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17. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на способы выражения отрицания:

 

Nobody knew Einstein till 1905.

2.

Einstein never proved his discoveries experimentally.

3.

The students will not solve this problem without their teacher's help.

4.

The experiment added nothing new to our knowledge of the

properties of this substance.

5.

My schoolfriend had no ability in mathematics.

6.

There were not many changes in the properties of the solid under test

*18. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future). Предложения переведите.

1. Albert Einstein (to be) born in 1879 in Germany. When he was 12, he (to begin) his study of mathematics and physics. Later he (to

continue) his

studies at the

University.

 

 

 

2. Einstein

(to present)

his theory of relativity in

1905. His

famous

equation (to say) that energy (to equal) mass times the square

of

the

speed of light. The great discovery (to surprise) the scientists

of

the

world.

 

 

 

 

 

3. The people of our country (to produce) a lot of

geniuses

such

as

Lomonosov, Mendeleyev, Lobachevsky and others. Now our country (to have) a great number of brilliant scientists in all fields of knowledge.

4. Your experiment (not to give) good

results until you (to change)

the speed of die reaction.

 

 

5. Any square (to have) four

right angles.

19. Переведите предложения, обращая

внимание

на:

а) значения some и same.

1. These elements have different colours but their chemical properties are the same. Some of them are very important.

2.There is some gas in these tubes. We use the same gas in both

tubes.

3.The engineers of the research laboratory developed some new methods of work. The same methods are of great importance for our plant.

б) различные значения for.

for — для; за; в течение; так как

1. The unusual phenomenon occupied the

scientist's thoughts for

some

weeks.

 

 

2.

For a

few years Albert Einstein lived in

Prague.

61

 

3.

Einstein's work

was

a great

surprise for

scientists all

over the

world.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.

In 1921 Einstein got

his Nobel Prize not for the theory

of relativ-

ity

but for a

logic explanation

of photoelectric

effect.

 

 

5.

Einstein

always

answered

all

students' questions, for there were

no

foolish or

simple

questions

for

him.

 

 

*20. Переведите предложения, пользуясь словами и выражениями, данными ниже:

1.Альберт Эйнштейн был великим физиком XX столетия.

2.Он обладал необычайной способностью к математике и фи-

зике.

3.В течение нескольких лет Эйнштейн жил в Праге и преподавал в университете физику.

4. В 1905 году он сделал несколько научных открытий.

5.Его идея поразила всех ученых.

6.В 1921 году Эйнштейн получил Нобелевскую премию.

7.Сегодня любой студент технического института понимает теорию относительности.

8.Изучайте биографию Эйнштейна, и вы увидите, что он отдал свою жизнь науке.

 

to get the Nobel Prize; to make some discoveries; any technical college student; to be

a

great physicist of the 20th century; to study Einstein's biography; to give his life to; for

a

few years; to teach physics; to have an unusual ability in; to surprise all the scientists

21.Сделайте синтаксический анализ предложений по предлагаемой схеме, обращая особое внимание на способы выражения сказуемого. Предложения переведите.

Подлежащее

Сказуемое

Дополнение

Обстоятельство

Einstein

was a great thinker.

 

 

 

Solve

this equation

in two ways.

1.Einstein was born in Germany.

2.He was a famous physicist.

3.He had two sons.

4.

In 1905

Albert Einstein made revolutionary discoveries in science.

5.

He presented his papers to a physical journal.

6.

My friend does not like physics.

7.

This diagram will help to solve your problem.

8.

Change

the temperature

in the

experimental tube.

9.

Mr. Hall

teaches physics

at a

technical college.

62

22. Прочтите текст В и постарайтесь понять его содержание:

TEXT В MSTISLAV KELDYSH (1911-1978)

Mstislav Keldysh, a well-known Russian scientist, was bom in Riga on January 28, 1911. He was a very capable boy and finished school at the age of 16. He wanted to become a building engineer like his father,

but one could enter an engineering institute only at

17. The boy decided

to enter Moscow University to study mathematics

and physics.

After his graduation from the University at the age of 20, he began his research work at the Central Airo-Hydrodynamical Institute —the centre of aviation science at that time. The young scientist worked with enthusiasm and soon published a number of important scientific papers. When Keldysh was 27, he became Doctor of Sciences.

