ __ __ ____ __ _ ___ _____ _ __"____ __ ________ __ _ _____ ____ __'

_ '_____ _ _____ _ _____ _ _____ ___ ___" ____ __ _ ___ ___ __ _ __'

_____ __ _ _________ _ 6*5 __ /651_ _ ______ _ _ ____ _________&__ ____ __

____ _______ _____ __ ____ ____ ___ ____ __ _________ ____ ___ ______ ______

_ ___ __ _ _____ ___________ _ _ ____ __'_____ _______ /6@1_

_____

__________ _ _ 8_ ___ *__,_ _____ 4.,_ _.___

__ ___________ _ ______ __ __ __________ _____ _ _ __ ___ _______ ____

____ _ ____ ________ _ ____ __,__ ____ _ _'_"_____ _______ _ ____

_ __ ___ _ ___ __ ____ _____ _ ____ _________ _ _____ ___ _____ ___ _____

________ _______ ___ ____ _______ ____ __ _____ _ ___ _ ______ ___ ____ _

__ __ ___ _ __ ____ (____ _____ ___ _"_____ _____ ________ __ _____ _ _'

__ _ ________ _ __ _ ______ ________ __ ______ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ _____

_____ ___ ___ ________ G________ ___ ________ ______ __ ___ ___ ____

_____ ____ __ ________ _____ ______ ___ ____ ___ _ ____ ___ _______ _____

_ _________ ____ __ ___ _________ ____ _ _ _ _ __ ___ ______ ________

____ ____ _ _ __&_'_"___ _ __ ___ ______ ____ K___ *_+5__ ___ _______ __ __ ___

__________ ______ _ ___ _____ ___ ___ ____ __ _____

-_ __ ____ ___ __ _______ _____ _ _ __ ___ _______ _____ __ ___ ___'

____ _ ____ __ _____ ______ _ __ ____ __ _______ (___________ ___ ______

___ __ ___________ _ _____ _B) ___________ ___ ____&__ _____ ___ __ ___ ___'

____

K _ _____ __ ___ _______ _'_________'%3 __ ____ __ _ ________ _______ ____

____ ____ ___ __ ___ ______

_ ___ ____ ____ __ __ ____ ____ __ ______ __ _ H________I_ _____ ________

_________ ___ __ ________&__ __ __ ____ "_____ _ _ ___ _____ _____ ______

K _ ___ ____________ _ _ ___ _______ _________ _ ____ __ ____ ____ __ __

____ ______ ____ _ __ ____&__ _____ ____ __ ___ ___ __ ____&_ _ __ __

____ _ ___ _____ _____ ,__ ___ __ ___ _ ___ __ _____A(_____ ___ 2,_______

____

_ ________ ____ __________

________ _K___ *_<__ _____ __ ____ ___ _____ _ __ __ '__"__ __ ____ ___

__ ______ ___ _____ ___ ___ ___ __ _____ _____ ___ __ ___ ______ ____'

_ __ ____ _ __"____ _ __ __ __ _____ ____ ___ _ ___ _ _ ____ __ _ _

__ _ ______

CHO

H OH

HO H

H OH

H OH

COOH

CH2OH

H O

HO H

H OH

H OH

COOH

CH2OH

H O

H OH

H OH

H OH

COOH

CHO

HO H

H OH

H OH

H OH

COOH

CHO

H OH

H OH

H OH

H OH

COOH

Glucoronic acid

Mannuronic acid Alluronic acid Altruronic acid

CHO

HO H

HO H

H OH

H OH

COOH

1___ __) !_____"_ __ ______ _ _ _________ ____

__)

1____ ___ 5_ __

__#__

____ _._ 1____ __

3___ __ __ ____ ___ __ ,__ _ _______ _____ ___ __ _____ _____ _ _ _____'

_____ _______ ___ _________ _ ___ ___ _______ _____ 3 __________ _____ __ ___

___ ________ _ __ ____ _____ _ _ _________ _ ___ __ ____ _ ___ _ _____'

_____ __ _____ ___ __ _ _____ __ ______ )__ __ ___ ___ _________ ____ __'

_____ __ _______ __ ______ : _____ ___ ________ _ _ ___ __ __ ___ __

____ __ _ ____ ______ ___ _____ _ __ ____ __ ___ __ $_ -._ ___

_____ _______ ___ ____ _:B$_ ___ _ _ __________ _________ _ ____ ______

____________ _______

____

___ _________ ____

3_____ ____ __ _ ___________ _ ___ ______ _____ __ _ _ ___ _ ___

__ ___ _ ___ __ __ ____ (_ ___ __ __ ___ ___ __ ______ __ __ ____ __ __

________ _ ___ ___ _ ___ __ _,__ __________ (_______ ___ __ "___&__ _

___ _____ _____ ____ ___ _ ___ ________ ___ ,__ ___ ___ __ ______ _ _ '

_ __ ( _________ ______ _______ ____ _ _____ _ __ ___ _ _____ _ _ )____

_____ _)____ *_@__

O

R

(H,R)

