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3. 1-stage-delay ring oscillator
Gm |
Gm |
Gm |
* fosc MHz ~ GHz
Ref.: 1. Proc. of IEEE 1995 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), pp.331-334.
2. IEEE JSSC, vol.31, pp.331-334, March 1996.
§17-4.3 LC-oscillator as VCO
*Typically a 20dB better phase noise obtained over ring and relaxation oscillators.
*High-speed operation is possible due to the simple working principle.
*The realization of the inductor is the key point.
Design example: 0.7µm CMOS planar-LC VCO.
M4 |
M3 |
L1 L2
Vc
Ibias C1 C2
Vout+ |
Vout- |
M1 |
M2 |
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*Constant current => To limit power dissipation
*M1 and M2: To provide a negative resistance for oscillation
*L1=L2=3.2nH planar spiral inductors
*p+ − n-well junction diodes C1 and C2 as varactors for frequency tuning by Vc. C1=C2 1pF
*Different output voltage.
Chip photograph of the VCO. (Die size 750×750 µm2)
L1 and L2 area consuming
Inductors used in output buffers
Measurement results:
1. Measured output spectrum for a carrier frequency of 1.81 GHz.
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2. Measured phase noise w.r.t. frequency offset
Phase noise: -116dBc/Hz at 600 KHz offset 3. Measured frequency tuning characteristics
* At Vc=0.5V, the diode varactors C1 and C2 have a larger leakage current => Phase noise ↑ 3dB.
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Remarks |
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Reference |
Technology |
Freq. |
Power |
Tuning |
Phase noise [dBc/Hz] |
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[-] |
[GHz] |
[mW] |
[%] |
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reported |
equiv. |
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LC-tuned oscillators(cont'd) |
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Front-etched inductors; quadrature |
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[Rofou ISSCC96] |
1-um CMOS |
0.9 |
10..40 |
14 |
-85 @ 100kHz |
-95 |
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signals |
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[Soyue JSSC96b] |
0.5-um BiCMOS |
4.0 |
12 |
9 |
-106 @ 1MHz |
-109 |
Thick metal (2.1 µm) and field oxide |
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(11µm) |
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[Razav ISSCC97] |
0.6-um CMOS |
1.8 |
15 |
7 |
-100 @ 500kHz |
-102 |
Linear tuning; quadrature signals |
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Hollow rectangular coils standard |
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[Dauph ISSCC97] |
11-GHz BiCMOS |
1.5 |
40 |
10 |
-105 @ 100kHz |
-119 |
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process |
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[Janse ISSCC97] |
15-GHz Bip |
2.2 |
43 |
11 |
-99 @ 100kHz |
-116 |
High-Q MIS capacitor and varactor |
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Full PLL circuit; capacitor bank for |
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[Parke CICC97] |
0.6-um CMOS |
1.6 |
NA |
12 |
-105 @ 200kHz |
-114 |
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extended tuning |
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Presented designs |
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Bonding wire inductor |
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[Steya EL94] |
6-GHz Bip |
1.1 |
1 |
0 |
-75 @ 10kHz |
-106 |
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Bonding wire inductor; enhanced |
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[Crani JSSC95] |
0.7-um CMOS |
1.8 |
24 |
5 |
-115 @ 200kHz |
-124 |
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LC-tank |
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[Crani JSSC97] |
0.7-um CMOS |
1.8 |
6 |
14 |
-116 @ 600kHz |
-116 |
2-level metal; conductive substrate; |
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standard CMOS |
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2-level metal; standard CMOS |
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[Crani CICC97] |
0.4-um CMOS |
1.8 |
11 |
20 |
-113 @ 200kHz |
-122 |
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17-20 CHUNG-YU WU
[Banu JSSC88] M. Banu, "MOS oscillators with multi-decade tuning range and gigahertz maximum speed", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1386-1393, December 1998.
[Sneep JSSC90] J. G. Sneep and C. J. M. Verhoeven, "A new low-noise 100-MHz balanced relaxation oscillator", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Cir cuits, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 692-698, June 1990.
[Dobos CICC94] L. Dobos and B. Jensen, "A versatile monolithic 800-kHz to 800-MHz phase-startable oscillator", in Proc. of the IEEE 1994 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, San Diego, USA, May 1994, pp. 8.4.1-4.
