учебник-английский

3. Form nouns with the suffix -ism and translate them into Russian. e.g. a communist – communism

Grammar Commentary

Present Simple Passive

Простое настоящее время (Страдательный залог)

Present Simple Passive образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в настоящем времени и причастия ΙΙ смыслового глагола.

is (am, are) + Participle II

e.g. A farm is built near our town. Farms are built near our town.

A farm is not (isn’t) built near our town. Farms are not (aren’t) built near our town.

Is a farm built near our town? Are farms built near our town?

Present Simple Passive употребляется в таких же случаях, как и

Present Simple Active.

Глаголвстрадательномзалогевыражаетдействие, котороенаправлено на предмет или лицо, выраженное подлежащим.

Grammar Exercises

4. Read and translate the sentences in Present Simple Passive.

1.Smoking is not allowed here. 2. He is often sent parcels. 3. Coffee is imported from Brazil. 4. Clothes are washed at the launderette. 5. Films are shown at the cinema. 6. Bread is sold at the baker’s. 7. Milk goes sour when it is left for three days. 8. The machines are inspected every day.

9.Flowers die when they are not watered. 10. Lost time is never found again. 11. This article is often referred to.

5.Give negative answers to the following questions using Present Simple Passive.

e.g. – Does Mrs. Green deliver the post?

–No, the post isn’t delivered by Mrs. Green.

1.Does Mary type the documents? 2. Does the chief engineer sign the papers? 3. Does Jack repair the computers? 4. Does the boss write the letters himself? 5. Do the teachers prepare the lunch? 6. Does the secretary dictate the letters? 7. Do the salesmen inspect the machines?

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6. Change the following sentences from active into passive. Give two variants where possible.

e.g. They often show us foreign films at the University. We are often shown foreign films at the University. Foreign films are often shown to us at the University.

1. They grow rice in this area. 2. They import tea from India. 3. They sell shoes in that shop. 4. They speak Italian in Italy. 5. They produce butter on farms. 6. They often send us letters. 7. They don’t allow us to smoke here. 8. They teach English, French and German at the University.

7. Ask general questions.

e.g. – Mr. Smith is often sent to London on business. (Mr. White)

–Is Mr. White often sent to London, too?

1.We are given a lot of work to do. (you) 2. We are allowed to use this laboratory. (you) 3. Footwear is sold in this shop. (textile) 4. They are taught Spanish. (French) 5. Bags are repaired there. (umbrellas) 6. Rice is grown here. (wheat)

8. Ask special questions.

e.g. Breakfast is served early here. (when) When is breakfast served here?

1.They are taught two foreign languages. (what foreign languages)

2.This journal is not published in Minsk. (where) 3. She is sometimes sent money orders. (how often) 4. Mr. Brown is highly paid. (how much)

5.This work is not done by Mr. Johnson. (by whom) 6. The library is closed late. (when) 7. We are not invited to their party. (who)

9.Translate into English.

1.Какой иностранный язык преподают в вашем университете?

2.Что производится на этой фабрике? 3. Этот список статей рекомендуется для вашей работы. 4. В котором часу закрывается библиотека?

5.Нам не разрешается выносить книги из читального зала. 6. Почту доставляют сюда самолётом? 7. Ему часто посылают письма. 8. Что продаётсявэтоммагазине? 9. Скольковамздесьплатят? 10. Гдеобычно проводятся собрания? Какие проблемы на них обсуждаются?

Vocabulary

chance [t∫a:ns] – случай, шанс by chance, it is not by chance I got this job by chance.

It is not by chance that I entered the Agrarian University.

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to enter [΄entq] – войти, поступить (в вуз) to enter the University

Every year about 3,000 students enter our University.

In order to enter a University you must pass a number of examinations.

to leave [΄li:v] (left, left) – покидать, оставлять, заканчивать (среднюю школу)

to leave school, after leaving school Many children leave school at fifteen.

to graduate from [΄grxdjueɪt] – заканчивать (вуз)

After graduating from the University I will work as an agronomist.

to hesitate (about) [΄hezɪteɪt] – колебаться, сомневаться

Did you hesitate about the choice of your future profession?

research [rɪ΄sq:t∫] – научные исследования research work

They carry out very important research to increase yields of wheat.

to work [wq:k] – работать

to work out – разрабатывать (программу), работать над (программой) to work on the problem

Many of the students work out interesting projects.

busy [΄bi:zI] – to be busy with – заниматься (чем-либо)

During their practice students are busy with feeding and breeding farm animals.

to take care of [΄kεq] – заботиться, ухаживать за

Nurses take care of their patients at the hospitals.

to require [rɪ΄kwaɪq] – требовать syn. to demand, to ask for

Any work requires special professional skills.

a calf [ka:f] – теленок; мн.ч. calves

There are many calves in the fields in summer.

practice [΄prxktɪs] – практика

educational and training practice – учебно-производственная практика We usually have educational and training practice on the farm.

