Англ. для заоч.Андрианова
.pdfLESSON TWO
Правила чтения
1.Гласная е.
2.Согласная х и буквосочетания sure, ture.
Грамматика
1.Порядок слов в английском предложении.
2.Спряжение глаголов в Present Indefinite.
3.Производные от местоимений some, any, no, every.
4.Предлоги of; to, with, by, about.
5.Существительные в функции определения.
Словообразование
Суффиксы существительных -isL, -ег (-or), -ment, -ion (-ation, -sion, -ssion), -ing, -th.
КАК РАБОТАТЬ НАД УРОКОМ
Урок рекомендуется изучать следующим образом:
1. Выполните упражнения на повторение правил чтения.
2.Проработайте грамматический материал:
а) порядок слов в английском предложении (§ 110). Выполните
упражнение 19;
б) спряжение глаголов в Present Indefinite (§ 41—43). Обратите внимание на употребление вспомогательного глагола do (does) для образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм. Выполните упражнения 4 и 20;
в) производные от some, any, no, every (§ 17). Выполните упражнение 5.
3.Выучите правила употребления и перевода предлогов of, to, with, by, about (§ 6).
4.В тексте этого урока вы снова встретитесь с интернациональными словами. Перед чтением текста А выполните упражнение 6.
5.Прочтите текст А вслух два-три раза и переведите его, пользуясь примечаниями к тексту и словарем. Выучите слова на с. 46. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту (упражнение 7).
6.Для расширения словарного запаса и лучшего его усвоения выполните упражнения раздела "Word Study".
Для закрепления грамматического и лексического материала выполните все упражнения.
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8.Прочтите текст В и выполните упражнения 22—23.
9.Прочтите раздел "Do You Know That...".
Exercises
1. Прочтите слова и объясните правила чтения буквы е:
[е]— left, melt, shelf, desk, length, depth, then, well, bench, else, help, second, metric, pencil, method, plenty, con'dense, di'rect, de'pend, effect, im'mense, sug'gest, head, bread, breadth, spread, heavy, weather, weapon, ready, al'ready, leather
[э:]—her, term, serve, person, certain, thermal, vertical, mercury, i'nert, re'serve, de'termine, con'vert, earth, heard, learn, early, re'search
[i:] — we, |
these, |
even, meter, recent, com'plete, treat, each, means, |
cease, clean, feet, freeze, deep, needle, sheet, speed, teacher, |
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steamer, easy, season, ceiling, re'ceive, in'crease, de'gree, be'tween, |
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pro'ceed, re'peat |
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[ia] —here, |
sere, mere, near, shear, clear, tear, cheer, steer, zero, seri- |
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ous, |
period, |
ca'reer, ap'pear, se'vere, .engi'neer |
[ei] —they, grey, break, great, eight, weight, freight, con'vey, con'veyor
[ju:, u:] — new, |
few, |
newspaper, crew, screw, |
flew |
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2. Прочтите слова и объясните правила чтения буквы х |
и буквосочетаний sure и /иге: |
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[gz] — e'xam, e'xist, |
e'xample, e'xact, e'xert, |
e'xalt |
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[ks] — box, fix, |
mix, |
next, extra, complex, |
oxygen, ex'pect, ex'plain, |
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ex'ceed |
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[t/э]— lecture, picture, nature, fracture, temperature, mixture, feature
[J]— pressure, fissure, as'sure, en'sure
[3]— measure, pleasure, treasure, leisure, measurement
3.Прочтите слова с ударением на втором слоге, обращая внимание на чтение ударной гласной и окончания:
attaches, remains, converts, subtracts, advances, appears, arranges, compares, completes, connects, contains, installs, possesses, prepares, replaces, researches, respects, suggests
Control Exercise
lecture, measure, we, metric, weight, length, metre, red, each, temperature, pressure, con'veyor, mercury, depth, means, then, be'tween, well,
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feet, fix, freeze, readings, de'grees, ceases, complex, her, these, se'vere, people, lecture, .engi'neer, e'xample, desks, breadth, e'xist, screw, certain, con'vert
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GRAMMAR STUDY |
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Спряжение глаголов в Present Indefinite |
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Утвердитель- |
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to test |
to study |
to give |
to do |
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ная форма |
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• |
, испы- |
изучать |
давать делать |
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тывать |
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Rive |
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I (we. you, they) |
test |
study |
do |
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с 3-м л.ед.ч. —be (she, it) |
tests |
studies |
Rives |
does |
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Отрицатель- |
I (we, you, they) do not |
test |
study |
give |
do |
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ная форма |
He (she, it) does not |
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give.-? |
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Вопроситель- Do you (I, we, they) |
test..? |
study...? |
do...? |
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ная форма |
Does he (she, it) |
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4. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы: |
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1. Mr. Black always draws on a drawing |
board. |
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2. These young men and women study at an English |
technical |
college. |
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3. |
The |
students |
go to the institute by tram. |
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4. |
The |
teacher |
hangs tables and |
diagrams |
before a |
lecture. |
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5.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление и различные значения неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений и наречий (§ 14 —17):
thing
1. some + body (one) — в утвердительных предложениях where
Some tables hang on the wall. He puts some water into a tube. Some 15 tables hang on the wall. There is something in the tube.
