учебник-английский

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14-year-old George who helped the farmer in the garden wasn’t a fast worker and he moved very slowly.

One day Mr. Jones, the farmer, called out to him: “George, is there anything you can do fast?” “Yes, Mr. Jones,” George answered, “I get tired fast.”

25. Match the following proverbs with their Russian equivalents.

Unit 14

Plant Protection

Phonetics: Word-Stress.

Grammar: The Perfect Tenses in the Passive Voice.

Conversational topic: “Plant Protection”.

Phonetic Exercises

Word-Stress (Ударение в словах)

Ударение в подавляющем большинстве английских двусложных слов падает, как правило, на начальный слог, если только он не представляет собой приставку, потерявшую в современном английском языке семантическое (смысловое) значение. В этом случае ударение падает на корень слова.

tennis [΄tenɪs] ready [΄redɪ]

но: invent (in+vent) [ɪn΄vent] become (be+come) [bɪ΄kʌm]

В двусложных словах, оканчивающихся на -ate, -ise,-ize,-fy, ударение падает на последний слог.

dictate [dɪk΄teɪt] surprise [sə΄praɪz] defy [dɪ ΄faɪ]

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Вподавляющем большинстве трехсложных и четырехсложных

слов ударение падает, как правило, на третий слог от конца слова. definite [΄defɪnɪt]

infinitive [ɪn΄fɪnɪtɪv]

Некоторые многосложные английские слова имеют два ударения:

главное и второстепенное. occupation [ˌOkju΄peɪʃn] patriotic [ˌpxtrɪ΄Otɪk]

Всложных именах существительных ударение обычно падает на первый компонент.

classroom [΄kla:srum] note-book [΄nəutbuk]

1. Read the words paying attention to the change of stress in them.

΄qualify – ΄qualified – ˌqualifi΄cation ΄satisfy – ΄satisfied – ˌsatis΄faction a΄pply – ΄applicant – ˌappli΄cation com΄pete – com΄petitive – ˌcompe΄tition

2. Read the words with the stress on the second syllable.

3. Divide the words into two groups: a) with the stress on the first syllable; b) with the stress on the second syllable.

Natural, replace, industry, damage, attract, event, penetrate, protect, prepare, celebrate, select, ancient, disease, display, survive, borrow, adopt, serious, merry, contain, admit.

Word-Building

Суффиксы -fy(-ify), -ize(-ise) образуют глаголы от прилагательных и существительных

pure (чистый) – to purify (очищать) simple (простой) – to simplify (упрощать)

character (характер) – to characterize (характеризовать)

4. Give Russian equivalents to the following verbs:

identify, justify, qualify, signify, pacify, modify, specify, notify, multiply.

5. Form verbs with the suffix -ize (-ise).

a)legal, liberal, popular, local, industrial, general, ideal, modern, moral, neutral, rational, special;

b)automat, symbol, memory, summary, scandal, vitamin, victim.

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Grammar Commentary

The Perfect Tenses in the Passive Voice. (Совершенные времена в страдательном залоге)

Perfect Passive образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be всоответствующемвремени, лицеичислеипричастияII смыслового глагола.

e.g. They have been given two difficult problems today, so they must do something.

Им дали сегодня две трудные задачи, и они должны что-то предпринять.

Has he been asked to play in the next week’s football match?

Его попросили принять участие в футбольном матче на следующей неделе?

They haven’t been told to be more careful.

Им не сказали быть более осторожными.

Perfect Passive употребляется в таких же случаях, как и Perfect Active, только имеет пассивное значение. Future Perfect Passive употребляется довольно редко.

Grammar Exercises

6. Read the sentences in Perfect Passive. Translate them into Russian.

1. Mary is proud. Her work has been praised. 2. What’s happened? – The window has been broken. 3. Jane hasn’t been told about it. 4. All the tickets had already been sold out by the time John and Mary arrived. 5. The factory will have been completed by the end of the month. 6. The car will have been repaired by Saturday. 7. Many new buildings have been built in our town lately. 8. Dick is happy. His dog has been found. 9. There isn’t any food left. All of it has been eaten.

7. Respond to the following using Present Perfect Passive. e.g. – Shall I type the letters for you?

–They’ve already been typed. Thank you.

