Англ. для заоч.Андрианова
.pdfTEXT A. MACHINE TOOLS —
A MEASURE OF MAN'S PROGRESS
The variety and combinations of machine tools today are unlimited. Some of them are very small and can be mounted on a work-bench1 but others are so large that we have to construct special buildings to house them.
There are some basic operations at any workshop. They are turning, drilling, threading, etc. The main machine tool of such a workshop is the multipurpose lathe. What is a lathe? It is a power-driven machine2 with special tools which can cut or form metal parts. The metal that cuts another metal must be very hard and so tools should be made of very hard steel alloys. The tool itself is very small in comparison with the mechanism that is to direct it.
Technological progress improves accuracy of machine tools. Today's equipment can produce parts with very high accuracy. One can find a number of3 machine tools that can measure and inspect their production themselves — machine tools that are to handle the parts mechanically and automatically. Such machines can hold the parts which are to be measured and are able to indicate precise measurements themselves. A great many of such "clever" machines can be found today in our industry.
Since machine tools become faster and more complex, automatic measurements and inspection ought to be of greater importance. Automation is one of the main factors of engineering progress.
Flexible production lines form the basis for automated workshops. The main principle of such a flexible line is the fact that it can be switched over from one product to another, which has a similar structure but a different outline, almost instantaneously. It is equally efficient in conditions of both mass and small-batch production4 and will serve to increase the productivity.
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Notes on the Text
1.work-bench — верстак
2.power-driven machine — станок с механическим приводом
3.number of — ряд, несколько
4.small-batch production — производство маленьких партий продукции
accuracy л — точность alloy л — сплав condition л — условие cut (cut) v — резать direct v — управлять drill v — сверлить equip v — оснащать fast a — быстрый flexible a — гибкий handle v — управлять hard a — твердый
hold (held) v — держать house v — вмещать improve v — улучшать increase v — увеличивать lathe л — токарный станок
5. Ответьте на вопросы:
Words to Be Learnt
machine tool л — станок main a — главный
mount v — помещать, устанавливать multipurpose a — многоцелевой outline л — очертание, конфигурация part л — деталь
precise а — точный produce v — производить similar а — подобный steel л — сталь
switch v — переключать
thread v — делать нарезку резьбы tool л — резец
turn л — точить workshop л — цех
1. |
What |
types of machine tools are there nowadays? |
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2. |
What |
are |
the basic |
operations at a workshop? |
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3. |
What |
is a |
lathe? |
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4. |
Why |
must |
tools be |
made of very hard steels and alloys? |
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5. |
Is the |
tool itself big or small? |
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6. |
What |
improves the |
accuracy of machine tools? |
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7. |
What |
is one of the main factors of engineering progress? |
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8. |
What |
forms |
the basis for automated workshops? |
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9. |
What |
is the |
main principle of a flexible line? |
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WORD STUDY
6.Образуйте глаголы от существительных посредством переноса ударения,
прочтите существительные и глаголы, дайте их перевод (§ 141):
progress, increase, export, object, record, project, alloy
7.В выделенных словах укажите суффиксы, определите части речи, к который относятся эти слова, и переведите сочетания:
productive methods, drilling tools, changeable parts, the theory relativity, continuous process, highly efficient devices, great thinker»
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werful motors, |
largely experimental construction, |
acceleration pro- |
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P° |
useless |
heat, |
technological |
progress, |
flexible lines |
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cess, |
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группы (в) подберите |
антонимы |
из группы |
(б): |
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К с л о в а м из |
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g) below, short, large, right, simple, on, after, light, easy, hard, near, high, late, man-made, similar
6) far, different, difficult, dark, small, long, low, early, natural, above, left, complex, before, under, soft
зяюлюле пропуски соответствующими воэвртю-уоиипелыыии местоимениями (§ 11):
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can do this |
myself. |
We |
can do this |
ourselves. |
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You |
yourself. |
You |
yourselves. |
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He |
work |
himself. |
They |
work |
themselves. |
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She |
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herself. |
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It |
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itself. |
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1. The student cannot solve this equation |
we must show him how |
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to |
do |
it. |
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2. |
Must we take the measurement ... or shall we get the figures from |
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the |
table? |
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3. |
An |
automatic machine tool can do this work ... . |
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4. |
The |
tools ... are |
much smaller |
than the |
mechanisms |
that direct them. |
5.The Moon ... doesn't light the Earth — the light of the Moon is only the reflected sunlight.
6.There are a number of automatic machine tools that can measure and inspect their production ... .
*10. Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы. Предложения переведите.
1- We must use the new tools to cut and form this metal part. 2. This equipment can produce parts with very high accuracy. 3. They could easily define the properties of this material.
