Англ. для заоч.Андрианова
.pdf, What places have you been to in a) our country, b) abroad? <7 po you spend your holiday with your family (your friends) or do
«refer to |
spend |
it alone? |
'V<)Ug Where do you |
prefer to spend your holidays — in the country, in |
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fountains, |
at the |
seaside or just stay in town? |
^ 9 Where were you on holiday last summer? Did you go anywhere
stay in |
town? |
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Ю If Уои w e n t |
s o m e w here how |
did |
you get |
to the place |
of your |
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choice |
(by train, |
by plane, ...)? |
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11. |
How |
long |
did it take you to |
get |
there? |
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12. |
Did |
you go |
there with your |
friend (wife, |
husband) or |
alone? |
13.Did you have a good rest?
14.You enjoyed your holiday, didn't you?
15. What are your plans for the coming summer?
6. Используя материал текста, диалогов и упражнений, расскажите:
а) о своей последней поездке, б) об отпуске, планируемом на ближайшее лето.
6. OUR
—Mr. Butler, you've come to Russia for the first time, haven't you?
Мистер Батлер, вы в России впервые, не правда ли?
Have you come on business Or as a tourist?
Вы Приехали по делам или как ЗДст?
—Have you seen much of our Gentry yet?
jj4 Уже многое посмотрели в
**** стране?
COUNTRY
— Yes, that's right
Да, это так.
— I'm an explorer and have come on business.
Я исследователь и приехал по делам.
— Oh no, I only arrived in St Petersburg two days ago.
О нет, я прибыл в Петербург только два дня назад •
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The total area of Russia is a |
little more than 17 million square |
kilo- |
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The population is about |
150 million people. The capital of |
Rus- |
sia |
, s |
Moscow. |
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271
The greater part of the territory of Russia is vast plains wi^ mountain ranges and long rivers. The Urals divide Russia into the
pean and Asian |
parts. |
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The Volga and the Ural are the |
longest rivers in the European |
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of the country. |
The longest rivers |
in the Asian part are the Ob |
Yenisei and the Lena which flow into the Arctic Ocean. The wor J
largest |
inland |
sea |
is the Caspian. Lake |
Baikal |
is |
the |
world's deep^ |
lake. |
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As |
Russia |
is a |
very large country, its |
climate |
is |
very |
different. How- |
ever, we can say that it is mainly continental. The Arctic Ocean influ.
ences the weather |
on a great territory of the country. In some parts of |
our country winter lasts as long as six months. |
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The European |
part of Russia is in the temperate zone with warm or |
hot summers and |
rather mild winters. |
Our country is very rich in mineral resources, especially it isrichin gas, oil and forests which are exported to different countries on a large scale.'
From an agricultural country before the 1917 Revolution our country has become a highly developed industrial and agricultural state. After the Revolution heavy industry has been created; there have appeared such new branches of industry as aviation, machine-building, chemical, auto-
mobile and |
many others. A number |
of |
hydroelectric power |
stations have |
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been |
constructed |
as well. |
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It is to |
be noted3 that the first atomic power |
station |
in |
the world be- |
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gan |
operating in |
Obninsk near |
Moscow in |
1954, |
the |
first atomic |
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ice-breaker |
in the world was also built in Russia. For a number of year* |
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our |
country |
played a leading role |
in |
the field |
of space exploration, (я |
1957, the first artificial satellite (sputnik) in the world was launched in Russia. On the 12th of April we celebrate Cosmonautics Day in the memory of the first space flight carried out by Yury Gagarin in 1961.
