учебник-английский

5. A by-election is being held in Pudley, and yesterday afternoon two Liberal activists, Shirley Thorpe and Cyril Meadowcroft, went from house to house, knocking on every door and trying to persuade everybody to vote for the Liberal candidate. Read what the voters said and put the voters’ comments into reported speech.

e.g. Mr. Anderson: “I always vote Labour”.

Mr. Anderson told Cyril and Shirley that he always voted Labour.

Mr. Ferguson: «I’m definitely voting Liberal».

Mr. McAllister: «Your party has never helped the working class». Mrs. Sherwood: «I’ve just joined the Conservative Party, young lady». Mrs. Ainsworth: «I voted for your party last time, but the Conservative

candidate won».

Mr. Hoolihan: «I read your leaflet recently and I agree with your policies». Mr. Jenkinson: «I knew your candidate’s grandfather, my dear».

Mr. Armstrong: «My wife and I are going to vote Labour». Mr. Bradbury: «Yes, I’ll vote for your candidate».

6. Give the exact words of the speaker in the following sentences, i.e. (то есть) turn them from Indirect Speech into Direct Speech. Don’t forget the quotation marks.

1.Pete said that he was staying in England for another year.

2.Sam said that his friend was a painter.

3.My father said that I could go to Canada for a year or two.

4.Kate said that her father did a lot of business with Japan.

5.Pedro said that he wanted to go to Oxford.

6.Jan said that he had enjoyed his holiday in Switzerland.

7.I said that I would try my best.

8.Lucille said she was going to drive her friend’s car.

Word – Order in Indirect Questions

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7. Some visitors are looking round a carpet factory near Salisbury. As some of the machines are rather noisy, they’ve got to keep repeating their questions.

e.g. – (Visitor) This is the biggest factory of its kind, isn’t it?

–(Guide) Sorry? Could you repeat that, please?

–(Visitor) I asked you if this was the biggest factory of its kind.

1.– How old are these machines?

–Sorry?

–I asked you … .

2.– Do you sell a lot of carpets abroad?

–What was that?

–I wondered….

3.– Have you got more male or female employees?

–Pardon?

–I wanted to know … .

4.– Will we get a chance to talk to some of your employees?

–I beg your pardon?

–I … .

5.– How long have you yourself worked here?

–Could you say that again?

–I … .

6.– Shall I close this door?

–I beg your pardon?

–I … .

7.– May I touch this wool?

–Could you repeat that, please?

–I … .

8.Give the exact words of the speaker in the following sentences, i.e. turn them from Indirect Speech into Direct Speech. Don’t forget the quotation marks.

1.Margaret asked where Sally had gone.

2.Andrew said he had seen her in the garden.

3.Freda asked how much my new skirt cost.

4.I asked if I might have some more chocolate.

5.Helen asked Mr. White when he was leaving England.

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9. Choose the right word in brackets.

1.Do you know (that, what) they’re discussing?

2.I can’t say (that, what) I liked the book very much.

3.I’ve heard (that, what) Peter is coming back soon.

4.Have you heard (that, what) they decided to do?

5.My friend has told me (that, what) his mother’s ill.

6.I’m telling you (that, what) you should do.

Commands, Irritations, Requests, Advice, Suggestions

in Indirect Speech

10. Neil Sinclair, who keeps a diary, is making a note of some of the things people said to him yesterday. Imagine you are Neil. Write the diary entries, using reported speech. Make use of the verbs in brackets.

e.g. Our neighbours: “Won’t you and Clare come to dinner on Friday?”

(invite – have)

Our neighbours invited Clare and me to have dinner with them on Friday.

1.My assistant: “There’s an article in the “Financial Times’ that I think you should look at, Neil.” (advice – read)

2.The Managing Director: “Bring me the new plans as soon as possible, Neil.” (tell – show)

3.The Sales Manager: “Shall we talk about the new advertising campaign over lunch?” (suggest – discuss)

4.The Marketing Director: “There’s an exhibition in Detroit and I’d like you to be there.” (ask – attend)

5.The Personnel Manager: “Would you like a bigger desk?” (offer –

take)

6.My doctor: “Get more exercise, Neil.” (order – get)

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11. Here is a short story containing Direct Statements, Questions and Commands. Rewrite it in Indirect Speech. Call the ant “he” and the grasshopper “she”.

It is a cold winter day and an ant is bringing out some grains of corn that he had gathered in the summer as he wants to dry them. A grasshopper, who is very hungry, sees him and says,

“Give me a few grains of corn. I am dying of hunger.”

“But,” says the ant, “what did you do in the summer? Didn’t you store up some corn?”

“No,” replies the grasshopper, “I was too busy.” “What did you do?” says the ant.

“I sang all day,” answers the grasshopper.

“If you sang all summer,” says the ant, “you can dance all winter.”

