учебник-английский

4. Vitebsk Academy of Veterinary Medicine directs veterinary scientific activity in our republic.

6.The veterinarian may be engaged in vaccination of animals against various infectious diseases.

7.International cooperation is significantly extended in the field of veterinary medicine.

16. Study the words before reading the text “Animal Clinics”.

license [΄laisqns] – лицензия

X-ray – рентгеновский sole – единственный

ultrasonic investigation – ультразвуковое исследование a crew [΄kru:] on duty – дежурная бригада

a racoon – енот a shelter – приют

17. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.

Animal Clinics

For 11 months of 2001 the help of veterinarians was demanded for 61,000 animals. Pets owners have a choice – in Minsk only there are 9 district veterinary stations, 2 private animals clinics, and seven veterinarians have licenses for private professional practice. Veterinarian services are not free, even in the state veterinary stations. However, laboratory researches, anti-rabies vaccination and service provided to animals owned by invalids are still free of charge at the state veterinarian stations.

Specially for «our smaller brothers» there is an X-ray cabinet in Minsk and the sole ultrasonic investigation equipment for all of Belarus. As well as for the people there is ambulance service for animals. Sometimes a crew on duty receives up to 15 and more calls during a night.

The situation with contagious diseases is rather calm in the capital city, except for microsporia. The latter was found in 180 dogs and 300 cats in 2001. It’s rather expensive to treat the disease, therefore, in serious cases veterinarians advise to put the animal to sleep. The owner, however, has the final word.

Rabies was diagnosed in Minsk only once in 2001. The party in fault of the case was a racoon, caught by a Minsker in the Braslav district. After

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the racoon had bitten the man’s finger, it was killed. Biting is only one sign of rabies with animals. Not to miss the illness, doctors advise checking up the animal twice. It takes a lot of time, since causes of animals attacks can be quite different. In 2001 out of 2,000 checked animals only 84 cats and dogs were put in quarantine on suspicion on rabies.

According to the rules, an individual cannot keep in his flat more than 2 animals. In the opinion of the chief veterinary doctor this is a good regulation. Not to make troubles for his neighbours a person should get rid of the «above permitted numbers» of inhabitants of his flat. Most probable, this would mean to throw them away in the street. In Minsk there is no shelter for cats and dogs. Such a shelter is planned to be created. But the construction of the shelter has been on for many years.

18. Answer the questions to the text.

1.How many veterinary stations and animal clinics are there in Minsk?

2.Is there any investigation equipment for animals?

3.Are veterinary services free of charge?

4.What is the situation with contagious diseases in the capital?

5.Rabies was diagnosed in Minsk only once, wasn’t it?

6.Are there any rules or regulations for pet owners?

7.A shelter for cats and dogs is planned to be created , isn’t it?

19. Say if the statements are true to the text or false. Correct the false ones.

1.The help of veterinarians is demanded very often in Minsk.

2.There are few veterinary stations and animal clinics in the city.

3.Veterinarian services in the capital are very expensive.

4.There were many occurrences of microsporia in the city in 2001.

5.It’s rather expensive to treat microsporia.

6.Biting is a sign of rabies with animals.

7.There are some shelters for animals in Minsk.

20. Read the text “Deafness Does Not Mean Defeat”and find English equivalents to the following:

В четвертом классе; на уроке письма (правописания); глухая на 70 %; читала по губам; стеснялась; слуховой аппарат; быть ветеринаром; поддержали ее; делилась своими конспектами; преодолеть преграды (трудности); колледж ветеринарной медицины; молодой специалист; доктор ветеринарной медицины; получить государственную лицензию; частная практика.

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People аnd Careers

Deafness Does Not Mean Defeat

When Linda Medlow was in the fourth grade, she had difficulty in spelling class. The problem was not that she misspelled words. When Linda was asked to spell a word, she sometimes spelled a different word – one that rhymed with the word the teacher asked for. The teacher realized Linda had a hearing problem. Tests showed that Linda was 70 percent deaf. Linda had been lip-reading all her life.