The new political system has brought great changes in all spheresso life in Russia. The Russian Federation is an independent state vvitn
president at the head. The president |
is elected every |
four years |
at g*0 |
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eral |
elections. |
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The political system consists |
of |
three |
branches of power: |
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1. the legislative branch4 is the Parliament that is divided into |
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houses — the |
Upper House, |
that |
is |
the |
Federation |
Council, |
and |
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Lower |
House, |
the Duma. |
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ai |
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2. |
the executive branch3 is the government with Prime Minis*® |
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the |
head. |
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3. |
the judicial branch6 |
headed |
by the Supreme |
Court. |
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272
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^ e r e exist a |
great many political parties and organizations (political |
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11as |
social) |
in our country |
today. |
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as |
* |
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Notes |
on the Text |
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. laгее |
scale — зд. в больших количествах |
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, , вовЛег of—ряд, несколько |
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* j, jj to be |
noted — Следует отметить |
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legislative |
branch — законодательная власть (ветвь власти) |
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j |
tbc executive |
branch — исполнительная |
власть |
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(, |
die Judicial |
branch — судебная власть |
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Words |
to Be Learnt |
total а обшин, всеобщий plain n равнина
fafluence v влиять; л влияние tonperate zone умеренная зона create v создавать, творить
carry out v выполнять elect v избирать election л выборы
government л правительство
Прочтите диалоги и выучите их наизусть.
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Dialogue 1 |
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REPORTER: (Addressing |
Mr. Butler who headed an expedition |
to |
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Kamchatka): |
How do you do, Mr. Butler? I'm Alexander |
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Somov, a reporter for the St. Petersburg Times. |
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MR BUTLER: How do you do, Mr. Somov? |
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Our newspaper |
is very |
much interested in the results of your expedi- |
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tion. Have |
you |
had a |
good journey? Have |
you seen much of |
our |
country? |
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The journey |
was quite |
safe and comfortable. As to your country, it's |
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really very |
large. We |
especially felt it when |
we were coming back |
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by train. It was very interesting to cross the |
whole country from |
the |
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Far East to |
St. |
Petersburg. |
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3.impressed you most during your expedition?
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first of all, |
it's |
Kamchatka itself with volcanoes |
and unusually |
high |
8eysers. |
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3 . |
what |
about |
Siberia? What have you seen |
there? |
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* have visited Irkutsk, Novosibirsk and some other industrial and |
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r^hiral centres. We saw your beautiful Lake Baikal. We met many |
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*®testing people. I must say that Russians are |
very friendly. |
I'm |
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J?^ sorry, Mr. Somov, but we are in a hurry now. Goodbye! |
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you |
for the interview, Mr. Butler. Goodbye! |
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273
Dialogue 2
(Somov is phoning Mr. Butler on the next day)
SOMOV: Is that you, Mr. Butler? |
Good morning! |
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MR. BUTLER: Good morning, Mr. Somov! |
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S.: Could I ask you a few more |
questions, |
Mr. Butler? |
В.: Yes, of course. I'm free now |
and I'm |
ready to talk to you. |
S.: Mr. Butler, you have seen our Far East, Siberia, you have been
Altai. Is there anything else you would |
like to |
see? |
10 |
В.: Yes, there is a region in your country which greatly attracts |
tourist. |
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It's the "Golden Ring of Russia". I've |
heard a |
lot about |
it but j |
don't know what it is.
S.: Oh, it's a really popular tour which embraces a number of towns щ Central Russia: Zagorsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Suzdal and some others. They are old Russian towns which are famous for their anciea
architecture, churches and monasteries. If one wants to |
have an ifa |
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of the |
life of Russians a few centuries ago, one should |
certainly make |
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this tour. You will admire an unusual excursion to the past and it will |
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certainly help you to understand present Russia much |
better. |
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В.: Thank |
you for your advice, Mr. Somov. |
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EXERCISES |
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1. Закончите предложения, использун слова и словосочетания из текста: |
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1. |
The |
greater part of the territory of Russia ... |
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2. |
The |
Urals divide Russia ... |
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3. Lake Baikal is ... |
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4. |
The climate of Russia is ... |
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5. |
The Arctic Ocean influences ... |
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6. |
The European part of Russia is in ... |
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7. |
Our country is very rich in ... |
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8. |
After the 1917 Revolution there have appeared such ... |
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9. |
The |
first atomic power station in the world began ... |
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10. In 1957 ... was launched in Russia. |
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11. |
On |
the 12th of April we celebrate ... |
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12.The Russian Federation is ...
