Types of fractures

Closed (simple) fracture – закрытый перелом

Combined fracture – сочетанный перелом

Сompound fracture - открытый перелом

Сompression fracture - компрессионный перелом

Incomplete fracture, crack - неполный перелом, трещина

Multiple fractures – множественные переломы

Site of fracture - место перелома

To put a plaster bandage on – наложить гипсовую повязку

To change a plaster bandage – сменить гипсовую повязку

To remove a plaster bandage – снять гипсовую повязку

Splint, frame – шина

To hold a limb in a splint- держать конечность на шине

To splint, to apply a splint – накладывать шину

Unit VIII engine room documentation

Appropriate records should be maintained to preserve ship’s history and accumulated experience, to prove the proper execution of operations by crew members and to protect the interests of concerned parties e.g. Master and crew, Managers, Operators, ship Owner etc.

Record keeping is an important aspect of the life of a ship engineer. There are various types of records which need to be maintained. From the perspective of the ship's engine room, the engineers need to keep a clear record of machinery parameters, running hours and several other things. This has been done traditionally using paper daily log books, although with the increasing use of computers on ships, these daily log books might be totally replaced with electronic log books, but currently these paper books are in popular use. Moreover, whatever be the media for recording, the prime importance is of noting down the relevant information at a place for future reference and retrieval as and when required.

The Engineering Log and the Engineer’s Bell Book are the only legal records compiled by the engineering department. The Engineering Log is a midnight-to-midnight record of the ship’s engineering department.

The Engineer’s Bell Book is a legal record of any order regarding change in the movement of the propellers.

The following logs should be kept in a safe place inside the engine room:

- Engine Log Book.

- Engine Bell Book (unless vessel is fitted with Engine Order Recorder).

- Night Order Book.

- UMS Alarm Log.

Engine room log book

A very important official document onboard any ship is the Engine Room Logbook. Engine room log book is also an important document in case of accident and this gives the clear picture of the engine room working condition and the situation existed in the engine room.

The Chief Engineer is responsible for supervising the proper recording and maintenance of the engine log book and bell book. He is responsible for writing additional special orders in the night order book, whenever required. He is to ensure that all required entries are correctly logged and signed.

OOEW: He is responsible for entering all required information in the E/R logbook before being relieved from watch. He is also responsible for passing all required entries on time in the bell book, whenever engine control is to the engine room. Finally he is responsible to check the UMS system alarm log prior to relieving the previous engineer on watch and during his watch.

This Logbook is to be kept clean and it is essential that only factual information is recorded. Recording of engine and machinery parameters required, must be made regularly, while the machinery is in operation.

Consumptions of fuel oil, diesel oil and lubricants, water (fresh and distilled) must be regularly and accurately entered.

Appropriate entries should be made to record any:

- Machinery that has been opened for inspection.

- Maintenance and repairs carried out from vessel or shore side personnel.

- Machinery failures or damages.

- Personnel injuries.

- Entries required by regulations such as:

• Change between UMS and Manned Engine Room

• Daily fire alarm and UMS alarms (cabin & public rooms) tests

• Evening safety round taken, E/R entry exit during UMS period

• UMS checklist completed by duty engineer

• Daily inspection of steering gear/ no leaks observed

• Daily inspection of emergency escapes / free passage

• Daily sootblowing of boilers and economizers

• Daily draining of fuel tanks and air receivers

• Starting and stopping time of main machineries

• Any change in engine speed as notified by Bridge

• Weekly safety checks/tests including Emcy Air Comp., Emcy Diesel Generator, Lifeboat/ Rescue boat Engines, Bilge level alarms, OWS 15ppm alarm, Engineers Call alarm, Fridge lock-in and Hospital alarms, etc.

• Start/stop of OWS including ship’s position

• Monthly duct keel inspection

• Time Fresh Water Generator is put on/off domestic tanks with ship’s position

• Fresh water & distillate tanks filled and in use

• And more as instructed by the C/E

When in port particular emphasis is given to ensure that E/R logbook properly reflects:

- All machinery in operation.

- Starting and stopping time of boilers and machinery.

- Repairs in progress.

- Time of commencement and completion of operations for the uptake of bunkers, fresh water and lubricating oil as well as quantities received.

- Orders given and reports received from vessel’s management.

- Entries required by regulations such us:

• Daily inspection of steering gear/ no leaks observed

• Daily inspection of emergency escapes / free passage

• Daily draining of fuel tanks and air receivers

• Starting and stopping time of main machineries

• Fresh water & distillate tanks filled and in use

• And more as instructed by the C/E

The Engineering Log is a complete daily record, by watches. It covers important events and data pertaining to the engineering department and the operation of the ship’s propulsion plant. The log must show the following information:

1. The total engine miles steamed for the day

2. Draft and displacement upon getting underway and anchoring

3. The disposition of the engines, boilers, and principal auxiliaries and any changes in their disposition.

4. Any injuries to engineering department personnel.

5. Any casualties to engineering department machinery, equipment, or material.

6. Other matters specified by competent authority.

Each entry must be a complete statement using standard phraseology. The type commander’s directives may contain other specific requirements pertaining to the Remarks section of the Engineering Logs. The original Engineering Log, prepared neatly and legibly in ink or pencil, is a legal record.