He may complete |
all |
necessary measurements himself. |
see some |
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5. With the help of |
a |
new |
device the |
scientist could |
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strange rays. |
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Переведите |
предложения, |
обращая |
внимание на |
различные значения (лаголое to |
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* и to have. |
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Образец А: Не |
is a student. — Он студент. |
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Не |
is |
to study mathematics. — Он должен |
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_ |
изучать |
математику. |
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I- Mathematics is of great importance for engineers. Every |
technical . |
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is to |
study it for |
some years. |
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2. |
The accuracy of these automatic machines is very high. These ma. |
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chines |
are to replace the old equipment of our shop. |
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3. |
Atom is a great force. It is to serve |
mankind. |
4. |
The students are not at the laboratory. |
They are to be at the lab. |
oratory at 6 o'clock.
Образец Б: They have a lot of work. — У них много работы.
They have to work hard. — Они должны много (упорно) работать.
1. Due to the Sun people have immense supplies of energy. We have to build special solar stations to convert solar energy into electrical one.
2.He had much work. He had to work hard to improve his project.
3.As these machines will have a device which is necessary for automatic measurements and inspection, the workers will use these machines in their work.
4.Physicists have a great many of very important problems. They
have to place the atom completely at the service of man.
12.Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные способы выражения долженствования:
1. In scientific work we must measure in units of the metric system.
2. One |
should turn off the gas when one leaves home. |
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3. This |
part is very complex |
and the worker |
has to |
use special tools |
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to cut it. |
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to have to |
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mwt |
ougfatto |
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to be to |
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should |
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4. We ought to say that the discovery of atomic energy is as impor- |
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tant as the |
discovery |
of fire. |
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5. We |
should be |
prepared for |
scientific study |
of life |
on other planets. |
6.Atoms must serve mankind.
7.The lecture is to begin at 6 o'clockWe ought to come in time.
8.You were to replace the tool by another one, why didn't you do it?
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9. The engineer will have to improve the accuracy of this machine tool. jO. He had to work hard before he was able to submit his paper to
scientific journal.
II. The use of new machinery should increase the output of coal by 25 per cent per month.
U Пере в е д н те с л о в а в скобках, пользуясь списком слов, данных ниже:
1. These machine tools can produce (детали) with very high
(точностью).
2. This lathe performs (точение) and (нарезку резьбы).
3.The machine tool which is to perform turning is called the
(токарный станок).
4.The new workshop houses a new (гибкий) module.
5.The flexible production line consists of a programmable machine tool, a robot, which (манипулирует) the parts automatically, and an electronic control system.
6.The module is able to switch from one product to another which
has а |
(подобную) |
structure but (другое) outline. |
7. |
А (многоцелевой) lathe-robot can put questions to the operator. |
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turning; parts; |
lathe; flexible; handles; similar; accuracy; multipur- |
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pose; |
threading; different |
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14. Переведите предложения, обращая особое внимание на значения слова one
(§ 18, 117):
1. The idea of automation is one of the most important ideas for modem industry.
2. |
He knew that no one could help him. |
3. |
Our old laboratory equipment was much worse than tine new one. |
4. |
Due to radioactive elements one can measure the thickness of var- |
ious materials. |
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5. |
One should always inspect the machine tool before he turns it on. |
6. |
One cannot read such technical papers without a dictionary. |
7. |
The new power stations are much more powerful than the old ones. |
8. |
One must know that these rays produce a harmful effect on man. |
9. |
One should always be careful when one operates this machine tool. |
JO. One can easily regulate the speed of this machine.
Определите, какими частями речи являются выделенные слова, обращая •иимание на их место в предложении и на формальные признаки <§ 140).
Предложения |
переведите. |
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A point |
is a position in space. |
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2- Magnetic |
needles always point |
in |
the direction of the North Pole. |
We usually m e a s u r e volume |
in |
cubic centimetres. |
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4. |
A kilogram is a unit of weight measure in the metric system |
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5. |
Every second |
four million tons of the solar energy go out into thc |
space |
as light and |
heat. |
6. |
The solar energy must light and heat our houses. |
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7. |
This building houses a new technical library. |
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8. |
Einstein gave |
all his life to the increase of human knowledge. |
9.The discoveries in physics increase our possibilities in other sci.
ences.
10.Our professor always answers all our questions.
11.At the age of 70 Einstein still looked for the answers to new secrets of time and space.
