учебник-английский

cereals [΄sIqrIqlz] – хлебные злаки, зерновые syn. grain crops; Wheat, barley, oats are cereals.

horticulture [ hO:tI΄kAlt∫q] – садоводство, огородничество syn. gardening΄horticultural – садовый

horticultural crops – садовые культуры horticulturist [΄hO:tI΄kAlt∫ərIst] – садовод

source [sO:s] – источник

a source of energy; reliable source of information; major [΄meIdʒə] source

to import (into) [Im΄pO:t] – импортировать, ввозить import [΄ImpO:t] – импорт, ввоз

imports – ввозимые товары gooseberry [΄guzb(ə)rI] – крыжовник

strawberry [΄strO:b(ə)rI] – клубника, земляника plantations of strawberry

raspberry [΄ra:zb(ə)rI] – малина raspberry cane(s) – кусты малины

to rear [rIə] – выращивать

moorland [΄muələnd] – местность, поросшая вереском

11. Read the text and find the sentences containing the main idea(s) of it.

British Agriculture

Agriculture, one of Britain’s most important industries, supplies nearly two-thirds of the country’s food. British agriculture is efficient, for it is based on modern technology and research.

Nearly 80 % of the land is used for agriculture. The total agricultural acreage of Great Britain is about 45,000,000 acres. Soils vary from the poor ones of highland Britain to the rich fertile soils in the eastern and south-eastern parts of England.

Britain is self-sufficient in milk, eggs, to a very great extent in meat, potatoes, wheat. However, it needs to import butter, cheese, sugar and some other agricultural products.

There are about 55,000 farms in Britain. They are not large. An average sized farm is about 30-40 acres. There are tree main types of farming in Great Britain: pastoral, arable, mixed. 60% of farms are devoted mainly to dairy or beef cattle and sheep. Sheep and cattle are reared in the hilly and moorland areas of Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and south-western England. Milk production is of the first importance in the structure of British agriculture.

Pig breeding is carried on in most areas but is particularly important in southern England, north-eastern Scotland and Northern Ireland.

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Arable farms are mainly in the eastern part of the country. The main cereal crops in Great Britain are wheat, barley and oats. Rye is grown in small quantities for use as cattle fodder.

Great Britain produces different kinds of fruit: apples, pears, cherries, gooseberries, strawberries, raspberries and others. Potatoes are grown for sale, for fodder and for seed.

Modern machines: tractors, combines and other equipment are used on British farms. But today the main tendency in British agriculture is that small traditional farms are gradually disappearing because they cannot compete with big industrial farms.

Private woods make up 56 % of the total forest area in Great Britain. Woodlands cover an estimated 2.2 million hectares.

Britain’s second major source of food is the surrounding seas. The fishing industry provides about 70 % of British fish supplies.

12. Insert prepositions.

1.British agriculture supplies 2/3 … the country’s food.

2.It is based … modern technology.

3.Soils vary … the poor ones … the rich and fertile soils.

4.Britain is self-sufficient … meat, potatoes, wheat.

5.The main cereal crops … Britain are wheat, barley and oats.

6.Potatoes are grown … sale, … fodder, … seed.

7.Modern machines are used … British farms.

8.Private woods make … 56 % of the total forest area.

13. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words from the list.

horticulture, agriculture, horticultural, average, farming, self-suffi- cient, supply, sheep, produced, profitable

1.Britain today is … in milk, eggs, potatoes, barley, oats.

2.Great Britain is a country with a highly developed industry and ...

3.There are three main types of … in Great Britain.

4.An … sized farm is about 30-40 acres.

5.British farmers … milk and milk products, meat, wool and eggs for the population.

6.Before the Second World War Britain … one-third of its total food requirements.

7.… crops are fruit, vegetables and flowers.

8.… farming is concentrated in the hilly and moorland areas of highland Britain.

9.It is more … to import cheaper products from overseas, mainly from Australia, New Zealand and Canada.

10.The land utilized for … is about 251,000 hectares.

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14. Agree or disagree. Use one of the following expressions:

–You are right. That’s true. It’s really so.

–You are not right. That’s not true. You are mistaken.

1.Wheat, barley, oats are vegetables.

2.British agriculture is based on modern technology and research.

3.Great Britain doesn’t import agricultural products.