Somebody (someone) puts water into a tube. There is a tube somewhere on the shelf.
thing
2. any + body (one) - а) в вопросительных предложениях where
Do any tables hang on the wall?
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Does he put any water into |
a tube? |
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Is there |
anything in the tube? |
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Does anybody |
(anyone) put |
water |
into the tube? |
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Is there |
a tube |
anywhere on |
the |
shelf? |
— б) в утвердительных предложениях
Any student can do these simple experiments.
Any body has weight and mass.
Anybody (anyone) can multiply these numbers.
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thing |
3. |
n o |
body (one) — в отрицательных предложениях |
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(not any) |
where |
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There hang no tables on the wall. |
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No tables hang on the wall. |
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There are |
no (not any) tables on the wall. |
He does |
not put any water into a tube. |
He puts no water into a tube. |
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There is |
nothing in the tube. |
Nobody puts water into a tube.
There is no tube anywhere on the shelf.
thing |
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4. every + body (one) - |
в утвердительных, вопросительных |
where |
и отрицательных предложениях |
Every student is present at the lecture today. Everybody (everyone) is present at the lecture today. Does Mr. X do everything with great accuracy?
Mr. X does not do everything with great accuracy.
International Words
6.а) Определите значения интернациональных слов, встречающихся в тексте
Аданного урока. Обратите внимание на их частичное фонетическое сходство с
соответствующими русскими словами; затем слова прочтите (§ 144). При переводе обращайте внимание на пометы, обозначающие части речи.
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б) Не прибегая к помощи словаря, переведите интернациональные слова. Об- оатите внимание на их полное совпадение с соответствующими русскими словами по значению.
base [beis] v
centimetre ['senti,mi:t3] n cubic [Tcju.bik] a element ['elimant] n
experiment [iks'penmant] n gram(me) [graem] n
illustrate ['ilastreit] v kilogram(me) [Talagraem] n laboratory [1эЪэгэйп] n metre ['mi:te] n
metric ['metrik] a
в) Переведите со словарем слова, частично совпадающие с соответствующими русскими словами по значению. Выберите нужное значение слова, исходя из
контекста.
foot |
[fut] п |
mass [maes] п |
г) Найдите |
в словаре значения следующих |
слов. Это — так называемые «лаж- |
ные друзья переводчика», т. е. слова, сходные по звучанию, но совершенно не совпадающие по значению с соответствующими русскими словами.
accuracy ['aekjurasi] п accurate ['aekjunt] а
TEXT A. MEASUREMENTS
Mr. Hall delivers lectures to the students at the college. He delivers lectures three times a week: on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Mr. Hall is a very accurate man. He always begins his lectures in time.
Today is the 5th of September, Monday. His lecture is about measurements. Mr. Hall illustrates his lectures with numerous examples, diagrams and experiments. He says: "In scientific work we usually measure
in units of the metric system. The metric or decimal system is the inter- |
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national |
system of measures and weights which |
is based1 on the |
metre |
and the |
kilogramme. The metric unit of length |
is the metre. The |
metre |
Is based on the wave-length of orange-red light |
which is given off1 by |
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Inches
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Centimetres |
• Г Г Г Г Г Е К Г К Е |
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the element Krypton 86, and is measured1 with great accuracy in scien-i tific laboratories all over the world.2 The metre is divided into 100 centimetres and each centimetre into 10 millimetres.
The corresponding units of mass, volume and pressure are the kilogramme, the cubic metre and the Newton/m2 respectively.
