учебник-английский

Приложение 1

Таблица основных нестандартных глаголов

Past Indefinite

Past Participle

Infinitive

(Simple)

Причастие прошед-

Неопределенная форма

Простое

шего времени

прошедшее время

(причастие II)

1. Verbs with two changes

to be [bi:] быть

was,were [wOz, wεə]

been [bi:n]

to bear [bεə] носить, рождать

bore [bO:]

born [bO:n]

to become [bI΄kAm ] становиться

became [bI΄keIm]

become [bI΄kAm]

to begin [bIgIn] начинать

began [bI΄gxn]

begun [bI΄gAn]

to bite [baIt] кусать

bit [bIt]

bitten [bItn]

to blow [bləu] дуть

blew [blu:]

blown [bləun]

to break [breIk] ломать

broke [brəuk]

broken [΄brəukən]

to choose [t∫u:z] выбирать

chose [t∫əuz]

chosen [t∫əuzn]

to come [kAm] приходить

came [keIm]

come [kAm]

to do [du:] делать

did [dId]

done [dAn]

to draw [drO:] тащить; рисовать

drew [dru:]

drawn [drO:n]

to drink [driηk] пить

drank [drxNk]

drunk [drANk]

to drive [draIv] ехать; управлять

drove [drəuv]

driven [drIvn]

to eat [i:t] есть

ate [et]

eaten [i:tn]

to fall [fO:l] падать

fell [fel]

fallen [fO:ln]

to fly [flaI] летать

flew [flu:]

flown [fləun]

to freeze [fri:z ] замерзать,

froze [frəuz]

frozen [frəuzn]

замораживать

to give [gIv] давать

gave [geIv]

given [gIvn]

to go [gəu] идти, ехать

went [went]

gone [gOn]

to grow [grəu] расти

grew [gru:]

grown [grəun]

to know [nəu] знать

knew [nju:]

known [nəun]

to lie [laI] лежать

lay [leI]

lain [leIn]

to mow [məu] косить

mowed [məud]

mowed [məud]

mown [məun]

to ride [raId] ехать (верхом)

rode [rəud]

ridden [rIdn]

to ring [rIŋ] звонить

rang [rxŋ]

rung [rAŋ]

to rise [raIz] подниматься

rose [rəuz]

risen [rIzn]

to run [rAn] бежать, течь

ran [rxn]

run [rAn]

to see [si:] видеть

saw [sO:]

seen [si:n]

to show [∫əu] показывать

showed [∫əud]

shown [∫əun]

Past Indefinite

Past Participle

Infinitive

(Simple)

Причастие прошед-

Неопределенная форма

Простое

шего времени

прошедшее время

(причастие II)

to sink [sIŋk] тонуть; впитывать

sank [sxŋk]

sunk [sAŋk]

to sow [səu] (по)сеять

sowed [səud]

sowed [səud]

sown [səun]

1

to speak [spi:k] говорить

spoke [spəuk]

spoken [spəukn]

to steal [sti:l] украсть

stole [stəul]

stolen [stəuln]

to swim [swim] плыть

swam [swxm]

swum [swAm]

to take [teIk] брать

took [tuk]

taken [teIkn]

to wake [weIk] просыпаться

woke [wəuk]

woken [wəukn]

to wear [wεə] носить, быть одетым

wore [wO:]

worn [wO:n]

to write [raIt] писать

wrote [rəut]

written [rItn]