1.Shall I help you unload the car? 2. Shall I introduce you to him?

3.Shall I show you Dick’s drawings? 4. Shall I translate the article for you?

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5. Shall I test the device? 6. Shall I fix the lamp? 7. Shall I repair the car? 8. Shall I buy the book for you?

8. Respond to the following using the prompts in Past Perfect Passive.

e.g. She was angry. (to lose the tickets) The tickets had been lost.

1.He came too late. (to discuss the question) 2. She looked happy. (to praise for good work) 3. He was surprised. (not to invite) 4. He was worried. (not to send a visa) 5. I had to wait a little. (not to sign the papers)

6.Mr. Smith was angry. (to damage his car)

9.Change the sentences into Future Perfect Passive.

e.g. The office will be built in a few months. (by September) The office will have been built by September.

1. The tests will be checked in an hour. (by the end of the lesson) 2. The book will be published soon. (by the end of the year) 3. The suitcases will be packed after dinner. (by the time the taxi comes) 4. The invitation cards will be sent on Sunday. (by Sunday) 5. The telephone will be repaired on Tuesday. (by Tuesday) 6. The work will be done tomorrow. (by tomorrow) 7. The roof will be painted in the evening. (by the evening)

Vocabulary

to affect [q΄fekt] – действовать, влиять, воздействовать, поражать; волновать

Water affects the form, growth and structure of a plant. The news affected him.

appendix [q΄pendɪks] – отросток, придаток; pl. appendices

[1΄pendɪsi:z]

bacterium [bxk΄tɪqrɪqm] – бактерия; pl. bacteria [bxk΄tɪqrɪq]

blight [blaɪt] – скручивание

Blights diseases.

(to)cause [kLz] – причинять, вызывать; причина, повод

Cause and effect (причина и следствие). To be caused by something. To cause a disease in leaves (roots).

cell [sel] – клетка

A cell is the basic unit of all living things. Plant cells have cellulose [΄seljul1us] in them.

cilia [΄sɪlɪq] – реснички

Some bacteria have so-called cilia.

to cure [kjuq] – лечить

To cure people (plants, animals).

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(to) damage [΄dxmɪdZ] – повреждать, портить, наносить ущерб; вред, повреждение, ущерб

ant. protect, protection. To damage yields of agricultural crops. The damage was great.

(to) decay [dɪ΄keɪ] – гнить, портиться ; распад, гниение syn. rot [rOt]. Decay of plants

to detect [dɪ΄tekt] – открывать, обнаруживать

Detection, detector, lie detector

to derive [dɪ΄raɪv] – происходить, получать, извлекать

To derive from certain organisms

disease [dɪ΄zi:z] – болезнь What is the cause of this disease?

drainage [΄dreɪnɪdZ] – дренаж, осушение

Drainage of the soil

duct [dʌkt] – канал, проток

Water duct (водовод)

fission [fɪʃn] – расщепление, деление

Cell fission

fungus [΄fʌηgqs] – грибок, плесень; pl. fungi [΄fʌηgaɪ]

Fungicides [΄fʌndZɪsaɪdz] фунгициды; fungus attack (заражение грибком).

germ [dZq:m] – зародыш, зачаток, завязь; микроб In germ (в зародыше, в зачаточном состоянии)

to injure [΄ɪndZq] – повредить, испортить, ранить

Injured, injured plant parts, an injured animal

locomotion [ˌlqukq΄mquʃn] – передвижение

Some bacteria have cilia for the purpose of locomotion.

measure [΄meZq] – мера, мероприятие

In some measure (до некоторой степени, отчасти); to take measures (принять меры)

The planned measures will permit to increase crop yields.

mildew [΄mɪldju:] – плесень, милдью

Mildew diseases

to multiply [΄mʌltiplai] – увеличиваться, размножаться

Bacteria multiply by fission.

nematode [ˌnemq΄təud] – нематода (нитчатый червь) Nematode worms invade plants and cause serious diseases.

pathogen [΄pxθədZqn] – патоген, патогенный (болезнетворный) микроорганизм

Disease pathogen

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to penetrate [΄penɪtreɪt] – проникать внутрь, пронизывать Penetration [ˌpeni΄treiʃn] – проникновение, проницаемость

pest [pest] – паразит, вредитель, вредное насекомое

Pest control (борьба с с/х вредителями). Chemicals protect plants against pests.