4.British farms are large.

5.Meat production is more profitable than milk production.

6.Arable farms are mainly in the northern part of the country.

7.Rye is grown for use as cattle fodder.

8.Britain’s second source of food is the seas.

15. Answer the questions.

1.What is the total agricultural acreage of Great Britain?

2.How do soils vary?

3.What does Britain need to import?

4.How many farms are there in Britain today?

5.What kind of farms are they?

6.What kind of animals are reared in Britain?

7.What is of the first importance in the structure of British agriculture?

8.Where are arable farms situated?

9.What crops are mainly grown on these farms?

10.What kinds of fruit does Great Britain produce?

11.What is the main tendency in the agricultural development of the country today?

12.What is Britain’s second major source of food?

16. Find in the list below the words corresponding to the definitions.

arable farms, horticulture, crop, soil, fodder, to import, pastoral farming, cereal, mixed farming

1)farms used (or suitable) for growing crops;

2)farming which involves keeping sheep, cattle, etc;

3)the method of farming in which crops are grown and animals are kept on the same farm;

4)a type of grass which is cultivated to produce grain, or food made from grain which is eaten;

5)the study or activity of cultivating gardens;

6)to buy or bring in products from another country;

7)the material on the surface of the ground in which plants grow;

8)food that is given to cows, horses or other farm animals;

9)a plant such as a grain, fruit or vegetable grown in large amounts by farmers;

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17. Read the text. Say what information is new for you.

The visitor who travels from Dover to London in spring will pass through blossoming orchards of apple, pear and cherry tress, for it is not for nothing that Kent is called the “Garden of England”. Hard fruits (apples and pears) grow well in many other parts of Britain also. In the West farmers grow cider apples. Soft fruits (such as plums) are grown in many counties; the area around Perth, in Scotland, is the chief centre for raspberries.

Wheat growing is confined mainly to England. Barley and oats are grown in the same areas together with sugar beet. More than half of the crop is harvested mechanically. Potatoes are grown mainly in the East of England and in Lancashire, while Scotland supplies seed potatoes.

Dairy farming is distributed all over the country but is characteristic of the West of England.

Britain is an exporter of pedigree cattle, sheep, pigs and horses. Sheep are found in hilly countries particularly. Britain has been famous

for it for centuries. There is hardly a place in the country which hasn’t got some connection with the wool trade. Many surnames show a family’s past connection with the wool trade. Shepherd and Weaver are the best examples.

Market gardening centres are usually situated near the big towns. Glass-

houses are mainly in southern England.

___________________________

Kent – графство на юго-востоке Англии; cider [΄saIdə] – сидр (напиток из яблок); pedigree cattle [΄pedIgri:] – племенной (породистый)

скот; shepherd [΄Sepəd] – пастух; weaver [΄wi:və] – ткач.

18. Answer the questions.

1. What part of Great Britain is called the “Garden of England”?

2. What are many of the apples grown in the West of England used for?

3. What farm animals does Britain export?

4. What do the surnames of Shepherd and Weaver show?

19. Read the text. Write out agricultural activities mentioned in the text. e.g. to harvest crops, to dig potatoes

On an English Farm in October

October is a busy month for any farmer. The two most important jobs are to finish the harvesting of last year’s crops and to begin preparations for next year’s harvest. All the grain is now in the stacks or ricks and thatched safe from the rain. The potatoes were dug in September and are now stored in pits, and the apples have been sold, stored or made into cider. But there are two crops still to harvest – mangolds and sugar-beets.

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The mangolds have been grown for cow feeding, so that the cows may have some moist fresh food when winter brings the good grass in the pastures to an end. They are huge yellow roots with dark green leaves, and they must be pulled up and stored before the winter frosts can spoil them. Sugar-beets are of the same plant family as mangolds, but are much more difficult to harvest.

In addition to ploughing, sowing and root-harvesting, the routine work with the farm’s livestock has been going on. The cows have been milked and fed twice daily, on weekdays and Sundays. October is a fairly easy month for the dairyman. His cows obtain most of their food from the pastures.

What else is there to do in October on a farm? Very many things. For one, the poultry must be looked after. Now on most farms they are kept in houses without floors, which are moved on to fresh ground each day. On a day when it’s too wet to sow, or even to pull roots, the men can do a little hedge-trimming.