2. Verbs with one change

to bend [bend] гнуть

bent [bent]

bent [bent]

to bind [baInd] связывать

bound [baund]

bound [baund]

to breed [bri:d] разводить

bred [bred]

bred [bred]

to bring [brIη] приносить

brought [brO:t]

brought [brO:t]

to build [bIld] строить

built [bIlt]

built [bIlt]

burn [bə:n] жечь, гореть

burned [bə:nd]

burned [bə:nd]

burnt [bə:nt]

burnt [bə:nt]

buy [baI] покупать

bought [bO:t]

bought [bO:t]

to catch [kxt∫] поймать

caught [kO:t]

caught [kO:t]

dig [dIg] копать

dug [dAg]

dug [dAg]

dream [dri:m] сниться, мечтать

dreamed [dri:md]

dreamed [dri:md]

dreamt [dremt]

dreamt [dremt]

to feed [fi:d] кормить

fed [fed]

fed [fed]

to feel [fi:l] чувствовать

felt [felt]

felt [felt]

to fight [faIt] сражаться

fought [fO:t]

fought [fO:t]

to find [faInd] находить

found [faund]

found [faund]

to get [get] получать, добираться

got [gOt]

got [gOt]

to grind [graInd] размалывать

ground [graund]

ground [graund]

to have [hxv] иметь

had [hxd]

had [hxd]

to hear [hIə] слышать

heard [hə:d]

heard [hə:d]

to hold [həuld] держать, проводить

held [held]

held [held]

to keep [ki:p] содержать, держать

kept [kept]

kept [kept]

to lead [li:d] вести, руководить

led [led]

led [led]

to learn [lə:n] учить, учиться

learnt [lə:nt]

learnt [lə:nt]

learned [lə:nd]

learned [lə:nd]

Past Indefinite

Past Participle

Infinitive

(Simple)

Причастие прошед-

Неопределенная форма

Простое

шего времени

прошедшее время

(причастие II)

to leave [li:v] оставлять

left [left]

left [left]

to lose [lu:z] терять

lost [lOst]

lost [lOst]

to make [meIk] делать

made [meId]

made [meId]

to mean [mi:n] означать

meant [ment]

meant [ment]

to meet [mi:t] встречать

met [met]

met [met]

to pay [peI] платить

paid [peId]

paid [peId]

to read [ri:d] читать

read [red]

read [red]

to say [seI] сказать

said [sed]

said [sed]

to sell [sel] продавать

sold [səuld]

sold [səuld]

to send [send] посылать

sent [sent]

sent [sent]

to sit [sIt] сидеть

sat [sxt]

sat [sxt]

to sleep [sli:p] спать

slept [slept]

slept [slept]

to spend [spend] проводить,

spent [spent]

spent [spent]

тратить

to stand [stxnd] стоять

stood [stud]

stood [stud]

to sweep [swi:p] мести

swept [swept]

swept [swept]

to teach [ti:t∫] учить

taught [tO:t]

taught [tO:t]

to tell [tel] рассказать

told [təuld]

told [təuld]

to think [θIŋk] думать

thought [θO:t]

thought [θO:t]

to understand [,Andə΄stxnd]

unterstood

unterstood

понимать

[,Andə΄stud]

[,Andə΄stud]

to win [wIn] выигрывать,

won [wAn]

won [wAn]

побеждать

3. Verbs with no change

to cost[kOst] стоить

cost [kOst]

cost [kOst]

to cut [kAt] резать, рубить

cut [kAt]

cut [kAt]

to hit [hIt] ударить

hit [hIt]

hit [hIt]

to hurt [hə:t] причинить боль

hurt [hə:t]

hurt [hə:t]

to let [let] позволять

let [let]

let [let]

to put [put] класть, ставить

put [put]

put [put]

to shut [∫At] закрывать

shut [∫At]

shut [∫At]

to spread [spred]

spread [spred]

spread [spred]

распространять(ся)

Aren’t

[a:nt]

= are not

Can’t

[ka:nt]

= cannot

Couldn’t

[kudnt]

= could not

Didn’t

[dIdnt]

= did not

Don’t

[dəunt]

= do not

Hasn’t

[hxznt]

= has not

he’s

[hi:z]

= he is или he has

I’d

[aId]

= I would или I had

I’m

[aIm]

= I am

Isn’t

[Iznt]

= is not

it’s

[Its]

= it is или it has

I’ve

[aIv]

= I have

let’s

[lets]

= let us

shan’t

[∫a:nt]

= shall not

she’s

[∫i:z]

= she is или she has

shouldn’t

[∫udnt]