(to) measure [΄meZq] – мера, измерять

plant protection measures – меры по защите растений

The house measures 60 feet long. Дом имеет 60 футов в длину.

to increase [ɪn΄kri:s] – увеличивать(ся), расти

The productivity of labour increased by 10 %.

finance [faɪ΄nxns] – финансы, доходы family finances – семейный бюджет

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application [,xplɪ΄keɪ∫qn] – 1) заявление, прошение; 2) применение an application form (blank) – анкета поступающего на работу

An effective fertilizer application system is used on this farm.

pollution [pq΄lu:∫qn] – загрязнение to pollute – загрязнять

The problem of air pollution in large cities was discussed at the conference.

soil [΄sOɪl] – почва syn. land, ground, earth

types of soils – виды почв

Soil science deals with types of soils and their cultivation.

10. Read the text and find the information about the subjects you study at the University and your future possible specialities.

It is not by chance that I entered the Agrarian University in Grodno. My parents have a small garden and we work there from spring till autumn. We grow different kinds of fruit and vegetables there. My grandparents have a lot of farm animals. I like to feed pigs, milk cows and take care of small piglets and calves. And after leaving school I didn’t hesitate about the choice of my future profession.

There are 7 faculties at our University: the Agronomical, the Plant Protection, the Biotechnological Faculties, the Faculty of Economics, the Veterinary Medicine one, the Accounting and the Engineering Technology Faculties. The University trains students to work on the farms as agronomists, stock-breeding engineers, veterinary doctors, engineers-technolo- gists, agricultural economists and accountants.

We study a lot of subjects necessary for our future work – botany, soil science, field-crop cultivation, seed-farming, selection, agrobiology, agricultural chemistry, financial planning, law, agricultural ecology, accounting. Our future work will require special professional skills to operate modern equipment. So, such subjects as informatics, biochemistry and biophysics become very important. At the tutorials and seminars we learn how to use the acquired knowledge in our future practical work. Every year we write our course-papers.

Great attention is also given to the independent education and research work of the students. In the Students’ Scientific Society many of the students work on interesting theoretical and practical problems.

In order to combine correctly theoretical and practical education of the future specialists, about one-third of the training period is devoted to educational and training practice on the experimental farms of the University. The students placed into an atmosphere of agricultural reality master their practical skills.

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After graduating from the Agrarian University students go to work to different parts of our republic. Their work will include such activities as:

–organization of crop production;

–production, financing and marketing of food products;

–working out fertilizer application systems and plant protection measures;

–increasing the total number of farm livestock;

–control of farm pollution and everyday control of livestock diseases;

–development of manufacturing processes;

–checking and improving the quality food products;

–working out new recipes;

–modifying foods to create fat-free products and ready meals.

11. Translate into English.

Поступить в институт, доить коров, работать в хозяйстве, полеводство, работать над практическими и теоретическими проблемами, правильно сочетать, учебно-производственная практика, атмосфера сельскохозяйственной действительности, система внесения удобрений, мероприятия по защите растений, увеличение общего поголовья сельскохозяйственных животных, улучшение качества, не содержащие жира продукты.

12. Match the English words and word-combinations with their Russian equivalents.

13. Find in the list below the words corresponding to the following definitions.

poultry, rotation, profession, measure, botany, fertilizer, soil science, yield, livestock

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1.any type of work which needs a special training or particular skill;

2.the scientific study of plants;

3.the scientific study of soils;

4.changing crops which are grown in a particular field;

5.a natural or chemical substance which is spread on the land to make plants grow well;

6.the amount of crops produced;

7.animals and birds kept on a farm;

8.birds, such as chickens, that are bred for eggs and meat;

9.a way to achieve something, a method;

14. Complete the sentences joining their two parts.

1.… leaving school he did not hesitate … the choice … his future profession.

2.I’d like to take care … small piglets and calves.

3.The Biotechnological Faculty trains students to work … the farms as livestock experts.

4.In the Students’ Scientific Society many … the students work … interesting theoretical and practical problems.

5.The fourth-year students have six-months practice … the farms.

6.All the knowledge I’ve got … the university will help me … my future work.

7.… the tutorials students learn to use the acquired knowledge.

8.Livestock-experts work … technologies … increasing milk yields and the total number of livestock.

9.Agricultural economists deal … financial economic plans.

16. Answer the following questions.

1.Why did you enter the Agrarian University?

2.What will you do after graduating from the university?

3.What subjects are necessary for your future work?