[Kwasn CICC95] T. Kwasniewski, M. Abou-Seido, A. Bouchet, F. Gaussorgues, and J. Zimmerman, "Inductorless oscillator design for personal communication devices - a 1.2-µm CMOS process case study", in Proc. of the IEEE 1995 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, San Diego, USA, May 1995, pp. 327-330.
[Razav JSSC96] B. Razavi, "A study of phase noise in CMOS oscillators", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 331-343, March 1996.
[vdTan ISSCC97] J. van der Tang and D. Kasperdovitz, "A 0.9-2.2 GHz monolithic quadrature mixer oscillator for direct-conversion satellite receivers", in ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, San Fransisco, USA, February 1997, pp. 88-89.
[Nguye JSSC92]N. M. Nguyen and R. G. Meyer, "A 1.8-GHz monolithic LC voltage controlled oscillator", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 444-450, March 1992.
[Based ESSC94] P. Basedau and Q. Huang, "A 1-GHz, 1.5-V monolithic LC oscillator in 1-µm CMOS", in Proc. of the 1994 European
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17-21 |
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CHUNG-YU WU |
Solid-State Circuits Conference, Ulm, September 1994, pp. 172-175. |
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[Soyue JSSC96a] |
M. Soyuer, K. A. Jenkins, J. N. Burghartz, H. A. Ainspan, F. J. |
Canora, S. Ponnapalli, J. F. Ewen, and W. E. Pence, "A 2.4-GHz silicon bipolar oscillator with integrated resonator", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol.31, no.2, pp. 268-270, February 1996.
[Ali ISSCC96] A. Ali and L. Tham, "A 900-MHz frequency synthesizer with integrated LC voltage-controlled oscillator", in ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, San Fransisco, USA, February 1996, pp. 390-391.
[Rofou ISSCC96] A. Rofourgan, J. Rael, M. Rofourgan, and A. Abidi, "A 900-MHz CMOS LC-oscillator with quadrature outputs", in ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, San Fransisco, USA, February 1996, pp. 392-393.
[Soyue JSSC96b] M. Soyuer, K. A. Jenkins, J. N. Burghartz, and M. D. Hulvey, "A 3-V 4-GHz voltage-controlled oscillator with integrated resonator", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 2042-2045, December 1996.
[Razav ISSCC97] B. Razavi, "A 1.8-GHz CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator", in
ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, San Fransisco, USA, February 1997, pp. 388-389.
[Dauph ISSCC97] |
L. Dauphinee, M. Copeland, and P. |
Schvan, "A |
balanced |
1.5-GHz voltage-controlled oscillator |
with an |
integrated |
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LC-resonator", in ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, San Fransisco, |
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USA, February 1997, pp. 390-391 |
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[Janse ISSCC97] |
B. Jansen, K. Negus, and D. Lee, "Silicon bipolar VCO family |
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for 1.1 to 2.2 GHz with fully integrated tank and tuning circuits, in
ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, San Fransisco, USA, February 1997, pp. 392-393.
17-22 CHUNG-YU WU
[Parke CICC97] J. Parker and D. Ray, "A low-noise 1.6-ghz CMOS PLL with on-chip loop filter", in Proc. of the IEEE 1997 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, Santa Clara, USA, May 1997, pp. 407-410.
[Steya EL94] M. Steyaert and J. Craninckx, "1.1-GHz oscillator using bond-wire inductance", IEE Electronic Letters, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 244-245, 3rd February 1994.
[Crani JSSC95] J. Craninckx and M. Steyaert, "A 1.8-GHz low-phase-noise voltage controlled oscillator with prescaler", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1474-1482, December 1995.
[Crani JSSC97] J. Craninckx and M. Steyaert, "A 1.8-GHz low-phase noise CMOS VCO using optimized hollow inductors", IEEE Journal of Soild-State Circuits, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 736-744, May 1997.
[Crani CICC97] J. Craninckx and M. Steyaert, "A fully integrated spiral-LC CMOS VCO set with prescaler for GSM and DCS-1800 systems", in Proc. of the IEEE 1997 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, Santa Clara, USA, May 1997, pp. 403-406.