Mr. Hall ends the lecture with the words: "The metric system of measures and weights is used in most countries of the world. But there is also another system of measures and weights, the Imperial System,3 which is based on the foot and the pound. Some countries still use this system."
Here is an example of the difference between the two systems:
Imperial System |
Metric System |
1 inch (in) |
2.540 cm |
1 foot (ft) |
30.45 cm |
1 yard (yd) |
91.44 cm |
1 mile (m) |
1.609 km |
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Note: 3 inches = 3' |
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5 feet = 5'
Notes on the Text
1.is based— основывается, основана (и далее:-is given off, is measured, is divided, etc. — сказуемые в страдательном залоге)
2.all over the world — во всем мире
3.Imperial System — британская стандартная система мер и весов
Words |
to Be Learnt |
always adv — всегда |
mercury л — ртуть |
begin (began, begun) v — начинать |
numerous a — многочисленный |
decimal a — десятичный |
pound л — фунт |
degree л —градус |
pressure л — давление |
difference л — разница, различие; |
scale л — шкала |
разность |
unit л — единица |
divide v — делить |
use v — использовать |
each pron — каждый |
usually adv — обычно |
give (gave, given) v — давать |
volume л — объем |
great a — большой |
water л — вода |
measure л — мера; v — измерять |
weight л — вес |
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7. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. |
Who delivers lectures to the students? |
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2. |
On what days does Mr. Hall deliver lectures? |
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3. |
What is the unit of mass? |
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4. |
How do |
we normally measure (a) volume, (b) pressure? |
5. |
In what |
units do we usually measure distance? |
WORD STUDY
8.Образуйте существительные с помощью данных суффиксов. Переведите исходные и производные слова (§ 142, 1):
-ist: physic(s),' telegraph, special, social
-er: to read, to lecture), to report, to convert
-or: to construct, to translat(e), to generat(e), to act -ing: to draw, to read, to begin
-ment: to measure
-th: long,1 broad, strong
-ion: to construct, to illustrat(e), to express -ation: to combin(e), to inform
-sion: to divi(de), to deci(de), to conver(t) -ssion: to transmi(t), to permi(t)
9. Выделите суффиксы существительных и переведите слова на русский язык:
scientist, doctor, reporter, operator, measurement, multiplication, dimension, depth, width, beginning, division, production, drawing, conversion, subtraction, professor, specialist, profession, function, radiator
10. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на пары синонимов:
In |
the country where Mr. Hall lives: |
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а) the maximum temperature |
} . _ЛО |
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. > is 30° |
Centigrade, |
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the upper temperature limit J |
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б) |
the minimum temperature |
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the lower temperature limit l i s |
0°С. |
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1 В |
скобки взяты буквы, которые |
при |
добавлении суффикса опускаются: |
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geolog(y) — geologist.
В существительных, образованных от прилагательных при помощи суффикса * е. меняется корневая основа.
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в) the average] |
ж |
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) C O P |
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> temperature |
is 15 C. |
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the mean |
J |
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1. The maximum speed of this car is 130 kilometres per hour. The minimum speed is 5 km per hour. So the average speed is 67.5 km! per hour. 2. The motor gives the maximum 4power for the minimum weight.
11. Переведите следующие сочетания, учитывая многозначность выделенных слов:
hand п |
number п |
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the hand of a man |
the number of the lesson |
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the hand of a clock |
the number of students |
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the hand of a compass |
a number of examples |
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product n |
unit n |
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the product of industry |
the unit of length |
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the product of conversion |
the unit of mass |
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the product of multiplication |
the unit of a motor |
i |
12. Переведите сочетания слов, обращая внимание на значение предлогов:
of: |
the pressure of water, to |
speak of something, one of |
them |
to: |
to show to the students, to |
go to the factory, to turn to |
the right |
by: to operate by hand, to speak by telephone, by means of a battery, to sit by the window
with: to illustrate with tables, to write with a pencil, a tube with water, to speak with our friends
about: to speak about the lecture, to do about 15 experiments
13.Переведите сочетания слов, обращая внимание на перевод существительных • функции определения (§ 7):
difference — atmospheric pressure difference length — the wave-length, the light wave-length phenomenon — nature phenomenon
laboratory — physics laboratory, institute physics laboratory measurements — pressure measurements, gas pressure measurements
14.Укажите, по каким признакам можно определить, является ли слово глаголом или существительным. Переведите следующие слова и сочетания слов:
1.he experiments, his experiments, they experiment, their experiment, these experiments, this experiment
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2. |
a measure, he measures, |
the |
measures, this measure, it measures, |
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m easure, no |
measure, |
does |
not |
measure |
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1 |
3. |
it lights, |
its |
lights, |
the light, |
they light, their light, some light, no |
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light, |
any light, |
do |
they |
light |
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15 Определите, каким русским падежам эквивалентны английские существитель- * ные в сочетании с предлогами of, to, with, by, about (§ б). Предложения переведите:
