Англ. для заоч.Андрианова
.pdf_гите текст А и выпишите из него все интернациональные слова.
уПР0"*' я слов capital, contribution, co-operation, department найдите в словаре,
^^льиые слова переведите, не прибегая к помощи словаря.
TEXT Л. PULKOVO — RUSSIA'S MAIN OBSERVATORY
Two great observatories, Greenwich and Pulkovo, occupy a leading
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pulkovo |
is situated |
in a hilly area some kilometres from |
St. Peters- |
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you |
can't get to |
Pulkovo by train: when the railway |
was being |
built the astronomers specially asked that it should be kept several kilometres away so that there should be no vibration to affect the sensitive instruments.
The work started in 1839, when the observatory was opened, and it
is being continued now. This |
is the eternal work of astronomers — to de- |
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fine the precise |
co-ordinates |
of the stars, to find out |
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exact |
"ad- |
dresses" of heavenly bodies. |
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But today the scientists also conduct a time service, |
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study |
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ity of the Sun, |
follow the |
flights of the Earth sputniks and calculate |
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their orbits. The scientists of the observatory have made a valuable contribution1 to the study of the cosmos by observing artificial Earth satellites, man-made moons. The study of their orbits is very important for the flights of manned spaceships.
The Pulkovo observatory has a radioastronomy department equipped with modern apparatus. The big radio telescope installed there is stronger than any other telescope in the world. With the help of this powerful device the scientists of the Pulkovo observatory carry out a number of observations of Venus, Jupiter and other planets. It is necessary that before flying to other planets scientists should get the greatest Possible information about the heavenly bodies.
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The astronomers have obtained extremely surprising results ^ radioastronomical observation. By means of2 the radio telescope son^ markable studies of the surface of the Sun and of solar activity been made and a method of investigating the movement of planets к*
been worked out. |
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Astronomical observation and cosmic experiments are spheres of |
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entific research in which broad co-operation of scientists of vario^ countries would be most effective.
Notes on the Text
1. have made a contribution — внесли вклад
2. by means of—посредством
Words to Be Learnt
affect v — воздействовать artificial a — искусственный device n — прибор
dream л — мечта; v — мечтать
exact a — точный
extremely adv — чрезвычайно find out (found) v — узнать flight л — полет
fly (flew; flown) v — летать follow v — следить, следовать
fulfil v — выполнять keep (kept) v—держать launch v — запускать
man v — укомплектовывать личным составом
observe v — наблюдать remarkable a — выдающийся • sensitive a — чувствительный situate v — располагать
start v — начинать
4. Ответьте на вопросы: |
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1. |
What |
two |
observatories |
occupy a leading place in the world? |
2. |
What |
do |
some scientists |
call Pulkovo? |
3.Where is Pulkovo situated?
4.Why did the astronomers ask to keep the railway away froB1
Pulkovo? |
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5. |
What is the eternal work of astronomers? |
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6. |
What |
other |
kinds of |
work do astronomers |
conduct now? |
? |
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7. |
Why |
is |
it |
important |
to study the orbits of |
man-made satelli^ |
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8. |
How |
do |
scientists at |
the Pulkovo observatory carry out obse |
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tions |
of Venus, |
Jupiter and |
other planets? |
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WORD STUDY
Определите, к каким частям речи откосятся выделенные слова; сочетания
* *ре*еяите:
to conduct a time service; a conductor of electricity; a semiconducdevice; the conductivity of this metal; the conduction of electrons;
JJJLi conductance; conducting capacity
to observe stars; an accurate observation; a careful observer; astrojnical observatory instruments; an observable phenomenon
electrical power; a power station; a powerful telescope technical progress; highly skilful technician; modern technique
^образуйте слова при помощи данных отрицательных префиксов и переведите как исходные, так и производные слова:
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un-:able, obtainable, capable, productive, important, successful, natu- |
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ral, |
limited, |
equal, |
known, practical |
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in-: efficient, dependent, visible, complete, definite |
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im-: possible, pure, measurable |
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non-: parallel, ferrous, |
conductive, |
metallic |
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7. Запомните значения |
слов mean и |
means |
и |
переведите |
предложения: |
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•еав v — значить; а — средний |
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means л — средство |
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by means of— посредством |
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by all means — обязательно |
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by no means — нн в коем случае |
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1. Utilizing solar |
power |
on a large scale means getting possession of |
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immense source |
of power. |
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2- Radio and television |
play an important role as a means of peo- |
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Ple's political and cultural |
education. |
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3. The energy of the |
Sun |
is converted |
into |
electrical |
energy |
by |
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tteam of solar |
batteries. |
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^ |
TCie |
high |
temperature |
research is an important problem |
of science. |
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11 is by no means a new one. |
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We |
must |
by |
all means complete |
this |
work |
in time, |
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n, ^ Men have tried to use solar energy |
since the |
earliest times |
but |
no |
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eotf118 ex*ste(* t o |
generate useful power |
from |
the Sun's heat |
until |
steam |
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^were invented,
иц, |
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A mean solar |
day |
is the mean time during which the Earth |
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one revolution |
round |
the Sun. |
119 ^РИвновл |
193 |
&. Переведнге на русский язык; каждый раз читайте целиком все предложен^
It is necessary that
He suggested that
They applied new methods of work
We wish
< 4
the engine should function properiv the research be conducted daily he complete his work this year.