12. Change direct speech into reported speech and fill in the missing forms.

1. John : «I play tennis once a week».

A few minutes ago John said that … played tennis once a week.

2.Jill: «I haven’t seen my brother for ten months». Jill mentioned that she … her brother for ten months.

3.David: «The journey may be very dangerous». David remarked that the journey … very dangerous.

4.«Do you like swimming?» Bob asked the girl. Bob asked the girl … swimming.

5.Mrs. Drawson to Jean: «Call a doctor quickly». Mrs. Drawson told Jean … a doctor quickly.

6.Debbie (on Tuesday): «I bought a new bike yesterday».

Liz (on the following Wednesday): «Debbie told me yesterday that she’d bought a new bike ….»

Vocabulary

to deal with [di:1] – заниматься(чем-либо), иметьделос(кем-либо, чем-либо), общаться с (кем-либо), справиться с (чем-либо)

to deal with economics

How shall we deal with this problem?

to govern [΄gAvən] – управлять, контролировать

to govern one’s temper; to govern the economic relationship

to provide [prə΄vaɪd] – обеспечивать, снабжать to provide food and clothes for the family

to make a decision [dI΄sIZn] – принимать решение to make economic decisions

Have you made a decision yet?

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market [΄ma:kIt] – рынок, биржа, торговля, рыночный the coffee market, market economies, market conditions

to rely on [rI΄laI] – полагаться на (кого-либо), доверять (кому-либо) He can always be relied on for help.

authority [O:΄θOrItI] – власть, полномочие, авторитетный источник the health authorities, the authority of Parliament

The Oxford English Dictionary is the best authority on English words.

in response to [rI΄spOns ] – в ответ на in response to market signals

to direct to [dI΄rekt] – направлять (куда-либо, кому-либо), указывать дорогу, относиться к (кому-либо, чему-либо)

to direct letters

My remarks were not directed to all of you.

to earn [Wn] – зарабатывать to earn $ 6,000 a year

trade [treId] – торговля, торговать domestic trade

Britain trades with many European countries.

currency [΄kArqnsI] – валюта

foreign currencies, currency exchange rate, hard currency

flow – поток, движение

flow of funds

to flow out – уплывать, хлынуть

The crowd flowed out of the theatre.

barrier [΄bxrIə] – барьер, преграда natural barriers

The Sahara Desert is a natural barrier that separates North and Central Africa.

to make somebody better off – сделать кого-либо богаче

International trade and investment usually make everyone better off.

price [praIs] – цена

final price, reasonable price, acceptable price

to allow [q΄1au] – позволять, разрешать

Smoking is not allowed here.

to offer [΄Ofq] – предлагать

James offered me his help.

to exist [ɪg΄zIst] – существовать, жить, находиться to exist happily

Such things do not exist.

They are so poor, they can hardly exist.

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to erect [I΄rekt ] – сооружать, устанавливать, воздвигать to erect a statue

artificial [ a:tI΄fI∫1] – искусственный artificial flowers,΄ artificial light

decline [dI΄k1aIn] – спад, снижение, упадок business decline, a decline in prices

to be damaging [΄dxmIdZIN] – быть убыточным, наносить ущерб

Artificial trade barriers are often damaging to everyone.

13. What economic systems do you know? Read the text and say what categories all economic systems are classified into.

Economic Systems

People and societies organize their economic life to deal with the basic problems through economic systems. An economic system can be described as the collection of institutions, laws, activities that govern economic relationship among people in a society and provide a framework for answering the basic economic questions.

Most economic systems use one or more of three basic methods to make economic decisions: tradition, command and market. So economic systems are classified into four broad categories, according to how most economic decisions are made. These are traditional, command, market and mixed economies.

Traditional economies. People generally repeat the decisions made at an earlier time or by an earlier generation. Can just anyone be king or queen of England? Tradition answers that question. In the US women were strongly directed to certain “traditional” occupations for many years, such as teaching, raising children, nursing and being librarians.

Command economies. They rely almost totally on the government to make economic decisions through centralized authorities. The government owns all the major productive resources. The former USSR and some other eastern countries are examples of countries where government decisions are dominant.

Market economies. Most productive resources are owned by private individuals (as households or through a business which they own). Individuals make economic decisions in response to market signals and on the basis of their own preferences.

Mixed economies. The economic system used in most countries lies between the two extremes of command and market economies. Mixed economies answer the basic economic questions partly through the market and partly through the government, with some decisions based on tradition as well.

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14. Choose the right variant. Consult the text if necessary.

1. An economic system is made up of

a) traditional, command and market economies. b) institutions, laws.

c) four broad categories.

2. Command economies are based on a) government decisions.

b) individual’s decisions. c) market signals.

3. Most countries

a) use market economies.

b) combine command, market and traditional economies. c) use command and market economies.