20. Speak on the main aspects of British agriculture.

Relax Yourselves

21. English people say:

1.Soil is the best provider.

2.Make hay while the sun shines.

3.Everything is good in its season.

4.Don’t count chickens until eggs are hatched.

5.A snow year, a rich year.

What do Russian people say?

Unit 21

USA Agriculture

Phonetics: Intonation of Disjunctive Questions.

Grammar: The Subjunctive Mood.

Conversational topic: “USA Agriculture”.

Phonetic Exercises

Intonation of Disjunctive Questions (Интонация разделительных вопросов)

Разделительные вопросы состоят из повествовательного утвердительного (или отрицательного) предложения и краткого общего вопроса в отрицательной (или утвердительной) форме.

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Первая часть разделительных вопросов произносится обычно с нисходящим тоном, а интонация вопросительной части зависит от следующих факторов:

а) Если говорящий убежден в правильности своего суждения, то он произносит вопрос с нисходящим тоном :

The |room is \light, | \isn’t it?

б) Если же говорящий действительно хочет узнать о правильности или ошибочности своего утверждения, то он произносит вопрос с восходящим тоном:

The |room |isn’t \light, | /is it?

1. Read the following disjunctive questions paying attention to the intonation.

1. It is one of the largest farms in the region, isn’t it? 2. Many crops are grown on the farm, aren’t they?

3. They cannot have high yields without application of fertilizers, can they? 4. The farm has large areas under grain crops, hasn’t it?

5. They train agronomists, veterinarians, stockbreeders and other specialists, don’t they?

2. Change the statements into disjunctive questions. Mind your intonation.

1.Students must fill in their diaries during their practice on the experimental farm.

2.Next year scientists will meet at the conference to discuss different problems of agriculture.

3.There were different kinds of agricultural machinery at the exhibition.

4.The canal irrigated many thousands of hectares of land.

5.We haven’t solved the problem of environmental pollution yet.

Word-Building

Многие слова являются составными, т.е. образуются путем соединения двух и более слов, которые могут относиться к разным частям речи. Некоторые из них пишутся слитно, другие через дефис.

news + paper – newspaper (газета)

first + class – first-class (первоклассный) mother + in + law – mother-in-law (теща) white + to wash – to whitewash (белить)

3. Translate the following compound words into Russian.

Notebook, landowner, dark-blue, shoemaker, teacup, tea-rose, hardworking, sunflower, tooth-paste, forget-me-not, grasshopper, worldwide, restroom, sugarcane, pineapple.

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4. Match the two columns to make compound words.

Grammar Commentary

The Subjunctive Mood (Сослагательное наклонение)

Сослагательное наклонение показывает, что говорящий рассматривает действие не как реальный факт, а как желательное, предполагаемое, условное или возможное. В русском языке для выражения сослагательного наклонения употребляется глагол в прошедшем времени в сочетании с частицей бы.

Мы могли бы сходить на выставку, если бы не твой экзамен.

В английском языке сослагательное наклонение выражается как простыми, так и сложными формами:

a)неизменяемой основой глагола, формами глаголов в Past Simple

иPast Perfect;

b)глаголами should, would, could, might в сочетании с простой или перфектной формой инфинитива.

В сослагательном наклонении в прошедшем времени глагол to be имеет форму were для всех лиц.

Сослагательное наклонение употребляется в следующих типах предложений:

1. В простых предложениях при подразумеваемом нереальном условии:

а) если действие относится к настоящему или будущему времени,

то употребляется should / would + Simple Infinitive

e.g. You would be very unhappy with her. – Тыбылбыоченьнесчастлив

снею.

b)если действие относится к прошедшему времени, то употребля-

ется should / would + Perfect Infinitive

e.g. Twenty years ago I wouldn’t have thought it possible. – Двадцать лет тому назад я бы не подумал, что такое возможно.

Вместо глаголов should / would в таких предложениях можно использовать модальные глаголы could или might.

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e.g. I didn’t know about the concert. I might have got tickets for it. –

Я ничего не знал про концерт. Я бы, может быть, достал на него билет.