12. |
The |
lathe |
can |
cut |
and |
form metal |
parts. |
13. |
The |
form |
of |
this |
part |
is absolutely |
new. |
16.Сделайте синтаксический анализ предложений по данной схеме, опрелели| виды дополнения (прямое, косвенное, предложное):
Подлежащее Сказуемое |
Дополнение |
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косвенное |
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прямое |
предложное |
Einstein |
gave |
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all his life |
to science. |
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The teacher |
showed |
his students |
some interesting experiments. |
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1. |
Mr. |
Hall illustrates his lectures with diagrams. |
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2. |
He |
delivers |
lectures to the |
students. |
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3. |
Einstein's ideas produced revolution |
in science. |
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4. |
The |
professor talked with his students about scientific problems. |
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5. |
The |
scientist submitted his article to a physical journal. |
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6. |
The |
operator |
gave the robot |
a new |
task. |
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17.Прочтите текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание, пользуясь списком новых слов:
TEXT В. NEW TECHNOLOGY EXHIBITION
effort |
n — |
усилие |
memory |
n — |
память |
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exhibit |
n |
— |
экспонат |
pcrfect a |
— |
совершенный |
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exhibition |
n |
— выставка |
pitch n — шаг (резьбы) |
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hole n |
— |
отверстие |
screen n |
— |
экран |
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key n — клавиша, ключ |
top-quality |
a |
—высококачественный |
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mark |
n — |
маркировка |
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The "New Technology Exhibition" is devoted to economic and social developments. Its exhibits show efforts to improve the quality and effi* ciency of the region production. A large section of the exhibition demofl* strates electronics.
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The most impressive of the exhibits are robots. They can cut metals,
... holes, compute and teach. All robots are very much things of the \esent. A multipurpose lathe-robot is specially interesting in that it can ••ask questions". An engineer showed how it works. He pressed a key
which has the mark "Thread cutting". |
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"Thread |
pitch?" |
immediately |
a p p e a r ed on the video display screen. |
The |
engineer |
pressed |
another key |
with the mark "I". Another question came on: "Thread length?". The robot has to get all the answers to all its questions before it goes to work.
Another exhibit is a robot which is to operate some metallurgical processes. Before it starts working its operator must take him by "hand" and go through all the programme. The robot memorizes the instructions and then is able to do everything by itself and without any mistakes. Its memory can hold as many as 70 programmes.
Practically all the equipment on display serves to improve the productivity. The exhibition programme provides for high increase in production of technologically perfect, top-quality and efficient types of machinery.
'18. Выберите правильный ответ в соответствии с содержанием текста:
1.By "New Technology Exhibition" is meant:
a)an exhibition in St. Petersburg;
b)a |
programme of economic and social developments; |
c) a |
documentary film. |
2. The |
most impressive of the exhibits are: |
a)display screens;
b)lathes;
c)robots.
3. All robots are the things of
a)the past;
b)the present;
c)the future.
A |
multipurpose lathe-robot is specially interesting in that it can: |
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a) |
answer questions; |
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b) |
work without mistakes; |
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c) |
ask questions. |
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• The |
robot is used to operate: |
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a) some metallurgical processes; |
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k) |
a |
chemical process; |
c) |
a |
turning process. |
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19. Переведите словосочетания:
"New Technology Exhibition"; intensification programme; a multipuN pose lathe-robot; thread cutting; thread length; the video display screen- perfect top-quality machines
Revision Exercise
Переведите текст, обращая внимание на тип сказуемого (§ 110—2):
A machine tool is not a new invention. Machine tools existed long, long ago. But the machines of today are quite different from those of the past and the machines of the future will be completely different from any we can see today. First of all, they should have a much higher productivity and should be more economical. In the near future we will see new ma. chine tools which will have very high cutting speeds. Tomorrow automatic machinery will also assemble and regulate the production of machines. The worker will have only to regulate the production process and control machines and systems of machines.
ЗАКОНЧИВ РАБОТУ НАД УРОКОМ 5, ВЫ ДОЛЖНЫ ЗНАТЬ:
1. Чтение гласной и, согласной х и буквосочетания ch.
2.Грамматический материал:
а) модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты; б) возвратно-усилительные местоимения;
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в) три |
значения слова |
one. |
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3. |
Образование слов при |
помощи переноса |
ударения. |
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4. |
Слова, |
выделенные для запоминания, с. 82. |
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Вы должны знать 152 слова |
и выражения. |
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КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ НА ПОВТОРЕНИЕ ПРОЙДЕННОГО ГРАММАТИЧЕСКОГО МАТЕРИАЛА
(УРОКИ 1—5)
1.Как образуется множественное число существительных? Назовите существительные, которые образуют множественное число не по правилу.
2.Как образуется притяжательный падеж существительных и как переводится существительное в притяжательном падеже на русский язык?