4. Government decisions are dominant in countries with a) mixed economies.

b) traditional economies. c) command economies.

15. Find the synonyms matching the columns.

16. Use the suitable words from the previous exercise to substitute certain words in each sentence so that they can have the same meaning.

1.I’ve made up my mind to become an economist.

2.We can’t manage with these tools.

3.The office will supply all necessary information.

4.You can lose all you possess.

5.What economic factor is the most influential?

6.The need for money rules all his decisions.

7.Economics is divided into two major branches: macroeconomics and microeconomics.

8.Shall I send the letter to his office or to his home?

17. Find the missing words in the list given below.

1.People … with the basic problems through economic systems.

2.Most economic … are made according to economic systems.

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3.Many years ago women’s … occupation in the USA was teaching.

4.Command economies … on economic decisions made by government.

5.The mixed economic system … on market, command and tradition.

6.Private individuals … most productive resources.

7.Decisions are made … market signals.

is based, decisions, own, deal, rely, traditional, in response to

18. Insert the necessary prepositions.

1.In countries with traditional economy people rely … the decisions made … an earlier generation.

2.Some decisions are based … traditions.

3.… an earlier time women were directed … such occupations as teaching and nursing.

4.Economic systems help societies to deal … the basic problems.

5.In the countries where market economy is dominant most private resources are owned … private individuals.

6.People organize economic life … economic systems.

7.What categories are economic systems classified … ?

8.Prices were cut in response … the crisis in the country’s economy.

19. Answer the questions.

1. What is an economic system?

2. How do people make economic decisions?

3. Does the traditional economic system depend on authorities?

4. What economic system is the most widely spread?

5. Can you name several countries having command economies?

6. What economic system is used in our country?

20. a) Look through the following text and say what we can do with goods. Add as many verbs as you can to complete the sentence.

We can export them ,….

b) Explain the meaning of each verb.

e.g. When we export goods we sell them to a foreign country.

What Is International Trade?

When Honduras exports bananas to Switzerland, they can use the money they earn to import Swiss chocolate or to pay for Kuwaiti oil or a vacation in Hawaii. The basic idea of international trade and investment is simple: each country produces goods or services that can be either consumed at home or exported to other countries.

The main difference between domestic trade and international trade is the use of foreign currencies to pay for the goods and services crossing

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international borders. Although global trade is often added up in U.S. dollars, the trading itself involves various currencies. Japanese videocassette recorders are paid for in euro in Berlin, and German cars are paid for in U.S. dollars in Boston. Indian tea, Brazilian coffee, and American films are sold around the world in currencies as diverse as Turkish lira and Mexican pesos.

Whenever a country imports or ex-

ports goods and services, there is a resulting flow of funds: money returns to the exporting nation, and money flows out of the importing nation. Trade and investment is a two–way street, and with a minimum of trade barriers, international trade and investment usually makes everyone better off.

In an interlinked global economy, consumers are given the opportunity to buy the best products at the best prices. By opening up markets, a government allows its citizens to produce and export those things they are best at and to import the rest, choosing from whatever the world has to offer.

Some trade barriers will always exist as long as any two countries have different sets of laws. However, when a country decides to protect its economy by erecting artificial trade barriers, the result is often damaging to everyone, including those people whose barriers were meant to protect.

The Great Depression of the 1930s, for example, spread around the world when the United States decided to erect trade barriers to protect local producers. As other countries retaliated(ответили тем же), trade was reduced, jobs were lost, and the world entered into a long period of economic decline.

21. Find the answers to the following questions in the text.

1. What is the basic idea of international trade?

2. What is the main difference between domestic and international trade?

3. How can you consider trade barriers?

4. What were the consequences of the Great Depression of the 1930s? 22. Give your reasons for the following statements:

a)International trade usually makes everyone better off.

b)Artificial trade barriers are often damaging.

c)Trade and investment is a two-way street.

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Relax Yourselves

23. Read the following proverbs, think of their Russian equivalents. Match two of them with the pictures, explain your ideas.

1. Strike the iron while it is hot. 2. Nothing hurts more than truth. 3. A clean hand wants no washing. 4. Manners make the man. 5. One body is nobody. 6. Birds of a feather flock together.

Unit 23

Environmental Protection

Phonetics: Intonation of Good-bye.

Grammar: Revision of the Passive Voice.

Conversational topic: “Environmental Protection”.

Phonetic Exercises

Intonation of Good-bye (Интонация формы прощания good-bye)

Слово good-bye происходит от выражения God be with you, имевшего значение доброго напутствия. В процессе употребления в устной речи это выражение постепенно сливалось в одно слово и в современном английском языке совершенно не сохранило своего первоначального значения (сравните с русским словом спасибо, которое происходит от спаси Бог).

Форма прощания good-bye, соответствующая русскому до свидания, обычно произносится с восходящим тоном:

|Good-/bye!

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