- •1. The subject of comparative typology and its aims.
- •2. The difference between typological and historic and comparative linguistics.
- •3.Methods of comparative typological research.
- •4. Families of languages in the world today.
- •5.Language type and the type of languages.
- •6. Phonological classification of the languages.
- •7. Syntactical classification of languages
- •8. Synth and analytical languages
- •9. Notion of etalon language
- •10. Language universals and their kinds.
- •11. History of typ investigations 19-20 cent.
- •12. Constants in phonology.
- •13. Typology of the vowel system in the lang-s compared. Oppositions in the system of vowels.
- •14. Typology of the consonant system in the lang-s compared.
- •15. Assimilation of Cs in e and u.
- •16. Typology of the syllable in the contrasted lang-s.
- •17. Word stress in the lang-s compared.
- •18. Intonation in English and Ukrainian.
- •19. Isomorphism & allomorphism in the system of speech tones in English & Ukrainian
- •20. Constants for typological analysis in the sphere of lexicology.
- •21. Means of nomination.
- •22. Allomorphic features of semantic structure of words in English and Ukrainian.
- •23. Types of motivation.
- •24. Lacunae in English & Ukrainian.
- •25. Typology of different layers of lexicon in contrasted languages.
- •26. Native and Borrowed words in English and Ukrainian word-stock.
- •27. Typology of expressive and neutral lexicon in English and Ukrainian.
- •28. Affixation in the languages compared.
- •29. Blending, back-formation, reduplication in English and ukrainian.
- •30. Conversion as a predominantly English way of word-building in the contrasted languages.
- •31. Accentual word-formation, shortening and compounding in English and Ukrainian.
- •32. Typology of phraseological units (isomorphic and allomorphic features).
- •33. Typology of set-phrases of non-phraseological character in English and Ukrainian.
- •34. Morphological constants for typological analysis.
- •35. Isomorphic and allomorphic features in the forms of morphological categories.
- •36. Typology of pats of speech.
- •37. The noun. Its general implicit (and dependent) grammatical meaning in the contrasted languages. Classes of nouns in the languages compared.
- •38. The category of gender of nouns in the languages compared.
- •39. The category of case of nouns and means of realization of case relations in the contrasted languages.
- •41. The expression of quantity by nouns in the contrasted languages. Singularia tantum/pluralia tantum nouns.
- •43. The adjective in the contrasted languages, degrees of comparison, possessive adjectives.
- •44. The verb: isomorphic and allomorphic features in the system of morphological features of the verb. Functions of the verb in English and Ukrainian.
- •In English
- •In Ukrainian
- •47. Non-finite forms of the verb in English and Ukrainian.
- •48. Isomorphic and allomorphic features of the adverb in the languages compared. Classification of adverbs, degrees of comparison, syntactic functions of adverbs.
- •52 Modal Words
- •55. Paradigmatic (morphological) classes of word-groups(wg) in the languages compared.
- •56. Isomorphism and allomorphism in types of word-groups (predicative, objective, attributive, adverbial) in the languages compared.
- •57. Isomorphism and allomorphism in the means of expressing syntactic connection in Eng and Ukr word-groups.
- •58. Syntactic processes and syntactic relations in Eng and Ukr.
- •59. Typology of the main parts of the sentence in the lang-s compared.
- •60. Typology of the secondary parts of the sentence in eng and Ukr.
- •61. The detached secondary parts of speech
- •62. The homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •63. Expression of impersonal meanings in the languages compared.
- •64. Grammatically independent parts of English and Ukrainian sentences.
- •65. Typology of the simple sentence in the contrasted languages.
