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, What places have you been to in a) our country, b) abroad? <7 po you spend your holiday with your family (your friends) or do

«refer to

spend

it alone?

'V<)Ug Where do you

prefer to spend your holidays — in the country, in

fountains,

at the

seaside or just stay in town?

^ 9 Where were you on holiday last summer? Did you go anywhere

stay in

town?

 

 

 

 

 

Ю If Уои w e n t

s o m e w here how

did

you get

to the place

of your

choice

(by train,

by plane, ...)?

 

 

 

 

11.

How

long

did it take you to

get

there?

 

 

12.

Did

you go

there with your

friend (wife,

husband) or

alone?

13.Did you have a good rest?

14.You enjoyed your holiday, didn't you?

15. What are your plans for the coming summer?

6. Используя материал текста, диалогов и упражнений, расскажите:

а) о своей последней поездке, б) об отпуске, планируемом на ближайшее лето.

6. OUR

—Mr. Butler, you've come to Russia for the first time, haven't you?

Мистер Батлер, вы в России впервые, не правда ли?

Have you come on business Or as a tourist?

Вы Приехали по делам или как ЗДст?

—Have you seen much of our Gentry yet?

jj4 Уже многое посмотрели в

**** стране?

COUNTRY

— Yes, that's right

Да, это так.

— I'm an explorer and have come on business.

Я исследователь и приехал по делам.

— Oh no, I only arrived in St Petersburg two days ago.

О нет, я прибыл в Петербург только два дня назад •

 

The total area of Russia is a

little more than 17 million square

kilo-

-

^

The population is about

150 million people. The capital of

Rus-

sia

, s

Moscow.

 

 

271

The greater part of the territory of Russia is vast plains wi^ mountain ranges and long rivers. The Urals divide Russia into the

pean and Asian

parts.

 

The Volga and the Ural are the

longest rivers in the European

of the country.

The longest rivers

in the Asian part are the Ob

Yenisei and the Lena which flow into the Arctic Ocean. The wor J

largest

inland

sea

is the Caspian. Lake

Baikal

is

the

world's deep^

lake.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

As

Russia

is a

very large country, its

climate

is

very

different. How-

ever, we can say that it is mainly continental. The Arctic Ocean influ.

ences the weather

on a great territory of the country. In some parts of

our country winter lasts as long as six months.

The European

part of Russia is in the temperate zone with warm or

hot summers and

rather mild winters.

Our country is very rich in mineral resources, especially it isrichin gas, oil and forests which are exported to different countries on a large scale.'

From an agricultural country before the 1917 Revolution our country has become a highly developed industrial and agricultural state. After the Revolution heavy industry has been created; there have appeared such new branches of industry as aviation, machine-building, chemical, auto-

mobile and

many others. A number

of

hydroelectric power

stations have

been

constructed

as well.

 

 

 

 

 

It is to

be noted3 that the first atomic power

station

in

the world be-

gan

operating in

Obninsk near

Moscow in

1954,

the

first atomic

ice-breaker

in the world was also built in Russia. For a number of year*

our

country

played a leading role

in

the field

of space exploration, (я

1957, the first artificial satellite (sputnik) in the world was launched in Russia. On the 12th of April we celebrate Cosmonautics Day in the memory of the first space flight carried out by Yury Gagarin in 1961.

The new political system has brought great changes in all spheresso life in Russia. The Russian Federation is an independent state vvitn

president at the head. The president

is elected every

four years

at g*0

eral

elections.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The political system consists

of

three

branches of power:

 

 

1. the legislative branch4 is the Parliament that is divided into

houses — the

Upper House,

that

is

the

Federation

Council,

and

Lower

House,

the Duma.

 

 

 

 

 

ai

 

2.

the executive branch3 is the government with Prime Minis*®

the

head.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.

the judicial branch6

headed

by the Supreme

Court.

 

272

 

^ e r e exist a

great many political parties and organizations (political

 

11as

social)

in our country

today.

as

*

 

 

Notes

on the Text

 

 

 

 

 

. laгее

scale — зд. в больших количествах

, , вовЛег of—ряд, несколько

 

* j, jj to be

noted — Следует отметить

 

'

legislative

branch — законодательная власть (ветвь власти)

j

tbc executive

branch — исполнительная

власть

(,

die Judicial

branch — судебная власть

 

 

 

 

 

Words

to Be Learnt

total а обшин, всеобщий plain n равнина

fafluence v влиять; л влияние tonperate zone умеренная зона create v создавать, творить

carry out v выполнять elect v избирать election л выборы

government л правительство

Прочтите диалоги и выучите их наизусть.