pulp [pʌlp] – жом, мякоть плода

Pulpy (мягкий), pulpy mass

to reduce [rɪ΄dju:s] – снижать, уменьшать, сокращать; сводить, приводить к

Reduction [rɪ΄dʌk5n]; to reduce the temperature; to reduce to elements (разложить на части)

to resist [rɪ΄zɪst] – сопротивляться; противостоять

Resistant (устойчивый, стойкий); to resist a disease (не поддаваться болезни)

These crops are resistant to temperature changes.

to retard [rɪ΄ta:d] – задерживать, замедлять, отставать

Retardation [ˌri:ta:΄deɪʃn]

to secure [sɪ΄kju1] – гарантировать, обеспечивать; охранять Security [sɪ΄kjuərɪtɪ] (безопасность; охрана, защита)

(to) supply [sə΄plaɪ] (with) – снабжать, поставлять; запас, снабжение syn. provide; Plants supply us with many raw materials.

tissue [΄tɪsju:] – ткань, текстура, строение

Some bacteria destroy plants tissue.

vascular [΄vxskjulə] – сосудистый

The vascular system of plants

vessel [΄vesl] – сосуд Plant vessels

wilting [΄wɪltɪη] – увядание

Wilting of plants

Read the following words correctly.

Bordeaux mixture [bL΄dəu ΄mɪkstʃə] – бордосская жидкость carbon [΄ka:bən] – углерод

carbon dioxide [΄ka:bən daɪ΄Oksaɪd] – углекислый газ chloropicrin [ˌklOrə΄pɪkrɪn] – хлорпикрин

copper [΄kOpq] – медь

disulphide [daɪ΄sʌlfaɪd] – дисульфид

lime [laim] – известь; удобрять известью, известковать sulphate [΄sʌlfeɪt] – сульфат, соль серной кислоты sulphur [΄sʌlfə] – сера

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10. Read the text and find English equivalents to the following. Pешающий фактор; угрожают; как количественно, так и качест-

венно; величайшая задача; технологи; ответственные за; влияют на здоровье; в отличие от высших организмов; для передвижения; располагаются по всей поверхности; выделяя определённые химические вещества; проникают глубже; заражение растений.

The Importance of Plant Protection and Pest Control Measures

A decisive factor for securing yields is the protection of agricultural crops.

Day by day cultivated plants and supplies in store rooms are threatened by thousands of pests and disease pathogens. Every year millions of tons of produce are lost and plants and animals retarded in growth and development or the products derived from these organisms are affected both quantitatively and qualitatively. Control of these pests and disease pathogens must become the greatest task for all scientists, technical engineers and farmers responsible for the production of agricultural products.

What is meant by a pest or disease pathogen? They are animal or plant organisms which damage either cultivated plants or the products derived therefrom. They directly or indirectly influence the health of man and domestic and useful animals.

Bacteria as Disease Pathogens. Bacteria, unlike higher organisms, consist of a single cell only. Some of the bacteria possess thread-like appendices, so-called cilia, for the purpose of locomotion. These cilia are fixed either at one end of the cell or are arranged over the whole surface of the cell. The size of the cells is microscopic, the pathogen thus being visible with the aid of a microscope only. Bacteria multiply by simple fission.

Bacterial diseases, so-called bacterioses, are usually caused by the penetration of bacteria into injured plant parts.

By excreting certain chemical agents bacteria break up cell unions, loosen them or kill part of the cells.

This is followed by decay of plant parts, the infected plant tissue turning into a soft pulpy mass. Such disease symptoms are termed “wet rot”.

Some bacteria penetrate deeper into the tissue reaching the water ducts within the plant and plant vessels and destroy this tissue. This leads to the blocking of the vascular system.

The exhibited disease symptoms, known as “vessel bacteriosis”, lead to an interruption of the sap flow within the plant, followed by wilting and death. The infection of the plants with bacteria primarily takes place at plant wounds. Insects also act as carriers of bacteria.