4.Do you work hard to become a good specialist?

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5.Are you a member of the Students’ Scientific Society?

6.Do you take part in the students’ scientific conferences?

7.How often do you have your practice?

8.What activities will your future work include?

17. Read the leaflet (тонкая брошюра) on how to behave on the first day in a new job. Report each piece of advice.

e.g. The leaflet advises people to be friendly and tells them not to wear informal clothes or heavy make-up.

On the first day in a job:

•be friendly;

•don’t wear very informal clothes or heavy make-up;

•be kind and co-operative;

•don’t share very personal information – you don’t know who you are talking to;

•work hard and don’t spend too much time chatting or resting;

•keep your desk tidy at all times;

•don’t argue with anyone.

18. There is a small town in England where something very strange has happened. By chance, everyone’s surname describes the job that he or she does. Also, everyone’s forename starts with the same letters as the surname. So…

Tom Teacher works in the local school. Betty Baker makes bread.

Here are some other jobs that people do. Work out the correct surnames of the people who do the jobs, and then fit the correct surname to each forename.

19. Match the occupations of these people with the type of work they might do.

Headmaster, gardener, farmer, photographer, university student, tourist guide, waitress, secretary, retired person, company manager

shift work _______

part-time work ________

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full-time work _______

seasonal work _______

voluntary work _______

20. Point out the most important factors in choosing your profession. Put them in order of importance and explain your choice.

1.Work which is useful to society;

2.Good salary or wages;

3.Opportunities to travel;

4.Opportunities to meet different people;

5.Interesting and not boring work;

6.Dealing with animals;

7.Good career prospects;

8.Good working conditions;

9.Friendly colleagues;

10.Long holidays;

11.Other factors – what?

Relax Yourselves

Proverbial Problems

21.An English proverb says ”Jack of all trades is master of none.”

– give the Russian equivalent;

– explain in English what it means;

– say, whether it is true (express your own opinion)

22.Comment on the following:

A woman was being interviewed for a job.

“You understand that before we can offer you a position, you must take a short test.”

“Of course”, she answered.

“Well, how much is two plus two?” “Four”.

A second applicant entered the room. After a short interview, the applicant was asked,

“Are you ready for the test?” “Yes”.

“Well, how much is two plus two?”

“Whatever the boss says it is”, the applicant answered. The second applicant got the job.

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Unit 12

Agriculture in General

From the History of Agriculture

Phonetics: Consonant clusters.

Grammar: Past Simple Passive. Future Simple Passive.

Conversational topic: “Agriculture in General. From the History of Agriculture”.

Phonetic Exercises

Consonant clusters (Смычка cогласных)

1. Pronounce the following words and phrases observing loss of plosion (взрыв).

2. Pronounce the following words and phrases observing nasal plosion:

3. Pronounce the following words and phrases observing lateral plosion.

4. Pronounce the following words and phrases. Be sure to make the sounds [t], [d], [n], [l], [s] dental before [θ] and [D].

5. Pronounce the following words and word combinations. Observe assimilation in consonant clusters with [w].

Word-Building

Существительные с суффиксами -age, -ment обычно образуются от глаголов. Суффикс -age также встречается в словах французского происхождения.

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to pass (проходить) – passage (проход) to drain (осушать) – drainage (осушение)

to develop (развиваться) – development (развитие) to govern (управлять) – government (правительство)

6. Read and translate the words with the suffix -age.

Package, marriage, shortage,message, voyage, courage, postage, storage, damage, manage, coverage, herbage, silage, hermitage

7. Fill in the blanks with nouns. Form the nouns from the verbs in brackets adding the suffix -ment.

Tourist ... (entertain), efficient ... (manage), industrial ... (develop), international ... (agree), newly elected ... (govern), permanent ... (settle), farm ... (equip), further ... (improve), necessary ... (treat), standard ... (pay), official ... (state).

Grammar Commentary

Past Simple Passive

Простое прошедшее время (Страдательный залог)

Past Simple Passive образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в прошедшем времени и причастия II смыслового глагола.

was / were + Participle II

e.g. I was shown the new pictures. We were shown the new pictures. Was he shown the new pictures? Were you shown the new pictures? She was not (wasn’t) shown the new pictures. They were not (weren’t)

shown the new pictures.

Past Simple Passive употребляется в таких же случаях, как и Past Simple Active, только имеет пассивное значение.

Grammar Exercises

8. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Past Simple Passive. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.I (meet) at the station.

2.The articles (translate) into Russian.

3.Any questions (ask) about me?

4.A few more apple trees (plant) in the garden.

5.The work (finish) in time?

6.He (not / tell) the news.

7.Your jeans (make) in Germany?

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