учебник-английский
.pdfУпотребление нисходящего тона при прощании звучит очень грубо, невежливо и равнозначно выражению мысли: Уходите, я не хочу больше разговаривать с вами.
1. Act out the following dialogues. Mind your intonation.
1.– I hope I’ll see you again soon. Good-bye.
–Good-bye.
2.– See you later. Good-bye.
–Good-bye.
3.– Sorry, I must go. Good-bye.
– Good-bye.
2.Compose dialogues of your own. Mind your intonation.
Word-Building
3. What parts of speech do these words belong to? Translate them into Russian.
React, reaction, reactor, reactivity; science, scientific, scientist; industry, industrial, industrious; ; dark, darkness, darken; happy, happily, happiness, unhappy; equal, equally, unequal, equality; free, freedom, freely; attention, attentive, attentively; harm, harmful, harmless; care, careful, careless, carefully, carelessness; to differ, different, difference, indifferent; to pollute, pollution, pollutant; to protect, protection, protective; danger, dangerous; fame, famous.
4. Translate into Russian.
deep – depth – deepen wide – width – widen broad – breadth – broaden long – length – lengthen
strong – strength – strengthen high – height – heighten dark – darkness – darken
Grammar Exercises
Revision of the Passive Voice (Повторение страдательного залога)
5. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the рassive forms.
1. Hundreds of tons of the toxic compound were accumulated in the waters of the bay and in the bodies of its fish. 2. The waters of the bay
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were contaminated with methyl mercury. 3. The court actions were brought against the chemical factory. 4. The court actions were strongly resisted by the company. 5. The company was forced to pay compensation to the families of the victims. 6. This year 500 cases of mercury poisoning were registered.
6. Put the verbs in brackets into the Passive Voice.
1.Many houses (to destroy) in Minsk during the war; most of them (to reconstruct), and many new ones (to build) now.
2.When the reporter came to Los Angeles after the earthquake many roads and bridges (to rebuild).
3.Any meal (to serve) on the plane?
4.This seat (to take).
5.I (to hold) by the traffic, that’s why I’m late.
6.This office (to build) when I came here.
7.What’s going on in the garden? – The trees (to plant), the flowers (to water).
7. Make the following sentences Passive.
1.World industry pollutes the atmosphere with dust and chemical
waste.
2.People kill millions of animals every year.
3.For thousands of years humans have trained falcons to hunt other
birds.
4.Now the Chinese government protects the panda, so it should sur-
vive.
5.159 countries have set up environmental agencies.
6.All students in Britain study the course of environmental protection.
7.People cut down rainforests to provide land, paper, wood, medi-
cines.
8.Make the following sentences Active.
1.The complex interrelations between living organisms and the environment are studied by ecology.
2.Nature is compared to a complex household in which everyone has a specific job.
3.Some 40 per cent of tropical rainforests have already been destroyed by people.
4.Ecological problems were specially discussed by scientists at the last congress.
5.It cannot be denied that the price for industrial development is very high: the ecological balance of the planet is disturbed.
6.The falcon is still not protected in some European countries.
7.The Baltic Sea is surrounded by seven industrial countries.
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9. Read Betty’s letter to her friend Sue. Then write down what happened. Use the Passive Voice. Begin like this:
“While the Masons were all out at the cinema one evening, their house was broken into. The front door was …”
Dear Sue,
An awful thing happened one night last month. While we were all out at the cinema, someone broke into our house! They broke the front door open and opened my father’s desk. They emptied the desk, threw all my father’s papers on the floor, and took nearly $100 out of the desk. They stole my mother’s gold watch from upstairs, and they took our new colour TV set and Alan’s cassette recorder, too. They didn’t steal any thing from my room, but they knocked a few things off my bookshelf. My father fetched the police, and they found fingerprints on some of the furniture, and wrote a long report. They asked our neighbours whether they had seen the thieves while we were out, and one of our neighbours told them that two young men had been near our house; but unfortunately the police didn’t catch the thieves.
10. Complete the following sentences using the active or passive forms of the verbs in brackets. Be careful with the tense forms.
1.It’s a great advantage for English-speaking people that English … (speak) all over the world.