the work started last year should continue.
the old device be substituted.
so that the automatic line (should) be installed in time,
lest the efficiency of the installation (should) be low.
this idea were put into practice, you had informed us about the latest
discoveries in nuclear physics.
9. Переведите предложения, объясните употребление сослагательного наклонена*:
1. It is highly desirable that more radioelectronic devices should be applied for astronomical observation and measurements.
2.Without radioelectronics there would be no cybernetics, cosmonautics and nuclear physics.
3.We wish our dreams would become reality.
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4. |
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The electrons move round the nucleus as if they were the planets |
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of |
the |
solar system moving round the Sun. |
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Astronomers conduct further study of the stars so that the physicists |
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could |
better understand |
the processes going on inside atoms. |
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6. |
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K.E. Tsiolkovsky |
suggested that heat from radioactive materials be |
used |
as rocket fuel. |
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7. |
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Don't raise the temperature lest the speed of the reaction should |
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be |
too |
high. |
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8.The substance should be purified so that it might be used for th15 purpose.
9.A group of scientists proposed that special synthetic substances added to wood so that it become stronger. Such kind of wood could
used even in machine building. |
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10. It would be impossible to measure the temperature of Ve |
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without a radio telescope. |
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11. It is necessary that highly |
sensitive reception devices be m |
for the radio telescope to achieve |
better results in observation. |
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l! ЦеремД*те предложения, обращая особое внимание на знамения выделенных
слов:
«) I, At the time when electricity was invented it was impossible to imagine anything more perfect. But man did not stop at electricity, he discovered another source of energy, many times more powerful — the atomic energy.
2. Pressure in the centre of the Sun is some hundred billion times higher than that of the air we breathe.
3. Work is measured by product of the moving force times the distance through which the force acts.
б) I. Russian scientists have achieved great results in nuclear physics research.
2. The flow of electrons in one direction results in producing an electric current.
3. The production of high pressure gases results from a chemical reaction.
•П. а) Ояределите |
функции |
глаголов should я |
would (§ 137); б) предложена* |
яереведнте. |
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1. Since the |
Moon is much less massive than our globe, we would |
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not weigh so much there. |
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2. We were |
suggested |
that we should |
carefully study the properties |
of this solid under high temperature. |
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3. Without the force of gravitation there would be no pressure in |
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liquids. |
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4. Before beginning an experiment one should carefully read all the |
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instructions. |
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5. The steam generator is designed so that the steam generating pro- |
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cess should be |
entirely automatic. |
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6. It would |
be desirable to carry out this work as soon as possible. |
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7. We hoped we would succeed in our experimental work.
8. Mendeleyev predicted that the missing elements would be found
^would fill the blanks in his table.