 

 

 

Dialogue 1

 

 

REPORTER: (Addressing

Mr. Butler who headed an expedition

to

Kamchatka):

How do you do, Mr. Butler? I'm Alexander

Somov, a reporter for the St. Petersburg Times.

 

MR BUTLER: How do you do, Mr. Somov?

 

 

Our newspaper

is very

much interested in the results of your expedi-

tion. Have

you

had a

good journey? Have

you seen much of

our

country?

 

 

 

 

 

The journey

was quite

safe and comfortable. As to your country, it's

really very

large. We

especially felt it when

we were coming back

by train. It was very interesting to cross the

whole country from

the

Far East to

St.

Petersburg.

 

 

3.impressed you most during your expedition?

^

first of all,

it's

Kamchatka itself with volcanoes

and unusually

high

8eysers.

 

 

 

 

3 .

what

about

Siberia? What have you seen

there?

 

 

* have visited Irkutsk, Novosibirsk and some other industrial and

 

r^hiral centres. We saw your beautiful Lake Baikal. We met many

 

*®testing people. I must say that Russians are

very friendly.

I'm

 

J?^ sorry, Mr. Somov, but we are in a hurry now. Goodbye!

 

 

you

for the interview, Mr. Butler. Goodbye!

 

273

Dialogue 2

(Somov is phoning Mr. Butler on the next day)

SOMOV: Is that you, Mr. Butler?

Good morning!

MR. BUTLER: Good morning, Mr. Somov!

 

S.: Could I ask you a few more

questions,

Mr. Butler?

В.: Yes, of course. I'm free now

and I'm

ready to talk to you.

S.: Mr. Butler, you have seen our Far East, Siberia, you have been

Altai. Is there anything else you would

like to

see?

10

В.: Yes, there is a region in your country which greatly attracts

tourist.

It's the "Golden Ring of Russia". I've

heard a

lot about

it but j

don't know what it is.

S.: Oh, it's a really popular tour which embraces a number of towns щ Central Russia: Zagorsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Suzdal and some others. They are old Russian towns which are famous for their anciea

architecture, churches and monasteries. If one wants to

have an ifa

of the

life of Russians a few centuries ago, one should

certainly make

this tour. You will admire an unusual excursion to the past and it will

certainly help you to understand present Russia much

better.

В.: Thank

you for your advice, Mr. Somov.

 

 

 

EXERCISES

 

1. Закончите предложения, использун слова и словосочетания из текста:

1.

The

greater part of the territory of Russia ...

 

2.

The

Urals divide Russia ...

 

3. Lake Baikal is ...

 

4.

The climate of Russia is ...

 

5.

The Arctic Ocean influences ...

 

6.

The European part of Russia is in ...

 

7.

Our country is very rich in ...

 

8.

After the 1917 Revolution there have appeared such ...

9.

The

first atomic power station in the world began ...

10. In 1957 ... was launched in Russia.

 

11.

On

the 12th of April we celebrate ...

 

12.The Russian Federation is ...

13.The legislative branch is ...

14.The executive branch is the government ..

15.The judicial branch is headed ...

16.There exist a great many ...

274

0еревсдите вторую часть предложений на английский язык:

Asky°ur friend

1 Tell your friends(,)

рассказать о его путешествии по (about) России,

показать вам на карте, какие места он посетил,

показать вам фотографии, которые он привез.

овашей поездке на Валаам, что вы узнали об этом острове,

оВалаамском монастыре, который является одним из старейших в России.

3. Let your father tell

 

вам о своей жизни в Восточной

 

 

 

 

 

Сибири,

 

 

 

 

 

 

нам о суровом (severe) климате

 

 

 

 

 

Сибири и ее людях,

 

 

 

 

 

нам об озере Байкал.

3. Ответьте на

вопросы

по тексту:

 

1. How

large

is

the

territory of Russia?

 

2.

How large is the population of Russia?

 

3.

What parts do the Urals divide Russia into?

 

4.

Can you name the longest rivers in Siberia and the Far East?

5.

Which is the largest inland sea in the world?

 

6.

Which is the deepest lake and where is it? What's its depth?

7.

Why do we say that the climate in Russia is various?