2.When Latif came to Britain, he … (speak) English with a strong accent.
3.Ladies and gentlemen, after the film tea… (serve) in the garden.
4.The French language programme … (repeat) at the moment.
5.Do you know which firm … (make) more cars last year – ABV or MRX?
6.After the death of his wife George … (take care of) by his nephew.
7.The employees are not going on strike, because they … (promise) higher wages at last.
8.Sometimes foreigners … (talk to) as if they are stupid.
Vocabulary
ancient [΄eIn∫qnt] – древний ancient Rome and Greece
to serve [sq:v] – служить to serve two masters
environment [In΄vaIqrqnmqnt] – окружающая среда healthy environment
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environmental protection – защита окружающей среды
civilization [,sIvIlaI΄zeI∫n] – цивилизация ancient civilizations
interference [,Intq΄fIqrqns] – вмешательство man’s interference
waste [weIst] – отбросы, отходы industrial waste
substance [΄sAbstqns] – вещество chemical substances
discharge [dIs΄t∫a:dZ] – сток, слив, выброс the discharge of gases
to concern [kqn΄sq:n] – касаться
Does this concern me?
surface [΄sq:fIs] – поверхность
The submarine rose to the surface.
to cut down [kAt] – рубить to cut down a tree
to pollute [pq΄lu:t] – загрязнять rivers polluted with waste from factories
air pollution – загрязнение воздуха
rare [rεq] – редкий a rare animal
unique [ju:΄ni:k] – уникальный unique species
radioactive [,reIdΙqu΄xktIv] – радиоактивный radioactive substances
damage [΄dxmIdZ] – вред, убыток, ущерб; вредить, наносить ущерб
The company will pay for the damage to my сar.
alternative [O:l΄tq:nqtIv] – альтернатива, выбор, альтернативный
There is no other alternative.
fur [fq:] – мех a fur coat;
fur–hunting – охота на пушных зверей
whale [weIl] – кит whale hunting
harmful [΄ha:mful] substances – вредные вещества acid [΄xsId] rain – кислотный дождь
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vital [vaItl] problem – насущная проблема
nuclear [΄nju:klIq] power station explosion [Iks΄plǝuʒǝn] – взрыв на атомной электростанции
to be aware [q΄wFq] of the problem – осознавать проблему
We are not aware of the problem. to preserve [prI΄zq:v] – охранять
disaster [dI΄za:stq] – бедствие, несчастье the biggest disaster of the 20th century
11. There are many environmental problems in the world today. Read the list given below. Consult the dictionary if necessary.
a)air, river and sea pollution;
b)overfishing;
c)the greenhouse effect;
d)the destruction of the ozone layer;
e)the destruction of the rainforests;
f)waste disposal;
g)overpopulation.
12. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.
Environmental Protection
Environmental protection is one of the most important problems for everyone because we all live in this world. Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with the environment. But with the development of civilization man’s interference in nature begins to increase.
There are many forms of pollution in our world today, for example the pollution of air and the oceans, nuclear waste, chemical waste. Air pollution is one of the most important examples and a result of many factors. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with dust and other harmful substances. The discharge of dust and gases into the atmosphere returns to the Earth in the form of “acid rain” and affects crops, the quality of forests, the amount of fish. As the result of environmental pollution some rare species of animals, birds and fish disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.
Another serious problem concerns rainforests. Before 1900, rainforests covered 14 per cent of the world’s surface. Today they cover 7 per cent. The reason for this is simple. They have been cut down to provide land, paper, wood, medicines, minerals, fuel. But it’s not only trees which are disappearing. Every rainforest also contains millions of animals, insects and flowers. They are destroyed too. And by the year 2030 they will dis-
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appear completely if we continue such treatment of nature. To solve this problem the governments in rainforests’ countries should protect certain areas and plant new forests. In our country a large territory of unique area of Belarusian marshes with flora and fauna has been preserved near Pinsk, not mentioning Belovezhskaya Pushcha.
Nuclear energy is the next vital problem. In April, 1986 an accident happened at the Chernobyl nuclear power station, situated on the territory of the Ukraine.