• Do NOT keep a rough log.

• Keep the Engineering Log current.

• Enter each event onto the Engineering Log as it happens.

• No erasures are permitted in the log.

When a correction is necessary, draw a single line through the original entry so that the entry remains legible. The correct entry must be clear and legible. Corrections, additions, or changes are made only by the person required to sign the log for the watch This person then initials the margin of the page.

The engineering officer of the watch (EOOW) should prepare the remarks for the log and should sign the log before being relieved at the end of the watch or duty day.

The engineer officer verifies the accuracy and completeness of all entries and signs the log daily. The log sheets must be submitted to the engineer officer in time to allow him to check and sign them before noon of the day following the date of the log sheet(s).

The C/E approves the log and signs it on the last calendar day of each month and on the date he relinquishes command. Completed pages of the log, filed in a post-type binder, are numbered consecutively. They begin with the first day of each month and run through the last day of the month.

When the engineer officer directs a change or addition to the Engineering Log, the person directed must comply unless he believes the proposed change or addition to be incorrect. In that event, the commanding officer or engineer officer will personally enter his comments and sign the log.

After the log has been signed by the C/E, it may not be changed without his permission or direction.

With the rising use of computers on ships, manual log books are giving way to electronic log books and here are the reasons and benefits of the same.

All marine engineers & navigating officers are acquainted with the perils related to keeping log records on any type of ship. Not only it is a tedious and time consuming job but also an important routine activity which has no space for carelessness. Parameters are logged down manually in a specific record book known as log book. Log book is a very important reference in case of accidents and mishaps because with the help of the records of various parameters, actual reasons of the breakdown or accident can be predicted.

Each month is allotted one log book. This means that at the end of 2 years there will be a stack of 24 logbooks in the cupboard. It is absolutely important to maintain these records for they contain the history of each and every machine on the ship, including running hours and important defects. But maintaining such “on paper” records is not only difficult but also risky. For example even a small fire incident can wipe off the entire history of the engine room. It is for these reasons that there is a strong need to replace paper log books with electronic log books or E-log books.

Disadvantages of paper log books

A ship always keeps a seaman on his toes. Life on ship is so busy that even an easy but tedious job of filling a simple log book may seem like a big and boring task. (It is definitely monotonous, but is unavoidable). This has always left engineers with improper filling of log books, i.e. filling of daily log on weekly basis.

• Engineer’s hands are often oily when filling a log book. This makes the log book untidy and the readings unreadable.

• Logbooks are often filled up in haste, which has always leaded to filling of parameters in wrong columns and shabbiness due to over writing.

• Also, due to speedy writing, handwritings are always poor and difficult to understand.

• Misplacing of log books is a common problem on ships.

• Not keeping log books in a proper place has often led to tearing of log books, mainly out of becoming obstacles in some work. The same reason has also led them to become dirty at many occasions

• Mishandling of log books results in loosening of its pages and eventually missing a few.

It is due to this reason, electronic log books are recommended.

E-log books

It is an IMO specification that log records should be properly maintained and kept safely for reference at any time. In order to overcome the drawbacks related to paper log books listed above, electronic log books are being installed on almost all the modern ships. E- log books have revolutionized the way data is stored and maintained. Let’s take a look at the special features of these log books.

Specifications

• It has a facility to store even the event based data pertaining to navigation, engine room, port calls and even bunkering process.

• It can be easily installed and configured according to the requirement of the ship

• It is so made that it satisfies all the specifications laid by IMO, SOLAS and flag states.

• It is extremely user friendly and easy to operate.

• The interface is also easy to navigate and understand.

• The system is capable of generating reports such as full deck log reports and daily log report.

• It can easily be made compatible with other ship software such as planned maintenance system (PMS) and other navigation software.

• In addition to manual data entry the system can be configured with GPS for time and position reference and with other automation onboard.

• It can be segregated into different modules such as: Deck log book, Engine Log book, Oil record book, Operational log book, Dynamic positioning log book and Radio log book.

Advantages

• It is a one time investment that reduces the work load drastically

• As manual documentation is cumbersome, it reduces the time required in data collection and report making.

• It makes the whole process more efficient with accurate and correct readings.

• In case the records are to be sent to ship owners, E log books helps in making and compiling reports is a much speedier manner without any delay.

• The user friendly interface facilitates easy retrieval of data whenever necessary.