At first Linda was embarrassed. She did not want anyone to know that she was hard of hearing. Gradually, she adjusted to her disability. Linda learned to lip-read better. Later she got hearing aids that helped her determine the direction from which sounds came. Her parents did not treat her as though she was different. When Linda said she wanted to be a veterinarian, they encouraged her.

In college Linda’s hearing disability posed some problems. Teachers might turn their backs to the class and then Linda could not read their lips. In large classes the professor might be too distant for her hearing aids to help much. Throughout college a special friend shared her class notes with Linda. Teachers and other friends offered advice and encouragement.

Many people helped Linda overcome the obstacles that deafness presented. Linda feels that teachers, classmates, and her clients have accepted her hearing problem quite easily. To improve communication Linda still takes lip-reading lessons each week and now has new, more powerful hearing aids.

In 1979 Linda graduated from the College of Veterinary Medicine at Ohio State University. After college Dr. Linda Medlow began working as an intern in the College of Veterinary Medicine at Michigan State University.

To become a veterinarian a person needs at least two years of pre-vet- erinary college education. Many students complete three or four years of college before entering a college of veterinary medicine. There they spend three to four years studying much science. They learn about anatomy, physiology, biology, chemistry, and more. After graduating from the college of veterinary medicine the students become doctors of veterinary medicine (D.V.M.). They must obtain a government license to practice their profession. Then they may work in private practice, at zoos, in government, or at colleges like Linda.

21. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1.From her childhood Linda had … .

2.When Linda said she wanted to be a veterinarian, her parents … .

3.To become a veterinarian, a person needs … .

4.Linda entered the … .

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5.Teachers and friends helped Linda … .

6.Future veterinarians learn about … .

7.After graduating from the college of veterinary medicine, the students become ... .

8.They must obtain … .

9.After that they may work in … .

10.After college Dr. Linda Medleau began working as … .

22. Talk in pairs (in groups) about the profession of a veterinarian. Discuss the following:

• educational establishments in our republic where they train future veterinarians;

• sciences that students study there;

• their work after graduation.

23. Speak about veterinary service according to the plan:

•The transfer of animal husbandry to the industrial basis.

•The foremost task of veterinary scientists and veterinary service.

•Prevention of spreading of infectious diseases.

•Veterinary stations and animal clinics.

•The contents of veterinarians’ work.

•International cooperation in the field of veterinary medicine.

It’s Interesting to Know

24. Read the text and answer the questions.

1.What are the six subdivisions of a kingdom?

2.How is a phylum different from a species?

3.What is the purpose of classifying organisms?

Animal Kingdom

In each kingdom there are six smaller groups called subdivisions. Each animal kingdom is divided into groups called phyla. A phylum is the largest subdivision in a kingdom. All of the organisms in a kingdom are similar in some ways, but they are not exactly alike. People and fish are kinds of animals, but they are not the same. People and fish are classified in the same phylum in the animal kingdom. Phyla are divided into smaller groups called classes. A class contains fewer organisms than a phylum. Each class is divided into orders and each order is divided into families. Cats and dogs are in the same kingdom, phylum, class, and order, but they are classified in two separate families.

Each family is also divided into smaller groups. The subdivision of a family is called a genus. A genus is divided into still smaller groups called species. For example, house-cats, lions, tigers, and mountain lions are dif-

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ferent species. Each of these species is a subdivision of the same genus. A

species is the smallest subdivision in a kingdom.

___________________________

a phylum [΄faIlqm] (pl phyla) – тип; an order – отряд; a genus

[΄d4i:nqs] (pl genera) – род; a species [΄spi:5i:z] (pl species) – вид.

Relax Yourselves

25. Read and find.

All animals are divided into three main classes:

a)the monotremes, or egg-laying animals;

b)the marsupials, or animals with pouches for carrying their young;

c)the placentals, or animals whose young grow and develop within the mother’s body.