RNH2 N

R

(H,R)

+ R

Carbonyl Schiff base

-H2O

-_!__ ___ _____ __ _ ___ ______

_____ _____ ____ ______ _____ ___ ___ 3LC _ ___ "_ _ __ _ _ _____ _'

_ ___ ___ __ ____ ____ ___ _____ _______ _)____ *_+__ ____ _ ____ __ ___'

___ _ ___ __ __ _____

O

O

RNH2 N

O

+ R

lactone Schiff base

-H2O

-_!__ ___ $___ __ _ ___ ____ % _ ____ & _ __ _________ __ __ _ __________ ____ __'_

_____ _____ __ __ ___ ___ ______ ____ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___'

__ _ ___ _ _ __ _____________ _ ____ ____ ___ ___ __ __ __ _______ ____ &__

______ _ ___ _ _ ___ ___ __ __ _____ ___ __ _______ __ ____ _____ /6+1_

3 ______ __ ____ __ _ ___________ _ ___ ___ ____'_______ "____ ___ __'

_ _______ ____ ___

__#____ _ ____ ____ _9_(9)

___ ____ ______ __ _ ______ _______ _ _ ________&___ ___ _______ __ ___'

____ _ _ ________ _ ____ __ _____ _ ___ __ _______ _____ ___ _____ _ _

_"_______ ____ _ __________ ___ ________ ____ _____ _ __ "_____ __ ___

______ _ _______ _____ __ _________ ) _ _____ ___ __ _ ___ ___ __ ___

_______ __ ____ ______ __ __ __ ___ _______ __ G_ /661_

___ ____ ______ __ _______ __ ___ ______ _ _____ _ _____ ____ ___

3_+C_ ________ __ _ ___ ______ _ _ 3_)C0 __ @55 _ _ ___ _ _____ _______

___ __ _"_ ___ _ _ _ 3__ _ _ ___ _ __ __ _,____'________ _______ ___ 3_+C

_________ __ ___ ____ __ ___ _____ _______D _____ _______ ___ _______ ___ 3_+C

__ ____ ___ __ _ ___"___ _____ ___ ________ _____ _ _______ _____________

___)

_ ________ ____ __________

__#____ - ,_ : _ !.,__,_ ___! ,

:__%0 ______ ___ __ _ ____ "_ __ ____ _ _____ _ )____ *_*_ K _ ___

_____ __ __ _"___ _ ___ _______ _____ __ _____

O

R

(H,R)

CH

R

(H,R)

+ 8NaBH4 + 18H2O 32 OH + 2Na2B4O7 + 4NaOH

-_!__ ___ $____ __ _ ________ ______ __ _____ __________ ()*+),-_

) ____ _ _ ________ ____ __ _ _ ______ __ _____ _ ____ ___ __ __ ____

__ ___________ __ __ ___ _ ____ ___ ___ __ ______ ___ _)____ *_0__

2NaBH4 8H2 2B(OH)3 Na2SO4 H2SO4 + 6H + 2+ O +

-_!__ ___ ._______ __ _ _ ____ _____ __________ _ ________ ____

___ __ ___ _ ____ ___ __ ____ __ ____ ________ _ _________

__#____ 4.,__;___ ___! , _9'

____ ___ __ _________ __ _ _ ___ _ ________ _____&____ ___ ___ __ __ ___

_ __ _____& ___ _ _____ _ )____ *_<_

O

R

(H,R)

H2N NH2 N

R

(H,R)

NH2

buffer

H2SO4

+

-_!__ __) _____ __ ___ ________ __ _ _____"_____

(____ _____ _ ____ _____&___ ___ ________ ___ __ __ _____& __ __ ____ ___

__ ______ ___ ___ ___ ________ _____&___ __ __________ __________

__#____ <___ ___! , _9_

(_ ________ ____ "_ _____ ____ _ ____ __ ____ ____ _____ _ _____ _

)____ *_6_

O

R

(H,R)

NH2OH.HCl N

R

(H,R)

+ OH

Carbonyl Oxime

+H2O +HCl

-_!__ __9 / __ ____ __ _ ________ _______

___9

___ _________ ____

___ ________ _ _ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ _____ __ _ ___ __ ___ _

____ _ __ ___ __________ _ __ ___________ ___ _____ _ ____ ___ __ ___

_ ______ ____

__#___# 5____,/% ___! , __3

8_____ _ _______ __ _ __________ _____&____ ____ _____ ____ ___ __ __ ___ _

____ ___ ___ __ __ ____ ___ ______ _ __________ _ _____ ___ _ ___ ______

_ ___ ____ _ __ ______ __________ __ ___ ____ ___ _____ _ ___ __ ___ _

__ ___ ___ ____ _ _ ____ ____ ___ _"____ _ ____ __ ________ __________

__#___) _.__ !.,___ ___! ,

%___ ___ ______ __ _____ _____ _ ___ __ __ ___ _ _ __ ___ _______

_)____ *_=__

O

R

(H,R)

