- •1. The subject of comparative typology and its aims.
- •2. The difference between typological and historic and comparative linguistics.
- •3.Methods of comparative typological research.
- •4. Families of languages in the world today.
- •5.Language type and the type of languages.
- •6. Phonological classification of the languages.
- •7. Syntactical classification of languages
- •8. Synth and analytical languages
- •9. Notion of etalon language
- •10. Language universals and their kinds.
- •11. History of typ investigations 19-20 cent.
- •12. Constants in phonology.
- •13. Typology of the vowel system in the lang-s compared. Oppositions in the system of vowels.
- •14. Typology of the consonant system in the lang-s compared.
- •15. Assimilation of Cs in e and u.
- •16. Typology of the syllable in the contrasted lang-s.
- •17. Word stress in the lang-s compared.
- •18. Intonation in English and Ukrainian.
- •19. Isomorphism & allomorphism in the system of speech tones in English & Ukrainian
- •20. Constants for typological analysis in the sphere of lexicology.
- •21. Means of nomination.
- •22. Allomorphic features of semantic structure of words in English and Ukrainian.
- •23. Types of motivation.
- •24. Lacunae in English & Ukrainian.
- •25. Typology of different layers of lexicon in contrasted languages.
- •26. Native and Borrowed words in English and Ukrainian word-stock.
- •27. Typology of expressive and neutral lexicon in English and Ukrainian.
- •28. Affixation in the languages compared.
- •29. Blending, back-formation, reduplication in English and ukrainian.
- •30. Conversion as a predominantly English way of word-building in the contrasted languages.
- •31. Accentual word-formation, shortening and compounding in English and Ukrainian.
- •32. Typology of phraseological units (isomorphic and allomorphic features).
- •33. Typology of set-phrases of non-phraseological character in English and Ukrainian.
- •34. Morphological constants for typological analysis.
- •35. Isomorphic and allomorphic features in the forms of morphological categories.
- •36. Typology of pats of speech.
- •37. The noun. Its general implicit (and dependent) grammatical meaning in the contrasted languages. Classes of nouns in the languages compared.
- •38. The category of gender of nouns in the languages compared.
- •39. The category of case of nouns and means of realization of case relations in the contrasted languages.
- •41. The expression of quantity by nouns in the contrasted languages. Singularia tantum/pluralia tantum nouns.
- •43. The adjective in the contrasted languages, degrees of comparison, possessive adjectives.
- •44. The verb: isomorphic and allomorphic features in the system of morphological features of the verb. Functions of the verb in English and Ukrainian.
- •In English
- •In Ukrainian
- •47. Non-finite forms of the verb in English and Ukrainian.
- •48. Isomorphic and allomorphic features of the adverb in the languages compared. Classification of adverbs, degrees of comparison, syntactic functions of adverbs.
- •52 Modal Words
- •55. Paradigmatic (morphological) classes of word-groups(wg) in the languages compared.
- •56. Isomorphism and allomorphism in types of word-groups (predicative, objective, attributive, adverbial) in the languages compared.
- •57. Isomorphism and allomorphism in the means of expressing syntactic connection in Eng and Ukr word-groups.
- •58. Syntactic processes and syntactic relations in Eng and Ukr.
- •59. Typology of the main parts of the sentence in the lang-s compared.
- •60. Typology of the secondary parts of the sentence in eng and Ukr.
- •61. The detached secondary parts of speech
- •62. The homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •63. Expression of impersonal meanings in the languages compared.
- •64. Grammatically independent parts of English and Ukrainian sentences.
- •65. Typology of the simple sentence in the contrasted languages.
- •66. The complex sentences in the e and Uk
- •66. Typology of the complex sentence
- •In English In Ukrainian
- •1. Substantive-nominal: 1. Субстантивно-номінативні:
- •3. Adverbial Clauses: 3. Адвербіальні підрядні речення:
- •67. Compound Sentences in Languages compared
- •69. Non-segmentable sentences
64. Grammatically independent parts of English and Ukrainian sentences.
The existence of the independent parts is the isomorphic feature. Independent elements in both languages re presented by interjections, words/phrases of direct address, parenthetic words and inserted words or sentences that serve to express corresponding attitudes of the speaker to the content of the utterance.