Divide the following animals into three classes:

monotreme [΄m6nətrIm] – яйцеродный, яйцекладущий; marsupial

[ma:΄sju:pIəl] – сумчатое (животное); a pouch [paut5] – сумка; placental

[plə΄sentəl] – плацентарный.

26. Read the English proverbs and think of their Russian equivalents.

1.Every heart knows its ache.

2.A merry heart is a good medicine.

3.Both the wolves have eaten much and the sheep have not been touched.

4.An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

5.Every family has a black sheep.

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Unit 18

Agricultural Machinery

Phonetics: Intonation of Special Questions.

Grammar: The Infinitive.

Conversation topic: “Agricultural Machinery”.

Phonetic Exercises

Intonation of Special Questions (Интонация специальных вопросов)

Специальныевопросы, т.е. вопросы, начинающиесясвопросительного слова, произносятся с нисходящим тоном (обычно высоким).

|Who is on \duty today?

1. Read the following special questions paying attention to the intonation.

1.What books do you like?

2.Why have you got a German book?

3.Who taught you to read German?

4.Whose book is this?

5.When must you return it?

2. Put special questions to the underlined words in the sentences. Mind intonation.

1.Farmers have a lot of work in all seasons.

2.Last year they planted wheat in this field.

3.She is watering flowers in the garden.

4.Soils in this region have low natural fertility.

5.Your sister should enter the Agronomical Faculty.

Word-Building

Суффикс -ing образует существительные от глаголов и обозначает действие.

to hunt (охотиться) – hunting (охота)

to cross (пересекать, переходить) – crossing (пересечение, перекресток)

3. Translate into English the following words with the suffix -ing.

Heating, landing, learning, opening, painting, riding, running, jumping, sitting, warming, watching, watering, writing, covering, crossing, briefing.

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4. Form nouns from the following verbs using the suffix -ing. Translate them into Russian.

Act, walk, begin, dress, drink, eat, flow, form, freeze, get, grow, hide, lead, call, pack, open, smoke.

Grammar Commentary

The Infinitive (Инфинитив)

Инфинитив – это неопределенная форма глагола, которая отвечает навопрос“Что(с)делать?”. Признакоминфинитиваванглийскомязыке является частица to.

e.g. to be, to do, to work.

Но после модальных глаголов и глаголов to see, to hear, to watch, to feel, to notice, to let, to make (в знач. «заставлять») частица to не употребляется.

e.g. He can read English well. Don’t let him do it.

Отрицательная форма инфинитива образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится перед ним.

e.g. I prefer not to go there.

Чтобы избежать повторения ранее упомянутого глагола, в конце предложения может употребляться лишь частица to.

e.g. They want me to stay after the lessons but I don’t want to (stay).

Формы инфинитива

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Функции инфинитива в предложении

Инфинитив может выполнять в предложении следующие функции: 1) Subject (подлежащее)

To work here is very pleasant. – Работать здесь очень приятно. It is possible to go there at once. – Можно пойти туда сразу.

2) Predicative (часть сказуемого)

Your duty is to look after the plants. – Вашаобязанность– ухаживать за растениями.

You may take my book. – Ты можешь взять мою книгу.

3) Object (дополнение)

We are ready to help you. – Мы готовы помочь тебе. I forgot to do this work. – Я забыл сделать эту работу.

4) Attribute (определение)

Tom was the first to come. – Том пришел первым.

Please give me some water to drink. – Пожалуйста, дай мне попить воды.

The question to be discussed is of great importance. – Вопрос, кото-

рый нужно обсудить, очень важный.

5) Adverbial modifier (обстоятельство)

I have come here (in order) to talk to you. – Я пришел сюда, чтобы поговорить с тобой.

He was too far to hear me. – Он был слишком далеко, чтобы услышать меня.

To make a good report you should read this book. – Чтобы сделать хороший доклад, ты должен прочитать эту книгу.