13.The legislative branch is ...
14.The executive branch is the government ..
15.The judicial branch is headed ...
16.There exist a great many ...
274
0еревсдите вторую часть предложений на английский язык:
Asky°ur friend
1 Tell your friends(,)
рассказать о его путешествии по (about) России,
показать вам на карте, какие места он посетил,
показать вам фотографии, которые он привез.
овашей поездке на Валаам, что вы узнали об этом острове,
оВалаамском монастыре, который является одним из старейших в России.
3. Let your father tell |
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вам о своей жизни в Восточной |
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Сибири, |
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нам о суровом (severe) климате |
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Сибири и ее людях, |
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нам об озере Байкал. |
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3. Ответьте на |
вопросы |
по тексту: |
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1. How |
large |
is |
the |
territory of Russia? |
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2. |
How large is the population of Russia? |
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3. |
What parts do the Urals divide Russia into? |
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4. |
Can you name the longest rivers in Siberia and the Far East? |
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5. |
Which is the largest inland sea in the world? |
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6. |
Which is the deepest lake and where is it? What's its depth? |
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7. |
Why do we say that the climate in Russia is various? |
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8. |
What influences the climate of large territories in our country? |
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9. |
What mineral resources is Russia rich in? |
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Ю. |
What |
has been |
created in our country after the 1917 |
Revolution? |
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П. |
What |
can |
you |
say about the first atomic power |
station in the |
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*orld |
and about the first atomic ice-breaker? |
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12.When |
and where was the first sputnik launched into space? |
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13. |
Who was the first to make a space flight? When did it happen? |
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14. |
What |
kind |
of |
state is the Russian Federation? |
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15. |
What period is the president elected for? |
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16. |
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What |
are the |
three branches of power in our country? |
275
4. Ответьте на вопросы по теме:
1. |
Have you ever travelled about Russia? |
2. |
What places have you been to? |
3. |
Where did you go last time? |
4. |
Why did you go there? |
5. |
What did you like (dislike) there and what impressed you |
6. |
What places would you like to visit in the future? |
7. |
What region of our country do you live in? |
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8.What places of interest are there in your region and in your town?
5.Переведите на английский язык:
Можете ли вы рассказать нам что-нибудь о Москве? Москва—это столица России с населением примерно (some)
8 миллионов |
человек. Москва — самый большой и один из старейших |
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городов нашей страны. Она была основана |
Юрием Долгоруким i |
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1147 году. В |
1997 году Москва отпраздновала |
свое 850-летие. |
Москва — крупный индустриальный и культурный центр. Здесь более 550 исследовательских институтов и более 80 высших учебных заведений (institutes of higher education), более 50 музеев, около 1000 библиотек. Москва — это политический центр России, где находятся президент, парламент и правительство.