8.

What influences the climate of large territories in our country?

9.

What mineral resources is Russia rich in?

 

Ю.

What

has been

created in our country after the 1917

Revolution?

П.

What

can

you

say about the first atomic power

station in the

*orld

and about the first atomic ice-breaker?

 

12.When

and where was the first sputnik launched into space?

13.

Who was the first to make a space flight? When did it happen?

14.

What

kind

of

state is the Russian Federation?

 

15.

What period is the president elected for?

 

16.

 

What

are the

three branches of power in our country?

275

4. Ответьте на вопросы по теме:

1.

Have you ever travelled about Russia?

2.

What places have you been to?

3.

Where did you go last time?

4.

Why did you go there?

5.

What did you like (dislike) there and what impressed you

6.

What places would you like to visit in the future?

7.

What region of our country do you live in?

n v _

^

8.What places of interest are there in your region and in your town?

5.Переведите на английский язык:

Можете ли вы рассказать нам что-нибудь о Москве? Москва—это столица России с населением примерно (some)

8 миллионов

человек. Москва — самый большой и один из старейших

городов нашей страны. Она была основана

Юрием Долгоруким i

1147 году. В

1997 году Москва отпраздновала

свое 850-летие.

Москва — крупный индустриальный и культурный центр. Здесь более 550 исследовательских институтов и более 80 высших учебных заведений (institutes of higher education), более 50 музеев, около 1000 библиотек. Москва — это политический центр России, где находятся президент, парламент и правительство.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

КЛЮЧИ К УПРАЖНЕНИЯМ И ТЕСТАМ

 

 

 

 

 

jfss°* h

Ex.

13.

1. he,

them; 2.

it; 3. they; 4. it; 5. he;

6. it, her;

7.

they,

him

j

 

tny;

2. her; 3. our; 4. his; 5. their; 6. your, our; 7. its; 8.

its;

9. its

 

 

j

is; 2.

has; 3. am, was; 4. are; 5. have; 6. has, is; 7. are; 8. hangs; 9. had

 

 

j. Mr. Black

and his

assistant

were

in

the classroom. 2. The students have

 

l i t r e s today.

3.

Are

there

any

figures

on

the blackboard? 4.

Is

there

a picture

J ^ t h c bookcase?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

Ex-

 

 

1. some; 2. something; 3. no; 4. somebody, every; 5. somewhere;

I^^eybody; 7. nothing; 8. everybody, 9. no (not a single);

10 everything; 11. anything

r

20.

1- Most

countries

use

the metric system

now. 2. The lectures

never

begin at

,

'clock

in the

morning.

3.

Mr. H a l l

does

not work

in the evening

on

Fridays.

]

noes

Krypton

86

give

off

white

light?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

^

22.

lc;

2b;

3c.

Ex. 23.

1/6;

2/5;

3/4; 4/1; 5/2; 6/3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B 3. Ex. 14. 1. Define and explain the terms...; 2. Draw... and divide it...; 3. Don't

tian&c the speed...; 4. Present your paper...;

5. Don't begin your

experiment... .

Fx

18. I.

was»

began, continued;

2. presented,

says, equals,

surprised;

3.

produced, has;

4

will not

give,

 

change;

5.

has

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

gx. 20.

1. Albert

Einstein

was

a

great physicist of the 20th

century.

2.

He had an un-

ttWal ability in mathematics and physics. 3. For

a few years Einstein lived

in Prague

tnd taught physics at the

University.

4.

In

1905

he made some scientific discoveries.

5. His idea

surprised

all the

scientists.

6. In

1921

Einstein got the Nobel Prize. 7. To-

day any technical college student understands the theory of relativity.

8.

Study Ein-

stein's biography

 

and you will see that he gave

all his life to science.

 

 

Ei. 23.

1c;

2a;

3b.

Ex. 24.

1/3; 2/6; 3/5; 4/2; 5/1; 6/7;

7/9; 8/4;

9/8

 

 

 

Lcaon 4.

Ex.

14.

smallest;

closest;

honest; colder,

farthest; hottest;

coldest;

best

Ex. 19.

1.

 

that;

2. ours; 3. one; 4. those; 5. ones; 6. that

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ex. 22. 1c; 2c; 3b

 

 

 

 

 

nothing; 3.

any,

some;

4.

somebody;

5.

somewhere;

Rev. Ex. 1. some; 2. anything,

6. anybody;

7.

nobody

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Leeon 5. Ex. 9.