Last year |
we would |
spend much |
time |
in the laboratory. |
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It is |
necessary |
that |
the |
crystals |
of crystal clocks should vibrate |
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л a vacuum |
lest |
air |
resistance |
should |
affect |
their vibration. |
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12. Прочтите текст В и постарайтесь понять его содержание, пользуясь новых слов н сочетаний:
TEXT В. THE UNIQUE TELESCOPE
association n — объединение |
naked eye — невооруженный глаз |
candle flame — пламя свечи |
polish v — полировать |
clear a — ясный |
recent a — недавний; зд. последний |
dome n — купол |
remote a — удаленный |
image n — изображение |
tower n — башня |
mirror n — зеркало |
view n — вид, картина |
For more than four centuries telescopes have been the Earth's win. dow on the universe. But the views they give have been limited by the size and shape of the instruments. Now scientists in many countries are developing bigger telescopes that will enable astronomers to look deeper
into the corners of the universe. The main |
principle of a telescope is: |
the larger the mirror, the clearer and brighter |
the reflected image will be. |
The world's largest optical telescope is |
in the North Caucasus at |
2,100 metres above the sea level. It was designed and created at the Le-
ningrad Optical |
and |
Mechanical Association (LOMO). The main |
part of |
the telescope is |
the |
mirror which is six metres in diameter and |
weighs |
42 tons. Tbe mirror's area is about 30 square metres and it has been polished to the highest degree of accuracy. The telescope is housed in a tower with a revolving 1,000-ton dome.
Many countries have developed large-size optical telescopes in the recent 30 years, but this telescope is the most powerful. The following gives an idea of what the telescope can do. With this telescope a candle flame can be seen from a distance of 25,000 km. Its power is 40-50 million times greater than that of a naked eye. With this telescope astronomers can investigate the most remote bodies in the universe. It will help to solve many important scientific problems, thus making a great contribution to the mankind's knowledge. Astronomers have used the telescope to take several unique photographs of stars. The development of this unique telescope is a great achievement of Russian science aod technology.
•13. Выберите правильный ответ в соответствии с содержанием текста:
1. What is the main principle of |
a telescope? |
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a) |
the |
smaller the mirror, the |
brighter the reflected |
image; |
b) |
the |
lighter the mirror, the brighter the reflected |
image; |
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c) |
the |
larger the mirror, the clearer and brighter the |
reflected imag®- |
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A/hick |
is |
the main part of |
an optical |
telescope? |
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^ a) a revolving dome; b) a mirror; c) |
an electronic |
control |
unit, |
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can |
astronomers |
investigate with |
this unique |
telescope? |
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40 l i r |
star — the |
Sun; |
b) |
man-made |
satellites; c) |
the most |
remote |
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bodies |
in the |
universe. |
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I заполните пропуски, пользуясь списком слов, данных ниже:
1. The views the telescopes give are limited by the ... and ... of the uistmments.
2.The main principle of a telescope is the ... the mirror the ... the reflected image.
3.The unique telescope was ... and ... at the Leningrad Optical and
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The ...Associationf the telescope mirror is 30 square metres. |
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Mechanical |
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5. |
The |
... of |
this telescope is 40-50 million |
times |
... than |
that of |
a |
naked |
eye. |
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6. |
With |
this |
telescope astronomers can ... the |
most |
remote |
bodies |
in |
the universe.
investigate; designed; created; area; size; shape; power; larger; brighter; greater
Revision Exercises
i.Переведите фразы и предложения, обращая внимание на функции герундия и армчастия и способы их перевода (§ 105):
*) 1. Making |
an experiment with a |
new |
substance |
showed... |
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Making |
an |
experiment with |
a |
new |
substance, |
the student... |
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2. |
Carrying out observations will |
give |
... |
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Carrying out observations, the |
astronomers... |
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3. |
Exchanging |
T V |
programmes, |
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w e can... |
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Exchanging |
T V |
programmes |
helps... |
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4. Possessing energy due to motion, the body...
Possessing energy due to motion means...
Launching artificial satellites is...
Launching artificial satellites, we learn...
'He is producing new tools for...
Our aim is producing new tools for...