- •66. The complex sentences in the e and Uk
- •66. Typology of the complex sentence
- •In English In Ukrainian
- •1. Substantive-nominal: 1. Субстантивно-номінативні:
- •3. Adverbial Clauses: 3. Адвербіальні підрядні речення:
- •67. Compound Sentences in Languages compared
- •69. Non-segmentable sentences
19. Isomorphism & allomorphism in the system of speech tones in English & Ukrainian
Allom.feature- concerns with the petch range, it is considered to be narrower in unemphatic Ukrainian speech unita than in Eng. But there exists a considerable degree of similarity both in the range of employment and in the terminal tones of utterences which distinguish the principal paradigmatic kinds of them in Eng and Ukr. Common are the 2 main forms of pitch change which represent respectively the falling tones (FT) on the one hand and the rising tones (RT) on the other. The common FT (Low Fall, High Fall, Rise-Fall) are used in different Eng & Ukr intonation groups to mark the communicstive units in the contrasted languages:
The FTs: in both languages they sound final, definite, complete and categoric in the following speech units of Eng & Ukr:
in simple affirmative or negative utterances of different structural forms ( 'Yes. II ˎNo. II Of 'course; `Ні ІІ Звиˎчайно)
in simple extended & unextended affirmative and negative utterances like We have 'read the novel. He 'doesn’t 'speak French; ми 'чули про це. Він не розмовляє французькою.
In short unextended exclamations and exclamatory utterances like: 'Lovely! II How 'beautiful it is; Як ʹгарно довкола!
In incentive exclamations like: 'God ˎbless you! II May there 'always be ˎspring!; ʹХай буде ˏтак! Хай зав'жди буде весˏна!
In concluding parts of alternative questions like: 'Does he 'learn ˏEnglish I or ˎSpanish? II Він вивчає анг'лійську чи ісˏпанську 'мову?
In special questions: 'What has he ˎsaid? 'Що він скаˏзав?
In greetings like: Good ˎmorning! 'Glad to `see you! Добрий ˎдень! 'Рад тебе ˎБачити! (+ to express diferent emotions as joy, surprise…in Eng & Ukr a low rising tone (brode or narrow) is used, though joy may also be expressed in Eng with High Fall (`Wonderful!).
To express order or command: Atˎtention! II Stand `up! Уˎвага! Всˎтати!
To express surprise or interest, hovewer: I could 'hardly 'see it my `self. Я не ˏміг по'вірити своїм о'чам!
The RTs (low rise(14,2%, high rise & fall-rise (prevails in Eng – 35,3%, in Ukr – 18,2%) in Eng; low rise (20,3%, high rise – often, fall-rise is hardly used in Ukr).
In Eng – it is used in the closing parts of such utterances: in general questions (there is no sense in speaking to him “ˏYes? ˏNo?” 'Did you ˏspeak to ˏher? (similarly in Ukr: ˏТак? ˏні? `Ви знай `шли 'це ˏслово в словниˏку?)
To form & mark semantically dependent sense units. These are f.e.? the initially placed subordinate clauses like: As can be ˏseen I the 'problem is 'not soˏcomplicated. Ми ˏзнали,І що дощу не ˎбуде.
Marks the utterances expressing request in Eng & Ukr: Will you 'tell me the ˏtime? Котра там гоˏдина?
Used by counting or enumerating (except the last enumerated –≥ falling tone): He speaks ˏEnglish, I ˏGerman and many `other ˌlanguages. Він говорить ˏангл, І ˏнім і багатьма ˎіншими ˎмовами.
To express doubt, uncertainty, resistance to one’s demand, suggestion… I wish he were ˏhere. Oт якби й ˏвін був тут.
In repeated questions, echoed questions, echoed imperatives & echoed exclamations: ʹWhat did he say then? То ʹщо він тобі скаˏзав ˏтоді?
It concludes disjunctive questions: Ht has ˎcome, I ˏhasn’t he? Він уже приˎїхав, І чи не ˏтак?
In imperative sentences expressing polite invitation, request or admonishment: 'Come ˏin! Заˏходьте!
Exclamatory utterences like: `Good-ˏbuy! До побˏачення!
Common in contrasted languages are also level tones. These are used to mark prosodically some pecular syntactic & semantic speech phenomena. The low level is used:
to mark the author’s words which follows the direct author’s speech in which the falling tone is used: “What do you want from me? “ Diana asked with a delighted laugh. «Що ти хочеш від мене?» - запитала Діана, вдоволено посміхаючись.
to mark parentheses and insertions: “He was, after all, a mere worker” «він був, зрештою, простим робітником»
they can point out specifying (уточнюючі) parts of the sentence: А там, поміж берестками, світив загадковий, повний місяць..
mark the words which follow the emphatic words: `Anyone can ˎsee that for himˎself II Будь-`хто може ˌсам зрозуˌміти це ІІ etc.
thus intonation in both languages helps to express the communicative intention of the speaker.