= should not

that’s

[Dxts]

= that is

there’s

[Dεəz]

= there is или there has

wasn’t

[wOznt]

= was not

we’ll

[wi:l]

= we shall или we will

who’s

[hu:z]

= who is или who has

won’t

[wəunt]

= will not

you’d

[ju:d]

= you would или you had

you’re

[juə]

= you are

Приложение 3

Чтение согласных букв и буквосочетаний

Буква

и букво-

Звук

Примечание

Примеры

сочетание

Bb

[b]

bus, but, about, better, butter, by,

book, bed, bag, bad

bt

[t]

в конце слова

debt, doubt

[s]

перед e, i, y

face, city, cinema, cycle, since, ice,

Cc

[k]

в остальных случаях

space; cap, cat, cut, cry, copy,

[ʃ]

перед безударной глас-

capital, come, close; ocean, social,

ной

special, musician, ancient, racial

cc

[ks]

перед e, i, y

accept, success, accent, accident

[k]

в остальных случаях

occur, according, accomplish, accu-

[tʃ]

mulate, occupy, occasion

ch

chess, rich, cheese, chop, much,

tch

match, kitchen, watch, catch

ch

[k]

в словах греческого

school, architect, chemistry, charac-

происхождения

ter, archaeology, technical, monar-

[ʃ]

chy, epoch

в словах французского

machine, machinery, machinist

ck

[k]

происхождения

black, sick, back, pack, neck, check

Dd

[d]

date, made, and, decide, old; grand-

[-]

перед согласными

mother, handsome, handkerchief

dg

[dZ]

bridge, knowledge, judge, sledge

Ff

[f]

five, if, finish, face, family

ften

[fn]

often, soften

Gg

[dZ]

перед e, i, y

page, change, gymnasium, stage

но: [g] – get, give, begin

gh

[g]

в остальных случаях

go, green, grey, grow

[-]

weight, eight, bought, brought,

fought, daughter

gn

[f]

после au, ou в словах:

laugh, enough, cough

[n]

в начале и в конце

foreign, sign

слова

Hh

[h]

he, his, here, have, home, hundred,

husband

[-]

hour, honour, honest, exhibition

Kk

[k]

kill, keep, king, kitchen, kiss

kn

[n]

в начале слова

know, knee, knife, knock

Ll

[l]

lake, late, light, listen, leg

alm

[a:m]

calm

alf

[a:f]

half

alk

[O:k]

chalk, talk

Буква

и букво-

Звук

Примечание

Примеры

сочетание

Mm

[m]

miss, meal, seem, team

mb

[m]

в конце слова

climb, bomb, comb

mn

[m]

autumn, column

Nn

[n]

never, number, nobody, next, notice

ng

[ŋ]

в конце слова

sing, song, interesting, thing

nk

[ŋk]

drink, pink, ink, tank, thank

Pp

[p]

pen, pencil, pupil, publish, top

ph

[f]

в словах греческого

phone, physics, philosophy, philolo-

происхождения

gist, symphony, phase

Qu

[kw]

queen, question, quick, quite, queue

[k]

в словах французского

unique, technique

происхождения

Rr

[r]

red, ready, rain, sorry, mirror, trip

Ss

[s]

1) в начале слова

see, sea, son, sun, stand, stop

но: [ʃ]

sugar, sure

2) после глухих

maps, cats, books, hats, caps

согласных

[z]

3) после звонких со-

pens, bags, days, girls, boys

ss

[s]

гласных и гласных

these, cheese, please, nose, rose

class, pass, success, kiss, miss

[ʃ]

4) перед безударным

Russian

слогом

ssion

[ʃ(ə)n]

в конце слова

session, discussion, comission,

sion

[ʒn]

opression

decision, conclusion, revision, inva-

sure

[ʒə]

sion, confusion, television

pleasure, treasure, leisure, measure

sh

[ʃ]