1. himself; 2.

ourselves;

3.

itself; 4.

themselves; 5. itself; 6. themselves

Ex. 10.

1. Must

we use...? We must not use.... 2. Can this equipment produce...? This

equipment cannot

produce...

 

. 3. Could they easily define...

? Tbey could

not easily de-

fine... . 4. May

he complete...? He may not complete... . 5. Could the scientist see...?

The scientist could not

see... .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ex. 18. la; 2c; 3b; 4c; 5a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Le»oa 6. Ex. 11. 1. to offer a scheme of

a new shop; 2. to

provide for the building of

* road; 3. to pass

through

a deep-water

channel;

4. to protect from a flood; 5. to per-

form important

operations; 6. to work out a new design; 7. to work at a problem; 8.

® forecast

the

rise

of

the

level; 9. to

pay

attention to

the construction

 

 

12. science — scientific — scientist; to equip — equipment; design — designer; to didirection — director, to protect — protection; to build — builder — building; to ex-

* ^"^istence; to found — foundation — founder, to teach — teaching — teacher 21. Ib; 2c; 3b; 4a

^

Ex.

5. a)

1.

produces,

is producing; 2. boils, is boiling; б) I. wrote down,

Ex. w^ 0 ®

down;

2.

mounted,

were mounting; в) will increase, will be increasing

лу. j

Именно здесь было

организовано...; 2. ..., но именно теория дает ей си-

 

. 0 л ь к о благодаря тесному сотрудничеству физиков и химиков были

разрабо-

 

 

Именно Эйнштейн дал...; 5. Именно гидроэнергетический

комплекс

Ц ^ 2 3 ,

1с;

2Ь; За. Ex. 24. la, с, d; 2b, f; 3g, e

 

uitte

 

12. 1. Present Perfect Active; 2. Present Indefinite Active; 3. Present Indef-

fc» , '

;

4. Present Perfect Active; 5. Present Indefinite Passive, Present Indefinite

Present Perfect Active; 7. Present Perfect Passive

 

 

lb;

2c; 3b

 

 

 

 

277

Lesson 9. Ex. 13.

a) I. часть сказуемого; 2. подлежащее; 3. часть С(с

4. обстоятельство,

определение, часть сказуемого; 5. подлежащее, часть

обстоятельство; 6. обстоятельство; 7. обстоятельство, определение; 8. по**^1 ^ часть сказуемого; 9. обстоятельство, часть сказуемого; 10. часть сказуемое*****

ределение; 12. определение, обстоятельство; 13.

определение;

14. обстой»

15.

обстоятельство.

 

 

 

Ex. 18. Ic; 2а, с, е. Ex. 19. lb, с, f; 2а, d, е

 

^

Lesson

10. Ex. 14. а) 1.

определение; 2. обстоятельство; 3. обстоятельство

ление, обстоятельство;

4. обстоятельство; 5. часть

сказуемого;

6. часть ска*?'**

7. определение; б) 1. определение; 2. определение, часть сказуемого; 3.

ство, часть сказуемого; 4. определение; 5. определение; 6. обстоятельств!'**'* сказуемого; 7. часть сказуемого, обстоятельство; 8. определение, часть сказ^^ Ex. 15. I. is carrying out; 2. carried out; 3. carrying out; 4. determining; 5, д^?*5

mined;

6. determined; 7. is performed; 8. performed; 9. performing

^

Ex. 19.

1c; 2b; 3a; 4c

 

Lesson 11. Ex. 13. 1. generating; 2. converting; 3. utilizing; 4. creating, converting; 5. runnm. Ex. 16. 1. подлежащее, обстоятельство; 2. обстоятельство, подлежащее; 3. пади щее, обстоятельство

Ex. 18. а) 1. инфинитивный оборот; 2. герундиальный оборот; 3. отглагольное п ществительное; б) 1. герундий — часть сказуемого; 2. инфинитив — часть сказуэд го; 3. причастие — часть сказуемого

Ex. 20. lb; 2с; За; 4b. Ex. 21. 1с; 2а; 3d; 4а; 5d; 6b; 7d; 8d

Lesson 12. Ex. 8. strong — strength — to strengthen; long — length — to lengthen; to achieve — achievement — achievable; to react — reaction — reactor—к

active; to create — creation —creator — creative — creatively; to conduct — conductn ity — conductor — semiconductor — conductive; machine — to machine — machinable; 1 investigate — investigator — investigation

Ex. 10.