Grammar Exercises

5. Find the infinitives and analyse their forms.

1.We know him to be working hard at a very interesting scientific prob-

lem.

2.We saw the farmer enter the barn.

3.Combine-harvesters require the crop to be in dry conditions.

4.The agronomists expected this field to produce high yield.

5.The chairman ordered the field to be ploughed.

6.Do you consider these species to have been grown for many centu-

ries?

7.They must be working in the garden now.

8.He promised not to tell anybody what he had seen.

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6. Read the sentences, say if the infinitives at the beginning of the sentences are subjects or adverbials modifiers.

1.To read a Sunday paper is an important British tradition.

2.To learn English is difficult.

3.To do this work in time may be very important.

4.To reach the village they had to go through the forest.

5.To write a good composition you should read these articles.

6.To be swimming in the river on a hot summer day is a pleasant

thing.

7.To see him you must wait a little.

8.To smoke is bad for your health.

7. Read the sentences, analyse the functions of the infinitives in the sentences. Translate the sentences.

1.Here are the machines to work on our farm.

2.Many students are ready to help the farmers in summer.

3.This soil is too bad to cultivate .

4.To provide big cities with dairy products is very important.

5.It is necessary to finish the construction of the new irrigation canal by the end of the year.

6.The aim of the farmers is to improve soil fertility in this area.

7.To get high yields we must irrigate this soil.

8.The work to be done is difficult.

9.They promise to raise the efficiency of production.

10.The plant must have better equipment in order to increase its pro-

duce.

8. Translate into English using the infinitive.

1.Чтобы хорошо знать иностранные языки, нужно много работать.

2.Мы говорили о новой ферме, которая должна быть построена в следующем году.

3.Орошать этот участок (земли) очень трудно.

4.Это хозяйство достаточно богато, чтобы использовать много новых машин.

5.Задача хозяйства заключается в том, чтобы механизировать большинство сельскохозяйственных процессов.

6.Эта машина слишком устарела, чтобы ее использовать.

7.Чтобы повысить урожай, нужно применять удобрения.

8.Очень важно использовать современное оборудование в сельском хозяйстве.

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Vocabulary

to attach [ə΄txtʃ] – прикреплять, присоединять

The cultivator is attached to the tractor.

to bind [baInd] (bound, bound) – вязать, связывать

A binder, a self-binder (сноповязалка). Self-binders replace manual labour in agriculture.

crawler [΄krLlə] – гусеничный трактор

syn. a track-laying tractor; wheeled (колёсные) and track-laying tractors

to cut [kʌt] (cut, cut) – резать, срезать, разрезать

A cutter, a chaff-cutter (соломорезка), a root-cutter (корнерезка). Chaff-cutters and root-cutters are widely used on farms.

device [dI΄vaIs] – устройство, приспособление, механизм

syn. implement. Various cultivating devices supplement manual labour.

to dig [dIg] (dug, dug) – копать, рыть, выкапывать

A digger, a potato-digger. Some agricultural machines dig potatoes or sugar beets.

drill [drIl] – сеялка (рядовая)

When farmers sow (сеют) seeds, they use a seed drill.

to grind [grаInd] (ground, ground) – измельчать, молоть, дробить

A grinding-mill (молотилка, дробилка)

harrow [΄hxrəu] – борона, боронить

Harrowing . They do less harrowing than they did some years ago.

hay [heI] – сено

To make hay (сушить сено); A hay-drier (сеносушилка)

hoe [həu] – мотыга

A hoe is a primitive digging implement that people use to break up the surface.

intricate [΄IntrIkIt] – сложный

Intricate machinery. Most agricultural processes require more intricate machinery.

manure [mə΄njuə] – навоз, удобрение

A manure-distributor (разбрасыватель удобрений)

to move [mu:v] – двигать (ся), приводить в движение

A mover; a prime-mover (первичный двигатель, источник энергии).

to mow [məu] – косить, жать

Mowing, a mowing machine

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