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КЛЮЧИ К УПРАЖНЕНИЯМ И ТЕСТАМ |
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jfss°* h |
Ex. |
13. |
1. he, |
them; 2. |
it; 3. they; 4. it; 5. he; |
6. it, her; |
7. |
they, |
him |
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tny; |
2. her; 3. our; 4. his; 5. their; 6. your, our; 7. its; 8. |
its; |
9. its |
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is; 2. |
has; 3. am, was; 4. are; 5. have; 6. has, is; 7. are; 8. hangs; 9. had |
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j. Mr. Black |
and his |
assistant |
were |
in |
the classroom. 2. The students have |
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l i t r e s today. |
3. |
Are |
there |
any |
figures |
on |
the blackboard? 4. |
Is |
there |
a picture |
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J ^ t h c bookcase? |
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2 |
Ex- |
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1. some; 2. something; 3. no; 4. somebody, every; 5. somewhere; |
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I^^eybody; 7. nothing; 8. everybody, 9. no (not a single); |
10 everything; 11. anything |
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20. |
1- Most |
countries |
use |
the metric system |
now. 2. The lectures |
never |
begin at |
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'clock |
in the |
morning. |
3. |
Mr. H a l l |
does |
not work |
in the evening |
on |
Fridays. |
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] |
noes |
Krypton |
86 |
give |
off |
white |
light? |
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22. |
lc; |
2b; |
3c. |
Ex. 23. |
1/6; |
2/5; |
3/4; 4/1; 5/2; 6/3 |
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B 3. Ex. 14. 1. Define and explain the terms...; 2. Draw... and divide it...; 3. Don't |
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tian&c the speed...; 4. Present your paper...; |
5. Don't begin your |
experiment... . |
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Fx |
18. I. |
was» |
began, continued; |
2. presented, |
says, equals, |
surprised; |
3. |
produced, has; |
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4 |
will not |
give, |
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change; |
5. |
has |
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gx. 20. |
1. Albert |
Einstein |
was |
a |
great physicist of the 20th |
century. |
2. |
He had an un- |
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ttWal ability in mathematics and physics. 3. For |
a few years Einstein lived |
in Prague |
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tnd taught physics at the |
University. |
4. |
In |
1905 |
he made some scientific discoveries. |
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5. His idea |
surprised |
all the |
scientists. |
6. In |
1921 |
Einstein got the Nobel Prize. 7. To- |
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day any technical college student understands the theory of relativity. |
8. |
Study Ein- |
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stein's biography |
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and you will see that he gave |
all his life to science. |
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Ei. 23. |
1c; |
2a; |
3b. |
Ex. 24. |
1/3; 2/6; 3/5; 4/2; 5/1; 6/7; |
7/9; 8/4; |
9/8 |
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Lcaon 4. |
Ex. |
14. |
smallest; |
closest; |
honest; colder, |
farthest; hottest; |
coldest; |
best |
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Ex. 19. |
1. |
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that; |
2. ours; 3. one; 4. those; 5. ones; 6. that |
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Ex. 22. 1c; 2c; 3b |
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nothing; 3. |
any, |
some; |
4. |
somebody; |
5. |
somewhere; |
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Rev. Ex. 1. some; 2. anything, |
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6. anybody; |
7. |
nobody |
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Leeon 5. Ex. 9. |
1. himself; 2. |
ourselves; |
3. |
itself; 4. |
themselves; 5. itself; 6. themselves |
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Ex. 10. |
1. Must |
we use...? We must not use.... 2. Can this equipment produce...? This |
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equipment cannot |
produce... |
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not easily de- |
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fine... . 4. May |
he complete...? He may not complete... . 5. Could the scientist see...? |