If we think of the harm that the Chernobyl nuclear power station explosion has done and will do to people it may be considered the biggest disaster of the 20th century. About 18 per cent of the territory of Belarus were polluted with radioactive substances. Great damage has been done to the republic’s agriculture, forests and people’s health.
After the Chernobyl disaster many people think that nuclear power isn’t safe. We have to look for alternative sources of energy, such as: wind energy (Britain’s first wind farm opened in Scotland in 1988) and solar energy.
Animals are a part of the environment too. Millions of them are killed or treated cruelly by men. There are 5 main groups a) animals used for scientific research (e.g. rabbits), b) animals killed for sport (e.g. foxes), c) animals killed for their fur or skin (e.g. crocodiles), d) animals in danger because their environment is in danger (e.g. gorillas), e) animals kept in cruel conditions on farms (e.g. cow, etc).
The international organization Greenpeace is doing much to preserve the environment. Greenpeace has already helped to stop whale hunting. Now they want to stop fur-hunting too. Like many other organizations they believe in animals’ rights.
It is important that everyone should be aware of the problem, that we should continue to find alternatives to the products that harm the environment and that every individual should do what he can to protect nature not only for the sake of the present but also for future generations.
13. Answer the questions to the text.
1.Has man’s interference in nature increased with the development of civilization? What does it lead to?
2.What forms of environmental pollution do you know?
3.What are the main reasons and results of air pollution?
4.Are the rainforests in danger nowadays? Why?
5.What do you know about the Chernobyl ecological disaster?
6.What are the consequences of this tragedy?
7.Do you know any alternative sources of energy?
8.What are the main groups of animals to be protected?
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14. Match the pairs of synonyms.
a) timber, to conserve, to come back, to supply, to go on, matter, restricted area, quantity;
b) to return, wood, to preserve, amount, to continue, to provide, substance, preserve.
15. Translate the following sentences. State if the underlined words are nouns or verbs.
1.Serious measures should be taken against waste of fresh water.
2.Don’t waste the time!
3.Great damage has been done to the republic’s agriculture.
4.Several houses were damaged by the hurricane.
5.Plants are nature resources which man always used and uses now.
6.We planted trees and bushes in our new garden.
7.The disappearance of forest areas harms the environment.
8.If we think of the harm that the Chernobyl nuclear power station explosion has done it may be considered the greatest disaster of the 20th century.
9.There are many forms of pollution in our world today.
10.Information about the problems of pollution in many countries formed the basis of the report.
16. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words in the following list.
animals, pollute, environment, waste, pollution, substances, ecological, danger
1.We are doing enough to protect … from pollution.
2.The huge amounts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides used on these farms … the water.
3.People should be more concerned about the continuing … of the environment.
4.The Japanese recycle more than half of their industrial … .
5.Harmful … are found in many rivers.
6.The destruction of the rainforests is an … disaster that threatens the future of the Earth.
7.About 60,000 different species of plants are in … today.
8.Today the giant panda is one of the rarest … in the world.
17. Find in the list below the words corresponding to the following definitions.
wildlife, to pollute, fauna, flora, atmosphere, ecology, civilization, energy
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1.The mixture of gases that surrounds some planets, such as the Earth;
2.To make (air, water, earth, etc.) dirty or harmful to people, animals and plants, especially by adding harmful substances;
3.The relationships between the air, land, water, animals, plants, etc., or a scientific study of this;
4.The power from something such as electricity or oil, which can do work, such as providing light and heat;
5.Animals and plants that grow independently of people, usually in natural conditions;
6.A human society with its highly developed organizations, or the culture and the way of the life of a society or country at a particular period in time;
7.All the plants of a particular place;
8.All the animals that live wild in a particular area.
18. Insert prepositions where necessary.
1.Pollution affects … everyone every day.
2.Pollution … air is a result … many factors.
3.The explosion … the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station is the greatest tragedy … the 20th century.
4.Many large cities are polluted … industrial waste.
5.Some factories and plants discharge harmful substances … the atmosphere.
6.Enormous damage has been done …the republic’s agriculture.
7.Today about 60,000 different species of plants are … danger.
8.Animals are killed … men … their fur or skin.
9.We must protect our environment … the sake … future genera-
tions.