3.Какие значения имеют и как употребляются местоимения some»
any, |
every, по и |
их производные? |
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4. С |
какими |
существительными |
употребляются |
местоимения |
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many, much, |
few, |
little, a few, a |
little и каковы |
их значения? |
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каков порядок слов в утвердительном, отрицательном и
^лтосительном |
предложениях |
(в |
общем |
и. специальном |
вопросах)? |
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Как строятся и |
переводятся предложения с оборотом there + be? |
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7 Как спрягается |
глагол |
в |
Present |
Indefinite в |
утвердительной, |
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вопросительной |
и |
отрицательной формах? |
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g Как образуется Past |
Indefinite стандартных и нестандартных глашлов? |
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9 Как образуется Future Indefinite? |
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10 Какие |
способы |
образования |
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и |
перевода |
повелительного |
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наклонения вы |
знаете? |
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ц Какие значения |
имеют модальные |
глаголы |
can, |
may, |
must? |
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12 Какие |
эквиваленты |
модальных |
глаголов вы |
знаете? |
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13 Назовите глаголы, |
выражающие |
долженствование. |
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14 Как образуются |
степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий? |
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15. Какие |
слова-заместители |
вы знаете? |
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TEST No. I1
Task 1
I.Определите no суффиксу часть речи: а) существительное; Ь) прилагательное; с) наречие:
1.weightless; 2. function; 3. physicist; 4. thickness; 5. usually; 6. experimental; 7. transmission; 8. operator; 9. reading; 10. examiner; II. changeable; 12. completely; 13. improvement
II.Выберите английское слово, соответствующее русскому:
14.отражение — a) reflect; b) reflective; с) reflection
15.бесполезный — a) use; b) useless; с) useful; d) usefulness
16.равенство — a) equal; b) equally; c) equality
Task 2
Выберите соответствующее неопределенное местоимение из данных ниже:
1. |
There hang (несколько) drawings |
on the wall. |
2. |
Do you see (кого-нибудь) in the |
classroom? |
3. |
Take (любой) journal from the bookcase. |
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4. |
My friend told me (ничего) about our mathematics circle. |
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*) any; b) nothing; c) some; d) anybody; e) somebody
ВцберИте соответствующее слово из данных ниже:
There are (несколько) kinds of energy.
-^J^JThe^ professor showed us (много) diagrams at the lecture.
W ^ |
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. - 4 |
c o c ™ из W |
заданий. Каждое „з „их о ™ |
с , |
< |
„ . |
"Р°Чент С Ч и т а е т с я |
зачтенным, если количество ошибок не |
превышает |
25 |
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Аопус^08 |
о т числа |
выполненных позиций. Например, в задании |
из |
16 позиций |
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Мо |
не |
более 4 ошибок Ключи к тесту см. с. 279. |
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L.
7. Our teacher knows (много) |
about new discoveries in astrono^ |
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8. There are (мало) journals |
on |
the shelf. |
a) a lot of; b) much; c) little; |
d) |
few; e) a few |
III. Определите время сказуемого: a) Present Indefinite; b) Past Indefinite: c) t
ture |
Indefinite: |
1 |
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9. |
The |
scientist made lots of experiments. |
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10. |
The |
student will continue research in a |
laboratory. |
11.Students do research at the institutes.
12.When did the researcher develop his theory?
13. How does the lecturer explain this complex process?
IV. Выберите соответствующую форму глагола:
14. |
We ... new |
multipurpose |
machine tools last week, |
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a) get; b) gets; c) got; |
d) |
will |
get |
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15. |
Next term we ... to study |
two |
new subjects, |
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a) begin; b) begins; c) began; |
d) will begin |
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16. At |
present our workshop |
... two kinds of measuring instruments, |
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a) |
produce; |
b) |
produces; |
c) produced; d) will produce |
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17. ... |
you work |
at |
a plant |
now? |
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a)do; b) did; c) does
V.Выберите русское предложение, эквивалентное английскому:
18. Let them analyse the results of the test.
a)Проанализируйте результаты испытания.
b)Давайте проанализируем результаты испытания.
c)Пусть они проанализируют результаты испытания.
19. Let me explain the phenomenon in detail.
a)Давайте объясним подробно это явление.
b)Позвольте, я объясню это явление подробно.
c)Объясните это явление подробно.
VI. Выберите перевод выделенных модальных глаголов из данных ниже:
20. You may use the new devices for your research. 21. The solar batteries must heat and light homes. 22. They could visit this new automation shop.
а) должны; b) можете; с) могли; d) сможете
VII. Замените слова в скобках эквивалентами модальных глаголов, данными
23.You (должны) to replace this old lathe.
24.In future we (сможем) to use solar energy more effectively-
25.They (было разрешено) to test the machine tool.
26.The students (смогли) to make the experiment.
a) were allowed; b) will be able; c) have; d) were able; e) were
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