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The scientist could not |
see... . |
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Ex. 18. la; 2c; 3b; 4c; 5a |
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Le»oa 6. Ex. 11. 1. to offer a scheme of |
a new shop; 2. to |
provide for the building of |
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* road; 3. to pass |
through |
a deep-water |
channel; |
4. to protect from a flood; 5. to per- |
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form important |
operations; 6. to work out a new design; 7. to work at a problem; 8. |
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® forecast |
the |
rise |
of |
the |
level; 9. to |
pay |
attention to |
the construction |
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12. science — scientific — scientist; to equip — equipment; design — designer; to didirection — director, to protect — protection; to build — builder — building; to ex-
* ^"^istence; to found — foundation — founder, to teach — teaching — teacher 21. Ib; 2c; 3b; 4a
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Ex. |
5. a) |
1. |
produces, |
is producing; 2. boils, is boiling; б) I. wrote down, |
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Ex. w^ 0 ® |
down; |
2. |
mounted, |
were mounting; в) will increase, will be increasing |
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лу. j |
Именно здесь было |
организовано...; 2. ..., но именно теория дает ей си- |
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. 0 л ь к о благодаря тесному сотрудничеству физиков и химиков были |
разрабо- |
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Именно Эйнштейн дал...; 5. Именно гидроэнергетический |
комплекс |
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Ц ^ 2 3 , |
1с; |
2Ь; За. Ex. 24. la, с, d; 2b, f; 3g, e |
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uitte |
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12. 1. Present Perfect Active; 2. Present Indefinite Active; 3. Present Indef- |
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fc» , ' |
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4. Present Perfect Active; 5. Present Indefinite Passive, Present Indefinite |
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Present Perfect Active; 7. Present Perfect Passive |
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lb; |
2c; 3b |
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277
Lesson 9. Ex. 13. |
a) I. часть сказуемого; 2. подлежащее; 3. часть С(с |
4. обстоятельство, |
определение, часть сказуемого; 5. подлежащее, часть |
обстоятельство; 6. обстоятельство; 7. обстоятельство, определение; 8. по**^1 ^ часть сказуемого; 9. обстоятельство, часть сказуемого; 10. часть сказуемое*****
ределение; 12. определение, обстоятельство; 13. |
определение; |
14. обстой» |
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15. |
обстоятельство. |
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Ex. 18. Ic; 2а, с, е. Ex. 19. lb, с, f; 2а, d, е |
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Lesson |
10. Ex. 14. а) 1. |
определение; 2. обстоятельство; 3. обстоятельство |
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ление, обстоятельство; |
4. обстоятельство; 5. часть |
сказуемого; |
6. часть ска*?'** |
7. определение; б) 1. определение; 2. определение, часть сказуемого; 3.
ство, часть сказуемого; 4. определение; 5. определение; 6. обстоятельств!'**'* сказуемого; 7. часть сказуемого, обстоятельство; 8. определение, часть сказ^^ Ex. 15. I. is carrying out; 2. carried out; 3. carrying out; 4. determining; 5, д^?*5
mined; |
6. determined; 7. is performed; 8. performed; 9. performing |
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Ex. 19. |
1c; 2b; 3a; 4c |
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Lesson 11. Ex. 13. 1. generating; 2. converting; 3. utilizing; 4. creating, converting; 5. runnm. Ex. 16. 1. подлежащее, обстоятельство; 2. обстоятельство, подлежащее; 3. пади щее, обстоятельство
Ex. 18. а) 1. инфинитивный оборот; 2. герундиальный оборот; 3. отглагольное п ществительное; б) 1. герундий — часть сказуемого; 2. инфинитив — часть сказуэд го; 3. причастие — часть сказуемого
Ex. 20. lb; 2с; За; 4b. Ex. 21. 1с; 2а; 3d; 4а; 5d; 6b; 7d; 8d
Lesson 12. Ex. 8. strong — strength — to strengthen; long — length — to lengthen; to achieve — achievement — achievable; to react — reaction — reactor—к
active; to create — creation —creator — creative — creatively; to conduct — conductn ity — conductor — semiconductor — conductive; machine — to machine — machinable; 1 investigate — investigator — investigation
Ex. 10.
1. It was well known that
•> и „,« t™™™ .u_.
