- •1. The subject of comparative typology and its aims.
- •2. The difference between typological and historic and comparative linguistics.
- •3.Methods of comparative typological research.
- •4. Families of languages in the world today.
- •5.Language type and the type of languages.
- •6. Phonological classification of the languages.
- •7. Syntactical classification of languages
- •8. Synth and analytical languages
- •9. Notion of etalon language
- •10. Language universals and their kinds.
- •11. History of typ investigations 19-20 cent.
- •12. Constants in phonology.
- •13. Typology of the vowel system in the lang-s compared. Oppositions in the system of vowels.
- •14. Typology of the consonant system in the lang-s compared.
- •15. Assimilation of Cs in e and u.
- •16. Typology of the syllable in the contrasted lang-s.
- •17. Word stress in the lang-s compared.
- •18. Intonation in English and Ukrainian.
- •19. Isomorphism & allomorphism in the system of speech tones in English & Ukrainian
- •20. Constants for typological analysis in the sphere of lexicology.
- •21. Means of nomination.
- •22. Allomorphic features of semantic structure of words in English and Ukrainian.
- •23. Types of motivation.
- •24. Lacunae in English & Ukrainian.
- •25. Typology of different layers of lexicon in contrasted languages.
- •26. Native and Borrowed words in English and Ukrainian word-stock.
- •27. Typology of expressive and neutral lexicon in English and Ukrainian.
- •28. Affixation in the languages compared.
- •29. Blending, back-formation, reduplication in English and ukrainian.
- •30. Conversion as a predominantly English way of word-building in the contrasted languages.
- •31. Accentual word-formation, shortening and compounding in English and Ukrainian.
- •32. Typology of phraseological units (isomorphic and allomorphic features).
- •33. Typology of set-phrases of non-phraseological character in English and Ukrainian.
- •34. Morphological constants for typological analysis.
- •35. Isomorphic and allomorphic features in the forms of morphological categories.
- •36. Typology of pats of speech.
- •37. The noun. Its general implicit (and dependent) grammatical meaning in the contrasted languages. Classes of nouns in the languages compared.
- •38. The category of gender of nouns in the languages compared.
- •39. The category of case of nouns and means of realization of case relations in the contrasted languages.
- •41. The expression of quantity by nouns in the contrasted languages. Singularia tantum/pluralia tantum nouns.
- •43. The adjective in the contrasted languages, degrees of comparison, possessive adjectives.
- •44. The verb: isomorphic and allomorphic features in the system of morphological features of the verb. Functions of the verb in English and Ukrainian.
- •In English
- •In Ukrainian
- •47. Non-finite forms of the verb in English and Ukrainian.
- •48. Isomorphic and allomorphic features of the adverb in the languages compared. Classification of adverbs, degrees of comparison, syntactic functions of adverbs.
- •52 Modal Words
- •55. Paradigmatic (morphological) classes of word-groups(wg) in the languages compared.
- •56. Isomorphism and allomorphism in types of word-groups (predicative, objective, attributive, adverbial) in the languages compared.
- •57. Isomorphism and allomorphism in the means of expressing syntactic connection in Eng and Ukr word-groups.
- •58. Syntactic processes and syntactic relations in Eng and Ukr.
- •59. Typology of the main parts of the sentence in the lang-s compared.
- •60. Typology of the secondary parts of the sentence in eng and Ukr.
- •61. The detached secondary parts of speech
- •62. The homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •63. Expression of impersonal meanings in the languages compared.
- •64. Grammatically independent parts of English and Ukrainian sentences.
- •65. Typology of the simple sentence in the contrasted languages.
- •66. The complex sentences in the e and Uk
- •66. Typology of the complex sentence
- •In English In Ukrainian
- •1. Substantive-nominal: 1. Субстантивно-номінативні:
- •3. Adverbial Clauses: 3. Адвербіальні підрядні речення:
- •67. Compound Sentences in Languages compared
- •69. Non-segmentable sentences
66. Typology of the complex sentence
Like the simple and compound sentence, the complex sentence too presents a universal unit in the syntactic systems of all 5,651 languages of the world. Consequently, this type of composite sentence has some isomorphic features of its own. They are in the contrasted languages as follows:
1) the complex sentence has a polypredicative nature;
2) it is characterised by the subordinate way of joining the clauses to the principal/matrix clause;
3) it may consist of homogeneous clauses or of consecutively dependent clauses joined to the matrix
clause or to each other syndetically or asyndetically;
4) the arsenal ofsyndetic means of connection includes conjunctions, connective pronouns, connective adverbs and subordinating connective words;
5) the connectors join clauses and express some logico-grammatical relations formed within the complex sentence.
These include predicative, objective, attributive and various adverbial relations expressed by the corresponding clauses which may occupy either the preceding or the succeeding position/place in regard to the matrix clause. The nature of the many logico-grammatical relations created between the subordinate and the matrix clause generally corresponds to the na ture of relations created between the adjuncts/complements and their heads in subordinate word-groups. Hence, there are distinguished the following typologically relevant groups of subordinate clauses:
In English In Ukrainian
1. Substantive-nominal: 1. Субстантивно-номінативні:
a) subject subordinate clauses а) підметові підрядні речення
b) predicative subordinate clauses б) присудкові підрядні речення
c) objective subordinate clauses в) додаткові підрядні речення
2. Qualitatively-nominal: 2. Квалітативно-номінативні:
a) descriptive attributive clauses а) описові атрибутивні підрядні речення
b) restrictive/limiting attributive б) обмежуючі атрибутивні підрядні clauses речення
3. Adverbial Clauses: 3. Адвербіальні підрядні речення:
of time, place, purpose, cause, часу, місця, мети, причини, спо-
собу,
attending circumstances, condition, дії, умови, допусту, наслідку тощо,
concession, result, etc.
67. Compound Sentences in Languages compared
Clauses in compound sentences of the contrasted languages are mostly joined by means of co-ordinate conjunctions which provide parataxal relations between them. Conjunctions joining clauses in compound
sentences of the contrasted languages are practically of the same semantic nature: copulative, adversative, and causal/or (in English only). Equally common in the contrasted languages are various connectives that join coordinate clauses. These are as follows: therefore, consequently, accordingly, then, hence, so, while, as well as and some explanatory connective words (that is to say, such as, like, let me say and others), which have corresponding functional (and semantic) equivalents in Ukrainian (отже, та, а саме, звідси, тобто, тоді, як-то, так-як, ...так, скажімо, то...то).
Co-ordinate conjunctions, as well as various connectives, realize their functional and semantic meaning in structurally and semantically identical English and Ukrainian compound sentences. This is to be
explained by the existence of common relations that are created between the coordinate clauses of compound sentences and to a large degree by the semantic meanings of conjunctions/connectives that join
these clauses. As a result, isomorphism, if not exact likeness, is observed in the nature of some subtypes of English and Ukrainian compound sentences. These isomorphic features find their expressions in the existence of the following subtypes of them:
compound sentences with free/ netral Interrelation between their clauses ( when you transform the coordinate clauses in the sentence, the meaning is not changed)
compound sentences with adversative interrelation between their clauses ( but, still, yet), the placement of clauses is fixed and predetermined because the second part is semantically dependent, the nature of the conjunction or connective word requires such an order, there are more then one conjunction, there are can be another sentences joined with the following, the existence of extension or expansion of component clauses.
Contrastive and adversative compound sentences ( and in the meaning of “ a” ) transformation of this kind is impossible in both languages when their clauses are semantically bound to one object or action.
compound sentences with asyndetically adjoined classes.