перед i, e, y

she, ship, fish, stop, short

sc

[s]

science, scientist, scene, scenery

sten

[sn]

listen, fasten

stle

[sl]

whistle, wrestling

Tt

[t]

ten, twenty, table, sit, teeth

th

[θ]

thing, thank, three, tooth

[D]

this, those, with, without, weather

tion

[ʃ(ə)n]

demonstration, revolution, dictation,

translation, attention

ture

[tSə]

picture, future, lecture, culture, na-

ture, feature,furniture

Vv

[v]

live, leave, voice, move, vase

Ww

[w]

win, want, water, wind, twins

Wh

[w]

when, where, why, what, which,

white, whisper, while

wh+o

[h]

who, whom, whose, whole

wr

[r]

wrong, write, writer, wrestling

Буква

и букво-

Звук

Примечание

Примеры

сочетание

Xx

[ks]

box, fox, six, taxi, text, exercise

[gz]

перед ударной гласной

examination, example, exist, exact

Zz

[z]

lazy, zone, zero, zoo, zoology

on – на

A book is on the table

Книга – на столе.

in – в (около)

A boy is in the room.

Мальчикнаходитсявком-

нате.

at – у (около),

She is sitting at the table.

Она сидит у стола.

на, в

He is at the Institute.

Он в институте.

She is at the lecture.

Она на лекции.

under – под

A cat is under the table.

Кошканаходитсяподстолом.

over – над

The lamp is оvег the table.

Лампа висит над столом.

around – вокруг

The children were sitting around

Дети сидели вокруг костра.

the fire.

in front of – перед

There is a big tree in front

Перед моим домом есть

of my house.

большое дерево.

behind – за,

His house is behind the park.

Его дом находится за пар-

позади

ком.

between – между

Lida is between Grodno

Лида находится между

(двумя)

and Minsk.

Минском и Гродно.

among – среди

He found himself among his

Он оказался среди друзей.

(многих)

friends.

near – около,

Is the table near the wall?

Стол стоит около стены?

возле, у

Примечание:

in the street – на улице

in the picture – на картине

at school – в школе

at home – дома

at work – на работе

to – к, на, в

Go to the blackboard!

Иди к доске!

(приближение)

He goes to the Institute every

Он ходит в институт каждый

day.

день.

She is going to the lecture.

Она идет на лекцию.

into –

The teacher came into the

Учитель вошел в комнату.

в (движение

room.

внутрь)

from – из, от, с

He came home from the Insti-

Он пришел домой из инсти-

(удаление)

tute at 5 o’clock.

тута в 5 часов.

I’ve got an invitation from

Я получил от Тома пригла-

Tom.

шение.

Take that book from the shelf.

Возьми ту книгу с полки.

out of – из

Take your book out of the bag.

Достань книгу из портфеля.

(изнутри)

upstairs – вверх

There is a meeting upstairs.

Наверху проходит собрание.

(по лестнице),

наверху

uр – (движение)

Stand up!

Встаньте!

вверх

down –

Sit down!

Садитесь!

(движение) вниз

dawnstairs – вниз

John is waiting for you down-

Джон ждет вас внизу.

(по лестнице),

stairs.

внизу

Приложение 5

in – в

in the morning

утром

in winter

зимой

in February

в феврале

in 1990

в 1990 году

in – через

in a week

через неделю

(некоторое

in two days

через два дня

время)

at – в (точка во

at midnight

в полночь

времени)

at this time

в это время

at 5 o’clock

в 5 часов

on – в (с назва-

on Sunday

в воскресенье

ниями дней неде-

on the 1st of May

1 Мая

ли, датами)

on a warm day

в теплый день

by – к (оп-

by 5 o’clock

к 5 часам

ределенному

моменту)

from … till – от

from early morning

с ранннего утра до позднего

… до

till late at night

вечера

from 8 till 2 o’clock

с 8 до 2 часов

for – в течение

for half an hour

в течение получаса

(отрезок вре-

мени)

during – во время

during the lesson

во время урока

чего-либо

after – после

after the lesson

после урока

before – перед

before the exam

перед экзаменом