HCN

R OH

(H,R)

+

Carbonyl

Cyano hydrin

C N

-_!__ ___ _____ __ _ __________ (*_-_

___ ______ _ __________ _ _ ___ __ ___ __ __________ ___ ___ ____ ___ _'

_____

__#___* 1_ _______ _.___

$M_____ __ __ /=+1 ________ _ _____ ________ ____ _ _ ____&___ ___ ____

_____ _ _______ __ ______ __ ____ ____& _'>'___ "__ ___ /+'_+'___'

_ "_'___ "__'___ "_1'_____ _33C(__ ___ ________ ___ _____ _ _ ____ __

__ __ __ )____ *_E_

(_ ____ _______ ______ __ __ _____ __ _______________'______ _ ____

_GB(F__3_ _ _____ ___ _____ __ __ ___ __ ____ ___ ___ ____________ __

_ ___ __ -____ __'________ _ __ ___ ______ _8_3_ _________ ____ _ __

)(_)' ____ ____ ____ __________ ___ __ ______ ______ __ ___ _____ _

_________ _ ____ ______ __________ _ __ __ _______ ____ ___ ___ __ _'

____ _ ___ _________ _ ____ ______ _____ ___

____

_ ________ ____ __________

O

R

(H,R)

+

Carbonyl

H2N

O

Rf

N

R

(H,R)

O Rf

o-substituted oxime

- H2O

N

O

O

O

O

NH2

Rf

spacer

florophore

-_!__ __" _ ____ _ _________ ____ __ _________ ____ __ ___+ __/0_

__#__

____ _._ 1____ __

3___ "_ __ ___ ___ _______ _______ _ _ __ _"____ __ _ _ ____ ___ ___ __ ___

__ _ ___ __ ___ ___ _______ ( _____ __ ___ __ _________ __ "_____ _ _____ __

______ _______ ______ ___ ___ _______ _ ___ "__ __ ___ __ ___ ____ ___'

_ _ _ _ ___ ___ __ ______ _____ _ ____ _____ __ ___ __ ____ _ _______ _

___ ______ ___ _ _ ____,_ _ ____

3___ "__ _____ __ _ ___ __ ___ ___ __ _ ___ _ ____ __ ____ _

___ ___ __ __________ ______ _____ _ _'_"_____ _____ __ ____

)____ *_>__

R

O

OH

+ K+A- R

O

OK

+ H2O + H3O+ + A-

-_!__ __' !__ _ ______ ____ __ _ _____ ___ ___ ____

___ ____ ____ #N ____ __ _ _ ___ ____ ________ _ ___ "__ __ ___ ____ _

___ _____'_ _ (A_ ___ ________ _ _ ___ "__ __ ___ ___ ____ __ _____'

_____ __ ___ _______ __ _______ _ __ _______ _ _ ___ ____ ____ _______ #N_

(_ __ ___ _______ _ ____ __ _______ _ _ ___________ ___ "_ __ ___ ____

____ *_@__ ___ __ __ ____ __ _________&__ _ _,_ ____ :_%3C*_ ( _ _'

_"_____ ____ __ __ __ _____ ___ __ ____ _____ ___ ___ __ ____ ____ __

_______ __ _______ ____ ________ ___ ________ ___ "_ ______

___"

__ ! "_ __ _____ __#_____ $___ ____ __%

6___ ___ 1_ ____ __ __ __ _____ __ _ _____ ___ _______

_______ %________ _ ________ _________$_&

3__3%*3CC_+ (_____ =*

3__3%*3CC_+ =0

O__3%*3CC_+ O__3%*3CC_+ =<

:_3 N :_%3C* :_%3C*' _______ _ =6_==

:_3 N :_C% :_C%' _______ _ =E __ _____ ________

=> _ ____ ________

3_____ __ __ G__' _______ _ E5

B_______ ___ G__' _______ _ E@

__9

______ _ % _.___;___ _ $_ ______ ____&

B___ ___ _ __ __ _______ _ ___ _ ____ __ ____ ______ ______ _

___ ____ _____ _ ___ _ _____ _______ ___ G_ _ _ ____ ____ _ ___ _ '

_____ _ __ __ __ _____ ___ G_ __ ________ _ _ _______ ___ ______ ____'

___ ___ ____ ________ ______ ,___ ___ ________ (__ _ _____ _______

______ _ ____ _ _________ _____ ____ __ ___________ __ _ __________ _ ___'

__ __ __ __ __ __ K___ *_6_

___ G_ __ ________ __ _ _____ _ ______ __ _ __ ____ ___ ___ "_______ _____'

____ _ ____ )___ _ .'0_6_0__ _ __ ___ _______ __&_ _ ___ _ ____ __ __ __ ___

_______ __ ___ _ ____ ____ ___ ___ _ _____ ____ _ _______ _ _______

0

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,1

0,12

0,14

0,16

0,18

0,2

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

wi

i

i

0

w di

degree of polymerization

molecular mass

number

average

weight

average

differential

distribution