19. Here are some of the ways to solve ecological problems. Do you think they are helpful?
1. Factories must be removed from cities.
2. Green zones must be created.
3. The greenery must be protected and increased.
4. New pollution control systems should be introduced.
5. Purifying systems for cleaning harmful substances must be widely used.
20. Read the text “Animals in Danger” and find the answers to the following questions.
1.What is the symbol of the World Wildlife Fund?
2.How many pandas are left?
3.Whales are the largest animals that have ever lived, aren’t they?
4.Why are whales in danger?
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5.What have falcons been trained to do?
6.Why have many falcons died?
7.The polar bear was among the first species to be put into the Red Book of Endangered Species, wasn’t it?
8.Do you know other animals which are also threatened with extinc-
tion?
Animals in Danger
At present a thousand species of animals are almost extinct because we hunt them or damage their environment.
Here are some of the animals in danger and details of the World Wildlife Fund, which is fighting to help them.
The French priest, Pere David was the first European to see a giant panda in China in 1969. Today the giant panda is one of the rearest species in the world. There are perhaps only 300 of them left. It likes to live in bamboo forests, but these are slowly disappearing. Fortunately, the Chinese government now protects the panda, so it should survive. The World Wildlife Fund uses the panda as its symbol.
The story of the whale has been another great wildlife tragedy. Some of these are the largest animals that have ever lived. A blue whale can weigh over 125 tons, and even a baby whale can weigh 3000 kg when it’s born. Whales are mammals, not fish, and they are highly intelligent. They send messages to each other over very long distances with high-pitched sounds.
Whales are now in great danger because hunters have killed too many of them. Modern ships and machines have made it very easy to hunt these animals, and they are often killed in a very painful and cruel way. Some countries have agreed to protect the whale, but others have not and still kill far too many.
The falcon is a bird that kills and eats other animals with its sharp beak and claws. For thousands of years humans have trained falcons to hunt other birds for sport. Now the falcon is in danger for several reasons. Many of them have died from chemicals used on farms, because the animals that they eat have eaten the chemicals. Other dangers include thieves who steal eggs from their nests, or who steal young birds to train for sport. There are now strict laws to protect the falcon from thieves in Britain though the bird is still not protected in some other countries.
Another story concerns the polar bear. It is one of the very rare species on the planet. The polar bear was among the first species to be put into the Red Book of Endangered Species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Nature Resources. Now its number has grown.
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The maned wolf (гривистый волк), the Amur tiger, the Mediterranian tortoise and the bumblebee found in the steppelands are also threatened with extinction.
Cranes, one of our most favourite birds, are heroes of fairy tales, legends and fables. Out of the 15 species of cranes more than a half have been entered into the International Red Data Book. They also include the white crane known as the sterkh. Over 300 birds of this species have remained alive so far. These birds nest only in Russia – in the lower reaches of the Ob River and in Northern Yakutia. And they migrate to India and China for the winter.
Did You Know?
1.Madagascar is home to at least 150,000 living species found nowhere else in the world.
2.One ton of recycled paper can save 17 trees.
3.8 million tons of oil are spilled into the oceans of the Earth every year.
4.One species – plant, animal or insect – become extinct every day. At that rate, within the next 20 years 1/5 of all species could be extinct.
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recycled – переработанный; extinct – вымерший.
21. Discuss the following topics in groups.
1.We often hear the words “harmful effects of civilization on nature”. What do they mean? Illustrate the results of harmful and helpful influences of human contacts with nature.
2.How do scientists, journalists, teachers, public and political leaders draw people’s attention to the problem of environmental protection.
3.Explain how and why our attitude towards nature is changing now.
4.Speak about the practical steps which are being undertaken for protecting our environment.
5.Characterize the ecological situation of the area in which you live. Does it need improvement? Give an example to show how man is affecting the ecology of the area in which you live?
Relax Yourselves
22. Put the letters in the right order to find the names of some animals. You may use the prompts in brackets.
1)w o l (A bird with big eyes and sharp curved beak. It flies at night and sleep through the day.)
2)a e b r (A large heavy animal with thick shaggy fur and a very short tail. The symbol of Russia.)
3)n l o i (A strong and dangerous wild animal, like a very big cat.)
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