2. В предложениях, начинающихся с if only (если бы):

а) если действие относится к настоящему времени, то употребля-

ется Past Simple

e.g. If only I knew what to do! – Если бы я знал, что мне делать!

b)если действие относится к прошедшему времени, то употребля-

ется Past Perfect

e.g. If only he had listened to me! – Если бы он только меня послушал!

3. В придаточных предложениях подлежащих, вводимых союзом that, после безличных оборотов типа it is(was) necessary (необходи-

мо), it is(was) important (важно), it is(was) strange (странно) и т.п.

В таких предложениях используется should + Simple Infinitive или неизменяемая основа глагола.

e.g. It is necessary that you go (should go) there tomorrow. – Необхо-

димо, чтобы ты поехал туда завтра.

4. В дополнительных придаточных предложениях после глагола wish:

а) если действие относится к настоящему времени, то употребля-

ется Past Simple

e.g. I wish you wore a warm coat. – Как жаль, что ты не в теплом пальто.

b)если действие относится к будущему времени, то употребляется

сould / would + Simple Infinitive

e.g. I wish he could come to the party. – Жаль, что он не сможет прийти на вечер. (Мне бы хотелось, чтобы он пришел на вечер.)

c)если действие относится к прошедшему времени, то употребля-

ется Past Perfect

e.g. I wish you had seen the show from the very beginning. – Жаль, что ты не видел шоу с самого начала.

Предложения с глаголом wish часто соответствуют русским предложениям, выражающим сожаление (Как жаль, что … или Мне жаль, что … и т.д.). При этом действие переводится на русский язык отрицательным, если на английском языке оно было утвердительным, и наоборот.

5. В сложноподчиненных предложениях с придаточным нереального условия:

а) если действие относится к настоящему или будущему времени, то в главном предложении употребляется should / would + Simple In-

finitive, а в придаточном – Past Simple.

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e.g. We should go to the country if we had a car. – Мы бы поехали за город, если бы у нас была машина.

b) если действие относится к прошедшему времени, то в главном предложении употребляется should / would + Perfect Infinitive, а в придаточном – Past Perfect.

e.g. I should not have come if he hadn’t phoned me. – Ябынепришел,

если бы он не позвонил мне.

Grammar Exercises

5. Analyse the use of the Subjunctive Mood in the sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1.I wish it weren’t true.

2.Carol would have come to the party if she had been invited.

3.I wish I had my children with me. It’s such a lovely place.

4.If only Roger had learned the news yesterday!

5.If I didn’t call my parents every other day, they would start worrying.

6.If Jane were more friendly, she wouldn’t be always alone.

7.It would be wise of you to book tickets now. You could save a lot of time next Saturday before the departure.

8.I should never have recognized him. He has changed a lot.

6. Find the Subjunctive Mood in the following dialogues:

Teacher: Tom, your hands are very dirty. What would you say if I came to school with dirty hands?

Tom: I should be too polite to mention it, sir.

***

Neighbour: What makes the new baby in your house cry so much, Tommy?

Tom: It doesn’t cry so much. And anyway if your teeth were all out, your hair off and your feet so weak that you couldn’t stand on them, I think you would feel like crying.

***

An American lady travelling in England got into a compartment of a smoking carriage where an Englishman was smoking a pipe.

American lady: If you were a gentleman, you would stop smoking when a lady got into the carriage.

Englishman: If you were a lady, you wouldn’t get into a smoking carriage.

American lady: If you were my husband, I should give you poison. Englishman: Well, if I were your husband, I should take it.

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7. A few weeks ago Chris Taylor took part in a prize competition for a crossword puzzle in a magazine. A month later he bought the next number of the magazine and looked for the names of the winners. He could not believe his eyes: “First prize Ј250,000: Chris Taylor”!

What would you do if you won Ј250,000 in a competition? There are so many things you could do with it.

Write sentences in your exercisebook. Begin like this:

I would buy/get…

I might go to/travel … I could give/lend…

8. Complete the following sentences using the prompts in brackets.

1. If only my parents …..(to be not so strict).

2. If only my teachers at school …..(to give only good marks). 3. If only I …..(can sleep longer).

4. If only the weather …..(to be not rainy).

5. If only people all over the world …. (to be more patient to each other).

9. Look at the pictures below and say what the characters might think. Use the prompts in brackets. Begin your sentences with “I wish…”.

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