The scientist did his research in the field of mathematics and airo-hydrodynamics. Later he solved a number of problems in aviation,

atomic and cosmic techniques.

 

 

 

At the same time as a professor

of

Moscow University he

gave

much of his abilities to the teaching

of

students.

 

For his

fruitful research M. Keldysh got two State Prizes and the

government

awarded him the title of

Hero of Socialist Labour

three

times. At the age of 30 M. Keldysh became an academician and on May 19, 1961 he became President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

*23. Выберите правильный ответ в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1. What did Keldysh want to become?

a) a mathematician;

b)

a chemist; c) a building engineer.

2. Where did he get

his

higher education?

a)at Moscow University;

b)at the Central Airo-Hydrodynamical Institute;

c)at an engineering institute.

3.

What

field of science did he do his research in?

 

a)

in

the field of solid state physics;

 

b)

in

the field of atomic and cosmic techniques;

 

c)

in

the field of

electromagnetic waves.

*24. Найдите

в (б) соответствующие русские словосочетания:

а)

1.

at

the age of;

2. a well-known scientist; 3. was born; 4. like

his father; 5. to enter an

institute; 6. to graduate from an institute; 7. to

do one's

research; 8. to

solve a number of problems; 9. three times

63

б) 1. поступить в институт; 2. как и отец; 3. в возрасте; 4. решить рад проблем; 5. родился; 6. хорошо известный ученый; 7. окончить инсплут; 8. три раза (трижды); 9. проводить исследования

TIME FOR FUN

How New Inventions are Made?

"How new inventions that change the face of the world are made?" somebody asked Einstein. "Quite simply," answered Einstein. "Everybody knows that something is impossible. Then quite by chance,1 there happens an ignorant man who does not know it and he makes the invention."

Different Means

During his visit to an observatory Einstein got interested2 in the gi-

gantic telescope with a mirror of 2.5 metres in diameter.

 

 

 

"What do you need such a big instrument for?" asked Einstein's wife.

 

"We use it to study the structure of the universe," answered the di-

rector

of

the observatory.

 

 

 

"Really?" said the lady. "My husband usually does it

on the

inside

of

an

old

envelope."

 

 

1. quite

by

chance — совершенно случайно

 

 

2.

got interested — заинтересовался

 

 

 

 

ЗАКОНЧИВ РАБОТУ НАД УРОКОМ 3, ВЫ ДОЛЖНЫ

ЗНАТЬ:

 

 

1.

Чтение гласной i, согласной j и буквосочетаний

ph и

qu.

2.Грамматический материал:

а) образование и способы перевода повелительного наклонения (простая и сложная формы);

б) образование утвердительной, отрицательной

и вопросительной

форм в Past и Future Indefinite;

 

в) три формы всех нестандартных глаголов

урока;

г) употребление и значение местоимений much,

many, little, few.

3.Суффиксы существительных, указанные в уроке.

4.Слова и выражения, выделенные для запоминания, с. 58.

Вы должны знать 89 слов и выражений.

LESSON FOUR

Правила чтения

1.Гласная о.

2.Буквосочетания ng и nk.

3 Ударения в прилагательных с суффиксами -ic, -ml.

Грамматика

1.Безличные предложения.

2.Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.

3.Независимая форма притяжательных местоимений.

4.Слова-заместители.

Словообразование

1.Суффиксы прилагательных -ful, -less, -ic, -*l, -able, -ant, -ent, -ive.

2.Суффикс наречий -ly.

КАК РАБОТАТЬ НАД УРОКОМ

Урок рекомендуется изучать следующим образом:

1.Выполните упражнения на повторение правил чтения.

2.Проработайте грамматический материал:

а) безличные предложения (§ 114—116). Обратите внимание на структуру английских безличных предложений. Выполните упражнение 7;

б) степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий (§ 22, 28). Запомните случаи образования степеней сравнения не по правилу. Выполните упражнения 4, 5;

в) притяжательные местоимения. Обратите внимание на различие между зависимой и независимой формами притяжательных местоимений (§ 10);

г) слова-заместители (§ 117—118). Выполните упражнение 6. Перед чтением текста А выполните упражнение 8 на интернациональную лексику.

4.Прочтите текст А вслух два-три раза и переведите его, пользуясь словарем. Выучите слова на с. 71. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту

(Упражнение 9).