2. It was known that
3. The lecturer sa.d that
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Kurchatov was one of the... |
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he had laid the foundation- |
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much had been done by Kurchatov.. |
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J Kurchatov had investigated... |
the neutron had been the key... |
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wc would visit |
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the capacity of the atomic plants would inert»*- |
Ex. 16. la; 2b; 3c; 4a; 5b; 6b |
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Lesson |
13. |
Ex. |
18. |
1c; |
2b; 3c |
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Lesson |
14. |
Ex. |
11. |
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модальный глагол; 2. вспомогательный глагол — с0СЛ>**1 л |
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тельное |
наклонение; |
3. вспомогательный |
глагол — сослагательное |
наклоне»^ j |
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модальный глагол; 5. вспомогательный глагол — сослагательное |
наклон |
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вспомогательный |
глагол — сослагательное |
наклонение; 7. вспомогательны*^ ^ |
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— относительное |
будущее время; 8. вспомогательный глагол — относитеда*^^ |
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дущее время; 9. для выражения повгорности действия в прошлом; Ю- в |
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тельный глагол — сослагательное наклонение (оба случая) |
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Ex. |
13. |
1с; 2Ь; Зс |
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I. причастие; 2. |
герундий, причастие, причастие, причастие; 3. герун- |
р ь ^„ричастие, герундий; |
5. герундий; 6. причастие; 7. герундий; 8. причастие; |
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Д^^уяднй; |
10. отглагольное |
существительное, герундий, герундий, причастие |
'|5- а) 1. expands (will expand), increases (will increase); 2. would be
1/0^^jd conduct; 3. would have taken place, would not have switched; 6) 1. help, are re- p c t w e r e completed, came; 3. had known, had been received
gj, |
ib; 2c; 3a; 4a. Ex. 15. la; 2d; 3b; 4c; 5b |
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16. 8. a) l. подлежащее; 2. дополнение; 3. подлежащее, определение; 1^*|в*сдеЛСние, часть сказуемого; 5. дополнение; 6. обстоятельство; 7. дополнение,
*^лаеясние; 8. обстоятельство, обстоятельство; 9. определение, определение, об- °2rt*nbCTBo; ю . подлежащее, подлежащее
S ^ T l b ; 2а; За
17. Ex. Ю. 1. обстоятельство (Part. I); 2. обстоятельство (Part. I Passive); ч«сп> сказуемого (Part. II), определение (Part. II); 4. обстоятельство (Perfect Part.
ictive); 5. обстоятельство (Part. I Passive); 6. обстоятельство (Part. II); 7. обстоя- „аютво (Perf. Part. Active), независимый причастный оборот (Part. I Passive); 8. доавнеямый причастный оборот (Part. I Active)
Ex. 16. lc; 2a; 3c
\jgtBb 18. Ex. 11. 1. часть сказуемого (Indef. Inf. Active); 2. подлежащее (Indef. jnf. Active); 3. сложное дополнение (Indef. Inf. Active); 4. определение (Indef. Inf. pissive), часть сказуемого (Indef. Inf. Passive); 5. сложное подлежащее (Indef. Inf. passive): 6. сложное подлежащее (Perf. Inf. Active); 7. сложное подлежащее (Indef.
laf. Passive); 8. сложное дополнение (Indef. Inf. |
Active); 9. сложное |
подлежащее |
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(kidef. Inf. Active); |
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обстоятельство (Indef. |
Inf. Active); |
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обстоятельство |
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векне (Indef. Inf. Active); 14. определение |
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15. обстоятельство |
(for |
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Indef. Inf. Active); |
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сложное |
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сложное подлежащее (Indef. Inf. Active), часть |
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Inf. |
Passive); |
17. |
сложное |
дополнение |
(Indef. |
Inf. |
Active); |
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подлежащее |
(for + Indef |
Inf. Active), |
дополнение |
(Indef. Inf. Active) |
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b . 16. lb; |
2c; |
3b; |
4a. Ex. |
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КЛЮЧИ К ТЕСТАМ |
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taNo. |
1. Task |
1: lb, |
2a, |
3a, 4a, 5c, 6b, 7a, 8a, 9a, |
10a, lib, 12c, 13a, 14c, 15b, 16c |
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Tuk 2: lc, 2d, 3a, 4b, 5e, 6a, 7b, 8d, 9b, 10c, 11a, 12b, 13a, |
14c, |
15d, |
16b, 17a, |
18c, |
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21a. |
22c, |
23c, |
24b, |
25a, |
26d, |
27c, |
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28a, |
29b, |
30c, |
31b, |
32b, |
33d, |
34b, |
35c, |
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T»»k 3: lb, 2d, 3b, |
4b, |
5b, |
6a, |
7c, |
8b, |
9d, |
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10c, |
lib, |
12d, |
13a, |
14b, |
15d, |
16d |
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T«No. 2. Task |
1: lb, 2a, 3c, 4a, |
5c, 6b, 7c, 8c, 9c, 10a, lid, |
12a, |
13b, 14a, 15a, 16b, |
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18b, |
19c, |
20a, |
21d, |
22b, |
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23c, |
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24a, |
25d, |
26a, |
27a, |
28c |
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JJ* * lc, 2f, 3d, 4b; 7, 8, 9; |
10b, |
lid, |
12c, |
13b, |
14a, 15c, I6b or c, 17b, 18a, 19b, |
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2lb, |
22d, |
23c, |
24b, |
25c, |
26a, |
27b, |
28c, |
29c, |
30b, |
31d, |
32a, |
33d, |
34c, |
35b, |
36a |
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3: la, 2d, |
3b, |
4c, 5b, |
6b, |
7d, |
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8a, |
9d, |
10b, lib, 12a |
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JJ®- 3. Tasi k 1:.. 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 16, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 29, 31. .