___________________________

store rooms – хранилище; “wet rot” – мокрая гниль; “vessel bacteriosis” – бактериальный рак.

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11. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1.Cultivated plants and supplies in store rooms …

2.Control of pests and disease pathogens must become …

3.Pests and disease pathogens directly or indirectly influence …

4.Some of the bacteria possess …

5.The size of the cells is …

6.Bacterial diseases are usually caused by …

7.By excreting certain chemical agents bacteria …

8.This is followed by decay of …

9.Vessel bacteriosis leads to …

12. Say if the sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.

1.The protection of agricultural crops is a decisive factor for securing yields.

2.Every year thousands of tons of produce are lost.

3.Disease pathogens are animal or plant organisms which damage either cultivated plants or the products derived therefrom.

4.Higher organisms consist of a single cell only.

5.Cilia are thread-like appendices.

6.The pathogen could be seen without a microscope.

7.Bacteria multiply by fission.

8.Bacteria don’t penetrate deep into the tissue.

9.Insects also act as carriers of bacteria.

13. Fill in prepositions where necessary.

1.A decisive factor … securing yields is the protection … agricultural crops.

2.Cultivated plants are threatened … thousands … pests and disease pathogens.

3.Millions … tons … produce are lost and plants and animals are retarded … growth and development.

4.They influence … the health of man.

5.Bacteria consist … a single cell only.

6.Some … the bacteria possess thread-like appendices … the purpose

…locomotion.

7.These cilia are fixed either … one end … the cell or are arranged … the whole surface … the cell.

8.The pathogen is visible … the aid … a microscope.

9.Bacteria multiply … simple fission.

14. Answer the questions to the text.

1.Why are millions of tons of produce lost every year?

2.What measures must be taken to protect agricultural plants and supplies?

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3.What is meant by a pest or disease pathogen?

4.Bacteria consist of a simple cell only, don’t they?

5.What are cilia? How are they fixed?

6.How do bacteria multiply?

7.What are bacterial diseases usually caused by?

8.What is “wet rot”?

9.What leads to the blocking of the vascular system?

10.What does “vessel bacteriosis” lead to?

11.Where does the infection of the plants take place?

15. Read the text “Plant Diseases” and answer the questions.

1.What is meant by plant diseases?

2.Why had cultivation of certain crops in some countries been abandoned in the past?

3.What can cause plant diseases?

4.What plant diseases are most to be feared?

Plant Diseases

By disease in plants is meant some disturbance in the normal life-pro- cesses which affects either a particular organ or the entire plant, and which sometimes leads to premature death. Cultivated plants are usually more liable to disease than wild plants.

The losses caused by plant diseases are sometimes enormous, and cultivation of certain crops in some countries had been abandoned in the past owing to the ravages of diseases.

Storage losses through disease may be severe. Diseases in plants may be brought about either through attack by some kind of parasite or by some autonomous, functional derangement.

Abnormal moisture conditions, peculiarities of soil, extremes of temperature, and many other factors cause functional disturbances.

Many different groups of organisms attack plants parasitically. Nematode worms of microscopic size often invade plants, and living parasitically therein, cause serious diseases in roots, tubers, bulbs, stems, and leaves.

Highly infectious diseases of the virus type are now recognized to be among the most serious that affect plants; they are often transmitted by insects.

The fungi include an immense number of forms parasitic on plants which are often extremely injurious.

The diseases most to be feared are those which are epidemic in character, i.e. those which develop almost simultaneously and universally

throughout a crop.

___________________________

by disease in plants is meant – под заболеванием растений подразумевается; liable to disease – подвержены болезни; storage loss-

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es – потери при хранении; brought about – вызвано; functional disturbances – функциональные нарушения; root – корень; tuber – клубень; bulb – луковица; stem – ствол, стебель; most to be feared – наиболее опасные (дословно: которых больше всего следует опасаться)

16. Add more information to the statements.

1.Plant diseases affect either a particular organ or the entire plant.

2.The losses caused by plant diseases are sometimes enormous.

3.Diseases in plants may be caused either by some kind of parasite or by some functional derangement.

4.Many different groups of organisms attack plants parasitically.

5.Infectious diseases of the virus type are the most serious diseases that affect plants.

17. Make a summary of the text. The following will help you:

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