1. It was well known that

•> и „,« t™™™ .u_.

2. It was known that

3. The lecturer sa.d that

 

Kurchatov was one of the...

 

he had laid the foundation-

 

much had been done by Kurchatov..

j

J Kurchatov had investigated...

the neutron had been the key...

J

wc would visit

j

the capacity of the atomic plants would inert»*-

Ex. 16. la; 2b; 3c; 4a; 5b; 6b

 

 

Lesson

13.

Ex.

18.

1c;

2b; 3c

 

 

Lesson

14.

Ex.

11.

I.

модальный глагол; 2. вспомогательный глагол — с0СЛ>**1 л

тельное

наклонение;

3. вспомогательный

глагол — сослагательное

наклоне»^ j

модальный глагол; 5. вспомогательный глагол — сослагательное

наклон

вспомогательный

глагол — сослагательное

наклонение; 7. вспомогательны*^ ^

— относительное

будущее время; 8. вспомогательный глагол — относитеда*^^

дущее время; 9. для выражения повгорности действия в прошлом; Ю- в

тельный глагол — сослагательное наклонение (оба случая)

 

Ex.

13.

1с; 2Ь; Зс

 

 

 

278

_ ц.

I. причастие; 2.

герундий, причастие, причастие, причастие; 3. герун-

р ь ^„ричастие, герундий;

5. герундий; 6. причастие; 7. герундий; 8. причастие;

Д^^уяднй;

10. отглагольное

существительное, герундий, герундий, причастие

'|5- а) 1. expands (will expand), increases (will increase); 2. would be

1/0^^jd conduct; 3. would have taken place, would not have switched; 6) 1. help, are re- p c t w e r e completed, came; 3. had known, had been received

gj,

ib; 2c; 3a; 4a. Ex. 15. la; 2d; 3b; 4c; 5b

 

16. 8. a) l. подлежащее; 2. дополнение; 3. подлежащее, определение; 1^**сдеЛСние, часть сказуемого; 5. дополнение; 6. обстоятельство; 7. дополнение,

*^лаеясние; 8. обстоятельство, обстоятельство; 9. определение, определение, об- °2rt*nbCTBo; ю . подлежащее, подлежащее

S ^ T l b ; 2а; За

17. Ex. Ю. 1. обстоятельство (Part. I); 2. обстоятельство (Part. I Passive); ч«сп> сказуемого (Part. II), определение (Part. II); 4. обстоятельство (Perfect Part.

ictive); 5. обстоятельство (Part. I Passive); 6. обстоятельство (Part. II); 7. обстоя- „аютво (Perf. Part. Active), независимый причастный оборот (Part. I Passive); 8. доавнеямый причастный оборот (Part. I Active)

Ex. 16. lc; 2a; 3c

\jgtBb 18. Ex. 11. 1. часть сказуемого (Indef. Inf. Active); 2. подлежащее (Indef. jnf. Active); 3. сложное дополнение (Indef. Inf. Active); 4. определение (Indef. Inf. pissive), часть сказуемого (Indef. Inf. Passive); 5. сложное подлежащее (Indef. Inf. passive): 6. сложное подлежащее (Perf. Inf. Active); 7. сложное подлежащее (Indef.

laf. Passive); 8. сложное дополнение (Indef. Inf.

Active); 9. сложное

подлежащее

(kidef. Inf. Active);

10.

обстоятельство (Indef.

Inf. Active);

11. обстоятельство

(for + Indef. Inf. Active);

12.

обстоятельство

(Indef. Inf. Active); 13. опреде-

векне (Indef. Inf. Active); 14. определение

(Indef. Inf. Passive),

дополнение (Indef.

tot Active);

15. обстоятельство

(for

+

Indef. Inf. Active);

16.

сложное

подлежа-

щее; (Indef. Inf. Active),

сложное подлежащее (Indef. Inf. Active), часть

сказуемо-

го (Indef.

Inf.

Passive);

17.

сложное

дополнение

(Indef.

Inf.

Active);

18.

подлежащее

(for + Indef

Inf. Active),

дополнение

(Indef. Inf. Active)

 

 

 

b . 16. lb;

2c;

3b;

4a. Ex.