• The |
scientist |
is completing a series |
of experiments in... |
The |
task is |
completing a series of experiments in... |
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• Man is mastering the atom's secrets. |
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Our purpose |
is mastering the atom's |
secrets. |
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*II. а) Переведите предложения на русский язык; б) определите, чем «вл слова, оканчивающиеся на -ing (причастием, герундием или отглагол
существительным) (§ 105, 106):
1. The Earth and |
the Moon travel together making a complete |
r |
around the Sun oncc |
a year. |
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2. Besides using optical telescopes scientists are extensively cmplov ing radio telescopes, which are huge antennae, constantly listening to ц^ radio signals coming from our distant neighbours in the universe.
3. |
Astronomers determine the mass of the Sim by calculating its ef- |
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fects |
on |
the Earth. |
4. |
Knowing how to detect radio signals emitted by the Sun and other |
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heavenly |
bodies people can greatly enlarge their possibilities of observ- |
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ing the |
universe. |
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5.The night sky radiation prevents the astronomer from seeing the most distant objects.
6.Solar batteries converting the energy of the Sun directly into electric current are sources of electric energy for radio and television equip-
ment |
on spaceships and man-made satellites. |
7. |
Using atomic fuel for the production of electricity is one of the |
most |
perspective sources. |
8. |
Splitting atoms scientists have learned to release much energy. |
9. |
Splitting uranium may release neutrons to split more atoms to |
form |
a chain reaction. |
10. At the beginning of the century scientists succeeded in breaking the nucleus of the atom by attacking it with very small particles flying with high speed.
IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW THAT...
...only about 200 |
of the brighter |
stars |
have been given i n d i v i d u e l |
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names. |
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...people began to |
give names to |
the stars about 2,000 years ag°- |
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...the Sun is the star nearest the |
Earth, |
and the mean |
distance fr00* |
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the Sun to the Earth |
is 93 million miles. |
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...on a clear night |
man can see with a naked eye about |
4,000 stars- |
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a star's brightness depends upon three factors: its distance from us,
,^j,peraturc and its size. The |
nearer |
the star, |
the brighter it |
looks. |
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,tS m stars of the same |
size and |
at the |
same distance, the hotter |
stars |
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be the |
brighter. |
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there |
are stars of |
different |
colours — red, |
orange, |
yellow, |
white |
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d blue. More seldom |
we can |
see violet and |
green |
stars. |
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the hottest stars have a surface temperature about 80,000° Fahrenjgjt the coolest visible stars are about 3,000° Fahrenheit at their surface.
ЗАКОНЧИВ РАБОТУ НАД УРОКОМ 14, ВЫ ДОЛЖНЫ ЗНАТЬ:
I Буквы и буквосочетания, передающие звук [ei].
2.Трамматичсскнй материал: сослагательное наклонение, способы его образования, случаи употребления сослагательного наклонения и его перевод на русский язык.
3.Слова, выделенные для запоминания, с. 192.
Вы должны знать 368 слов и выражений.
LESSON FIFTEEN
Правила чтения Буквы н буквосочетания, передающие звуки [е] и [i:].
Грамматика
Условные придаточные предложения.
КАК РАБОТАТЬ НАД УРОКОМ
Урок рекомендуется изучать следующим образом:
1. Выполните упражнение на повторение правил чтения.
2.Проработайте грамматический материал: три типа условных предложений (§ 128). Особое внимание обратите на то, что условные предложения I типа (реальные) переводятся изъявительным наклонением, в то время как предложения II типа (маловероятные) и П1 типа (нереальные) переводятся сослагательным наклонением. Выучите союзы, вводящие условные предложения, с. 201, и выполните упражнение 2, пользуясь таблицей на с. 201. Обратите внимание на бессоюзные придаточные предложения условия (§
129)и выполните упражнение 3.
3.Выполните упражнение 4 на интернациональную лексику.
4.Прочтите текст А вслух два-три раза и переведите его, пользуясь примечаниями к тексту и словарем. Выучите слова на с. 203.
Ответьте на вопросы к тексту (упражнение 5).
5.Для расширения словарного запаса и лучшего его усвоение выполните упражнения раздела "Word Study".
6.Для закрепления грамматического и лексического материал® выполните упражнения 8—12.
7. Прочтите текст В и выполните упражнения 14, 15.
8.Для повторения пройденного материала выполните упражнений раздела "Revision Exercises".
9.Прочтите раздел "Time for Fun".
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