Я!2гД* : ,ala,» 2c,- 3b3b,' 4d4d,> 5b5b,« 6c6c,' 7b7b,- 8a>8a,9b>9b,]0c>10c,, l blibor for- ,2af«12a,l3b-13b,l4C>14c, 15b,e e or f, 18e, 19b, 20e, 21a, 22b, 23d, 24d, 25a, 26e, 27b, 28e, 29b, 30d, 31c, 32a
ц Т 1 |
3 : |
lc, |
2b, |
3a, |
4d, |
5d, 6b, 7c, 8b, 9a, 10b, 11c, |
12b, |
13c, |
14a, |
15b, |
16c |
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4- Task- |
1: |
la, |
2d, |
3a, 4a, 5c, 6a, 7a,«, 8b, 9d, 10b, |
11a, |
12b, |
13c,.„v, I14a, 15d; 17, |
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22, |
23 |
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24; |
25a' |
26c' 27a' |
28b |
12b |
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W |
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la, |
2c, |
3b, |
4b, |
5b, 6a, 7c, 8b, 9b, 10c, 11c, |
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3 : |
Id, |
2b, |
3c, |
4b, |
5a, 6b, 7c, 8d, 9a, 10b, 11c, |
12d, |
13c, |
14d, |
15b, |
16c |
279
К Р А Т К ИЙ Г Р А М М А Т И Ч Е С К И Й СПРАВОЧНИК
МОРФОЛОГИЯ (MORPHOLOGY)
АРТИКЛЬ (THE ARTICLE)
Артикль является одним из определителей имени существнт^ ного и ставится перед существительным или перед словами, являю- щимися определениями к нему.
§ I. Неопределенный артикль a (an — перед словами, начи- нающимися с гласной) происходит от числительного one и означает
один из многих, какой-то, любой.
I am a student.
Не is an English engineer.
Я студент (один из многих).
Он английский инженер.
Если перед существительным в единственном числе стоит неопределенный артикль, то во множественном числе он опускается.
This |
is |
a |
book. |
These are books. |
Иногда |
артикль |
a (an) переводится словом один. |
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in |
a |
month — |
через (один) месяц |
§ 2. Определенный артикль the происходит от указательного местоимения that. Часто переводится словами этот, эта, это, vm Употребляется перед существительными как в единственном, так * во множественном числе.
Определенный артикль употребляется:
1. Когда речь идет об определенном лице или предмете.
Where is the professor? |
Где профессор? (известный нам) |
2. Перед существительным, если ему предшествует прилагая*®*' ное в превосходной степени или порядковое числительное:
The Moscow Metro is |
Московское метро — самое |
the longest in Russia. |
протяженное в России. |
The first examination |
Первый экзамен будет по |
will be in mathematics. |
математике. |
280