Для расширения словарного запаса и лучшего его усвоения выполните упражнения раздела "Word Study".

3~1в1»» Андрианова

65

6.Для закрепления грамматического и лексического материала выполните все лексико-грамматические упражнения.

7. Прочтите текст В и выполните упражнения 22, 23.

8.Для повторения пройденного материала выполните упражнение раздела "Revision Exercise".

9.Прочтите раздел "Do You Know That...".

Exercises

1.Прочтите слова и объясните правила чтения буквы о:

[з]— not, job, clock, box, bottle, bronze, office, possible, common, constant, copper, doctor, solve, problem, re'volve, ge'ometry

[э:] — force, form, short, born, order, orbit, border, porous, formula, ordinary, in'form, re'port, sup'port, e'normous, ore, more,

pore,

shore, be'fore, door, floor, four, your, pour, course,

ought,

thought, brought, fought

[ou] — no, so, note, stone, close, over, oval, solar, moment, total, local, com'pose, re'mote, de'vote, load, coal, road, coat, show, grow, low, own, slow, follow, window, narrow, be'low, cold, gold

[au] — round, pound, ground, sound, outer, thousand, wi'thout, mountain, a'bout, a'mount, a'round, ac'count, now, brown, down, al'low

[ада] — our, hour, sour, flower, tower, power, shower

[д]— some, front, month, other, ton, comfort, wonder, a'mong, be'come, dis'cover, a'nother, a'bove, con'front, country, rough, tough, e'nough

[u:] — moon, tool, soon, cool, choose, wooden, lose, move, im'prove, group, soup

[и]— book, look, took, shook, should, would, could

[oi] — boil, point, noise, joint, boy, poison, loyal, ap'point, ex'ploit [э:] — work, word, world, worst, worth, worm, worker

2. Прочтите слова, обращая внимание на чтение буквосочетаний ng и пк:

[г)] — strong, long, hang, ring, thing, morning, ac'cording, flaming [rjg] — English, angle, triangle, single, language

[r)k] — sink, rink, think, drink

66

цтите пары слое, обращая внимание на место главного дарения в сущест- 3' вггельных и прилагательных:

.

'atom — a'tomic,

'organ — or'ganic,

'metal —

me'tallic,

'pe-

j ___ peri'odic,

e'conomy — .eco'nomic,

'science — .scientific,

'ele-

[nent —' .ele'mentary,

'industry — industrial

 

 

 

 

 

 

Control Exercise

 

 

 

 

our, morning, looks, flaming, through, window, a'nother, your, room,

do

you, be'fore,

come, northern, me'tallic, im'portant, move,

solar,

c o u r s e, wi'thout,

moon, a'tomic, worst,

phe'nomena,

re'volve,

force,

r o u n d , prove, strong, think, country, pour, brought, point, follow, power, solve, sup'port, worth, joint, or'ganic, coating

GRAMMAR STUDY

Степени сравнения прилагательных • наречий (Degrees of Comparison)

 

Исходная

Сравнительная

Превосходная

 

форма

степень

степень

Односложные

short

shorter

(the) shortest

и некоторые

короткий

короче

самый короткий

двусложные

big

bigger

(the) biggest

прилагательные

easy

easier

(the) easiest

и наречия

 

 

 

 

late

later

latest

 

поэдно

позднее

позднее всего

 

brightly

more brightly

most brightfv

Двусложные

important

more important

(the) most important

и многосложные

важный

важнее,

самый важный

прилагательные

 

более важный

 

и наречия

easily

more easily

most easily

Прилагательные

легко

легче

легче всего

good]

 

 

и наречия,

better

(the) best

образующие

well j

 

 

степени

bad

 

 

сравнения не по

worse

(the) worst

правилу

badly

 

 

 

 

muchl

more

(the) most

 

many]

 

less

(the) least

 

little

 

J farther

, L ч [farthest

 

far

 

[further

(the) J[furthest

3*

 

 

 

67

4.Прочтите и переведите следующие прилагательные и наречия, обращая внн^ нне на различные способы образования степеней сравнения:

a)

late

 

 

later

(the) latest

 

long

 

 

longer

(the) longest

 

big

 

 

bigger

(the) biggest

б) important

more important

the most important

 

slowly

 

more slowly

most slowly

ч

much!