Elements of direct address – words/word-groups denoting a person/non-person to whom the rest of the sentence is addressed. The may occupy the initial, the mid, the closing position.
Ex: Go and eat, Tom. – Піди і поїж сам, Томе.
In Uk they are mostly marked by a vocative case inflexion (Томе, Дейве), but some nouns in the vocative case do not have a morphological expression (слово, небо, міс Філіпс)
In both languages they are often preceded by emphatic particles or motives: Oh, George, don’t be so generous! – О, Джордже, не будь таким щедрим!
Parenthetic elements
In both languages have identical structural forms (words/word-groups/sentences) and are used to perform such 2 main functions as:
the modal function – express the hypothetical or reported indirect modality (using modal words/phrases/sentences – certainly, maybe, no doubt, it seems etc. – мабуть, безсумнівно, як здається тощо)
the subjective and evaluative function
They may refer to the sentence as a whole or to a secondary part of it; may occupy the initial, the mid, the closing position.
They are used to express the general assessment of the action or fact on the part of the speaker (in fact, truth to tell, really etc. певна річ, правду казати, як відомо тощо); subjective and evaluative modality (in my opinion, I should say etc. кажуть, на мою думку, смію гадати тощо)
inserted elements – give additional information about a part of a sentence/its general content. Isomorphic by their linguistic nature and structural forms; are marked by commas, dashes, brackets; are used only in the mid and closing position.
Ex. Mr. Darsy, once again interrupted, turned his eyes on him. А це вміння (розмовляти і слухати) дуже важливе для письменника.
65. Typology of the simple sentence in the contrasted languages.
2 types of the simple sentence in Uk and Eng:
- one-member (more numerous in Uk)
- two-member (in Eng. are represented by a larger variety of paradigmatic subtypes than in Uk.)
One-member sentences. Common types:
nominal sentences – isomorphic in the structural form (extended/expanded), allomorphic in the grammatical means of connection of the same component parts (in Eng. – by analytical means, in Uk. – synthetic or analytico-synthetic means) Models:
- N model ex: The same. A wood. Ліс. Сенсація.
- NN/NNN model ex: Mr. Ralph. Lady Sneerwell’s bedroom. Містер Ральф. Спальня леді Снірвел.
- АN model (may often convey injunctive, requestive and other pragmatic meanings) ex: Silence! The welcome rain! Тиша! Давно очікуваний дощ!
- N/AN co-cjN/AN model ex: Freedom and power! Свобода і влада!
- with prepositional connection of componental parts – allomorphism: there are no Uk equivalent grammaticalized prepositions of, to, by, with; no inflexions in Eng. nouns.
Ex: N/IprepN/Q half past eleven. Confidence for confidence. Пів на дванадцяту. Довіря за довіря.
Imperative sentences (V or VP structure) ex: Keep aside! Open the door! Не підходь! Відчиніть двері!
Exclamatory (may structurally coincide with nominal and infinitival) ex: How funny! Як гарно!
Infinitival (extended/unextended) ex: To be or not to be? Бути чи не бути?
Only in Uk:
The definite personal sentences - Любіть Україну всім серцем своїм....
The indefinite personal - Дзвонять в усі дзвони! Не за те вовка б'ють, що сірий, а за те, що овечку вкрав.
Generalized personal – Поживемо – побачимо!
Impersonal – Світає. Край неба палає.
Two-member sentence. In Eng. only:
Impersonal sentences with IT – It rains. It is snowing
Indefinite personal with one, they, you – They say.
With It or There – There is nothing to say.
With the implicit agent and passive predicate verb followed by a preposition – He was sent for.
With secondary predication – I thought him to be a teacher. (Such sentences in Uk. have either simple or complex definite personal sentences for their semantic equivalents – Я думав, що він учитиель)
With gerundial complexes used as predicative constructions – You can rely on her coming in time.
Two-member sentences of the common structural form in both languages:
With subject expressed by a notional word and predicate – by a verb – Breakfast was not yet over… Ідуть дощі.
With simple nominal predicate expressed by a noun/an adj./a numeral/an infinitive/a participle/a phrase. – Poor little thing! Нас троє. Гарні манеи і все інше.