25. Typology of different layers of lexicon in contrasted languages.

All developed languages of the world have some other common layers of lexicon which came to being under the influence of different social, economic, historical and other extralingual factors. These layers form dialectal, professional, poetic, archaic, slang, international, specifically national, etc. lexicons.

Thus, the functioning of dialectal lexicons in any language is restricted to a definite historically destined territory (the Scottish dialect, London cockney or the Western Ukrainian dialects etc.).

There are some other stylistically distinct subclasses of lexicons in the contrasted languages, such as professional words, scientific, poetic,bookish words etc. Common in English and Ukrainian are the following professionalisms and terms: reaping (or harvesting) косовиця (жнива), threshing молотьба, sowing сівба, electrician електрик.

Poetic words split into two clearly distinguished groups:

a) words/word-groups displaying their poetic nature already at language level, i.e. when singled out and

b) words/word-groups acquiring their poetic tinge in a micro- or macrotext only.

Thus, the following English words and word-groups are always poetic: affright (frighten), Albion (England), Caledonia (Scotland) etc.

Similarly in Ukrainian whose poetisms are sometimes distinctly marked by their slightly archaic nature or by their Old Slav origin: вольний, враг, злото, дівчинонька, козаченько, кормига (ярмо)etc.

Archaisms, i. e. old forms of words/word-groups, which are mainly used in poetic works or in solemn speech: algazel (gazelle), avaunt (out), batoon (baton), dicacity (talkativeness, mockery).

The most frequently used archaisms in Ukrainian are as follows: бард (Боян, поет), брань (битва), глас (голос), град (місто), гаківниця (гармата) others.

Nationally specific lexicon (both words and different collocations) such as the English farthing, shilling, dollar,etc.). in Ukrainian: кутя, вареники, січовики, etc.

Closely related to the group of specifically national notions are also many words presenting in Ukrainian the so-called "kids" language.

Poetic words and expressions form a stylistically common, though semantically not always coinciding subgroup of lexicon in English and Ukrainian as well.

26. Native and Borrowed words in English and Ukrainian word-stock.

The most striking evidence of the social factor's influence upon the lexicon in each single developed language is the borrowing of internationalisms which reflects some definite social stages in the development of human society in general.

In consequence there appeared many new notions borrowed first from ancient Greek (apostle,church, priest, etc.) and

Latin reflecting the progress of the Roman social science and culture.

Consequently, there appeared social, political, juridical and medical terms of Lain origin: parliament, senate, jurisdiction, angina, military terms like army, port, wall and many others.

In Ukrainian apart from the already existing lexical units only during the last two decades there appeared in our mass media and in everyday usage such English words as коми'ютер, дисплей, менеджмент etc.

The American mass culture, which has become a very influential element of social life, brought to Ukrainian many hitherto unknown words and notions as гim/xim, топ, кліп, шоу, саунд-трек, кантрі(music), etc.

The English language itself has also borrowed many new international terms of different origin. Apart from the already known bo-rowings as Molotov cocktail, Gulag, hryvnia etc.

the

English language has acquired a large number of quite new words i.e. neologisms.

The latter have come from different languages, both European and Asian and belong to various spheres of social life and human activities as:

a) social relations and other social phenomena. e.g.: yakuza,brigatisti.

b) Neologisms belonging to the sphere of cultural life e.g.: hayashi Japanese theatre (from Japanese), salva (Spanish) Caribbean dancing music (mambo, jazz and rock-like).

c) Neologisms reflecting borrowings from various cusines as calzone, burrito.

d) Eastern sports terms as iaido (Japanese) kind of fencing.

e) Terms designating religious and medical notions as satsang (Sanskrit) Hindo sermon, dzen Buddhism etc.

Of isomorphic nature in the contrasted languages are also some other peculiarities and consequently subclasses of lexicon. Among these are also such stylistically distinguished layers of lexicon which are usually characterised as various types of colloquialisms, jargonisms,slang-isms, vulgarisms, professionalisms and some others.