 

 

в)

manyJ\

more

(the) most

 

little

1

less

(the) least

 

 

 

 

 

good!

 

better

(the) best

 

well J

 

 

 

 

 

 

bad

 

 

worse

(the) worst

 

badly

 

 

 

 

 

5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на форму прилагательных:

1. This

classroom is larger and lighter

than other classrooms. It is

 

the

largest

and the lightest room here.

2.The red line on this drawing is shorter than other lines. It is the shortest line.

3.Mathematics is more important for technical students than many other subjects. It is one of the most important subjects at any technical institute.

4.The results of his last experiment were worse than before. He got

the worst results this time.

6. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слова-заместителн (§ 117—118):

а) 1. This solid is denser than that one. 2. The right hand is usually stronger than the left one. 3. These boxes are very small. We want to get bigger ones.

б) 1. This is a new measuring instrument, its accuracy is much higher than that of the old one. 2. The freezing point of water on the Centigrade scale is 0° and that on the Fahrenheit scale is +32°. 3. The

density

of

the liquid air is only a little

less than that of water.

в)

1.

Your advice is more important

for us than hers. 2. The instru*

ments at our laboratory are not so modern as those at yours. 3. Their office is farther away from the Institute than ours. 4. Mercury revolves round the Sun at a higher speed than other planets. Its speed is mucb higher than theirs.

68

церевеДите следующие безличные предложения н группы слов (§ 114—116):

 

| t

is

late.

It is four

o'clock.

 

It

is

one

kilometre from our office to the Institute.

5)

It

is necessary to say ...

 

It

was

necessary

that ...

 

It

will

be

necessary

to do it.

 

It

is

important that ...

 

It was

important

to

measure ...

 

It

will

be

simple

to

define ...

B)

It

is

said

that ...

 

 

 

It was known that ...

 

It

will be shown that ...

 

It

seems

that ...

 

 

International Words

g. a) He прибегая к помощи словаря, переведите интернациональные слова, встречающиеся в тексте данного урока. Обратите внимание на их полное совпадение с соответствующими русскими словами по значению н частичное — по звучанию (§ 144):

atomic [atomik] a

million ['miljan]

bomb [Ьэт] n

period ['pionad] n

centre ['sento] n

planet ['plaemt] n

diameter [dai'aemito] n

reaction [n'aekjn] n

equivalent [ilcwivabnt] n, a

satellite ['saetalait] n

illumination [i^juimi'neijn] n

second ['sekand] n

kilometre [Tala^miita] n

universal [ju:m'v3:sl] a

method ['meGad] n

utilize ['ju:tilaiz] v

6) Переведите со словарем слова, частично совпадающие с соответствующими Русскими словами по значению. Выберите нужное значение слова, исходя из кон-

текста.

effective [ffektiv]

a

regular ['regjub] а

TEXT

A. OUR STAR —THE SUN

There are nine planets

in the solar system:

Me — Mercury ['ma:kjun] — Меркурий

Ve — Venus

['vi.nas] — Венера

Ea — Earth

[э:0] — Земля

69

Ma — Mars [ma:z] — Марс

Jupiter fd3u:pita] — Юпитер

Saturn fsaetan] — Сатурн

Uranus ['juaranas] — Уран

Neptune ['neptju:n] — Нептун

Pluto ['pluitou] — Плутон

PLI

What do you know today of the nearest star which lies 150 million kilometres away?

The Sun is a mass of flaming matter, the temperature at its surface is above 5,500 degrees Centigrade, the temperature in the Sun's centre is as high as 20 million degrees Centigrade. The Sun's diameter is 109 times that of the Earth and its mass is 330,000 times greater.

The illumination of the Earth by the Sun is 10 billion times stronger than that by Sinus, the brightest star of the northern hemisphere. But this does not mean that the Sun is bigger than Sirius: it is simply nearer the Earth.

Nine

planets with their satellites revolve round the Sun due to the

force

of

universal gravitation. It takes our Earth a little more than 365

days

to

revolve round the Sun.

The Sun is the most important body in the Universe for mankind. I1 provides us with light during the day and the light of the Moon is only the reflected sunlight.

It is also important that the Sun gives us heat without which no can exist on the Earth. It provides us with all the energy that we use every day.

70