1. Mr. Hall delivers lectures to the students of a technical college.
2. |
He |
always comes to his work in time. |
3. |
The |
volume of a millilitre is equal to a cubic centimetre. |
4. The |
students always try to make experiments with their own hands. |
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5.Sometimes they make experiments with the help of their professor's assistants.
6.Mr. Hall tries to illustrate hislectures with numerous tables and figures.
7. |
There is something |
interesting about the properties of this gas in |
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Mr. Hall's scientific |
paper. |
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8. |
By |
some experiments the lecturer illustrates the measurement of |
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gas |
pressure. |
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16. Переведите отрицательные предложения, обращая внимание на различные способы выражения отрицания в английском языке (§ 16):
Some laboratory assistants work Laboratory assistants do not work No laboratory assistants work
None of the laboratory assistants works Not a single laboratory assistants works Nobody works
Laboratory assistants never work
here between 3 and 4 o'clock.
«here between 3 and 4 o'clock.
*17. а) Переведите слова в скобках на английский язык (см. таблиц); § 17);
б) предложения переведите.
1. |
This element has (несколько) important properties. |
2. |
There is (что-то) in the tube. |
3. |
There is (нет) difference between these two figures. |
4. |
(Кто-нибудь) works in the laboratory (каждое) morning. |
5. |
My friends always go (куда-нибудь) in summer. |
6. |
(Все, каждый) makes experiments in the laboratories. |
7. |
He says (ничего) about his tests. |
8. |
Do you give your books to (всем)? |
9. |
(Ни один) student uses these instruments. |
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10.The teacher's assistant measures (всё) with a great degree of ac-: curacy.
11. She never says (ничего) about her studies.
18. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы:
а) |
с глаголами to be и to have (§ 131, 133 и таблицы, с. 31 —32). |
1. |
The temperature of the water is 43°C. |
2. Mr. Hall has some assistants. |
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3. |
There was somebody in the laboratory in the morning. |
б) с другими глаголами (§ 43 и таблица, с. 43). |
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1. |
They take readings every 30 seconds. |
2. |
The professor's assistant always shows us experiments in the laboratory. |
3.My friends go somewhere in summer.
19.Сделайте синтаксический анализ предложений по данной схеме:
Обстоятельство |
Подлежащее |
Сказуемое |
Дополнение |
Обстоятельство | |
In scientific work |
we |
measure |
volume |
in cubic |
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centimetres. |
1. |
Our lectures begin at 6 o'clock in the evening. |
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2. |
The students measure gas pressure |
at the laboratory. |
3. |
On Mondays and Fridays Mr. Black |
delivers lectures at the college., |
20. *a) Составьте предложения из следующих |
слов; б) предложения переведите; |
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1. |
countries, the metric system, use, most, now. |
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2. |
begin, never, at 7 o'clock, in the morning, the lectures. |
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3. |
work, in the evening, Mr. Hall, does not, on Fridays. |
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4. |
Krypton 86, give off, does, white |
light? |
21. Прочтите текст В и постарайтесь понять его содержание:
TEXT В. MEASURING TEMPERATURE
There are several scales for measuring temperature. On the Centigrade scale the boiling point of water is fixed at 100° (one hundred de^ grees), its freezing point is at 0° (zero). The equivalent points on the Fahrenheit scale are at 212° and 32°.
When it is necessary to convert temperature readings from the Fahrenheit scale to the Centigrade, we subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9.
Sometimes scientists use the Absolute scale (Kelvin) in which thej temperature is measured in degrees Centigrade from the point at which molecular motion ceases. Absolute zero is -273.1°C.
The instruments measuring temperature, the thermometers, are nearly identical but each has a different scale. Most thermometers use mercurj
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