17.

la,

 

c,

d, f;

2b, e, g

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

КЛЮЧИ К ТЕСТАМ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

taNo.

1. Task

1: lb,

2a,

3a, 4a, 5c, 6b, 7a, 8a, 9a,

10a, lib, 12c, 13a, 14c, 15b, 16c

Tuk 2: lc, 2d, 3a, 4b, 5e, 6a, 7b, 8d, 9b, 10c, 11a, 12b, 13a,

14c,

15d,

16b, 17a,

18c,

J9b, 20b,

21a.

22c,

23c,

24b,

25a,

26d,

27c,

 

28a,

29b,

30c,

31b,

32b,

33d,

34b,

35c,

36c

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

T»»k 3: lb, 2d, 3b,

4b,

5b,

6a,

7c,

8b,

9d,

 

10c,

lib,

12d,

13a,

14b,

15d,

16d

 

T«No. 2. Task

1: lb, 2a, 3c, 4a,

5c, 6b, 7c, 8c, 9c, 10a, lid,

12a,

13b, 14a, 15a, 16b,

"j:

18b,

19c,

20a,

21d,

22b,

 

23c,

 

24a,

25d,

26a,

27a,

28c

 

 

 

 

 

 

JJ* * lc, 2f, 3d, 4b; 7, 8, 9;

10b,

lid,

12c,

13b,

14a, 15c, I6b or c, 17b, 18a, 19b,

, e *

2lb,

22d,

23c,

24b,

25c,

26a,

27b,

28c,

29c,

30b,

31d,

32a,

33d,

34c,

35b,

36a

3: la, 2d,

3b,

4c, 5b,

6b,

7d,

 

8a,

9d,

10b, lib, 12a

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

JJ®- 3. Tasi k 1:.. 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 16, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 29, 31. .

Я!2гД* : ,ala,» 2c,- 3b3b,' 4d4d,> 5b5b,« 6c6c,' 7b7b,- 8a>8a,9b>9b,]0c>10c,, l blibor for- ,2af«12a,l3b-13b,l4C>14c, 15b,e e or f, 18e, 19b, 20e, 21a, 22b, 23d, 24d, 25a, 26e, 27b, 28e, 29b, 30d, 31c, 32a

ц Т 1

3 :

lc,

2b,

3a,

4d,

5d, 6b, 7c, 8b, 9a, 10b, 11c,

12b,

13c,

14a,

15b,

16c

19 *,

4- Task-

1:

la,

2d,

3a, 4a, 5c, 6a, 7a,«, 8b, 9d, 10b,

11a,

12b,

13c,.„v, I14a, 15d; 17,

W

>

22,

23

'

24;

25a'

26c' 27a'

28b

12b

 

 

 

 

W

 

la,

2c,

3b,

4b,

5b, 6a, 7c, 8b, 9b, 10c, 11c,

 

 

 

 

 

3 :

Id,

2b,

3c,

4b,

5a, 6b, 7c, 8d, 9a, 10b, 11c,

12d,

13c,

14d,

15b,

16c

279

К Р А Т К ИЙ Г Р А М М А Т И Ч Е С К И Й СПРАВОЧНИК

МОРФОЛОГИЯ (MORPHOLOGY)

АРТИКЛЬ (THE ARTICLE)

Артикль является одним из определителей имени существнт^ ного и ставится перед существительным или перед словами, являю- щимися определениями к нему.

§ I. Неопределенный артикль a (an — перед словами, начи- нающимися с гласной) происходит от числительного one и означает

один из многих, какой-то, любой.

I am a student.

Не is an English engineer.

Я студент (один из многих).

Он английский инженер.

Если перед существительным в единственном числе стоит неопределенный артикль, то во множественном числе он опускается.

This

is

a

book.

These are books.

Иногда

артикль

a (an) переводится словом один.

in

a

month —

через (один) месяц

§ 2. Определенный артикль the происходит от указательного местоимения that. Часто переводится словами этот, эта, это, vm Употребляется перед существительными как в единственном, так * во множественном числе.

Определенный артикль употребляется:

1. Когда речь идет об определенном лице или предмете.

Where is the professor?

Где профессор? (известный нам)

2. Перед существительным, если ему предшествует прилагая*®*' ное в превосходной степени или порядковое числительное:

The Moscow Metro is

Московское метро — самое

the longest in Russia.

протяженное в России.

The first examination

Первый экзамен будет по

will be in mathematics.

математике.

280