- •Making a text
- •1.1. Inclusion and exclusion
- •1.1.1.Inclusion / addition
- •Example: also
- •In addition vs. In addition to; as well vs. As well as.
- •Example: in addition to
- •1.1.2.Exclusion
- •1.1.3.Restriction
- •Exercise 19.
- •In the table below you can see an analysis of the results of a health questionnaire filled in by five business executives. Summarise the results and make a report.
- •1.1.4.Alternatives
- •Instead Example: We gave up the idea of moving into a new house and / decided to extend our existing house.
- •Example:
- •Prefer or either rather
- •Except for instead otherwise what’s more Apart from even moreover else
- •Exercise 27. Exclusion, restriction & alternatives. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •1.2. Comparison and contrast
- •1.2.1.Comparison
- •Example:School nowadays do not encourage memorisation.
- •Example: He was never satisfied / he was one of the richest men in the world He was never satisfied, despite being one of the richest men in the world.
- •Example: Conversely
- •Comparison and contrast
- •Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into English using appropriate linking expressions with the meaning of comparison or contrast.
- •1.3. Time
- •1.4.Condition
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •Cause, result and purpose
- •Example:a) Dave is driving fast so that he will arrive on time.
- •1.7. Relatives
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •Exemplification and summation
- •Clarification: namely, I.E., for example / e.G., such as, including, especially
- •Organisation and narrative markers
- •Rephrasing and correcting Exercise 13. In other words, or rather, at least.
- •“Reality” markers
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •2. Combining messages:coherence
- •2.1. Reference
- •Exercise 5. Make one sentence, incorporating the extra information into the base sentence.
- •1.2. Compressing ideas: ellipses
- •Chapter 3 making a text
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Words to use: Not only that but also that which night
- •Words to use: Apart from, such as, and, also, which
- •Words to use: One, caused, which, due
- •2. There are enormous urban problems
- •Because of including in order to and
- •3.2. Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •Indirect report structures
- •Reporting a conversation
Exercise 19.
In the table below you can see an analysis of the results of a health questionnaire filled in by five business executives. Summarise the results and make a report.
Example: No-one goes in for sport except Mr. McCarthy.
|
F. O’Hara |
S. Jones |
P. McCarthy |
D. West |
T. Logan |
1. Do you take regular exercise? |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
2. Do you play a sport? |
No |
No |
Yes |
No |
No |
3. Do you smoke? |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
4. Do you drink alcohol regularly? |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Yes |
5. Do you sleep for eight hours? |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
No |
6. Do you see a doctor regularly? |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
7. Do you visit a dentist regularly? |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
8. Are you more than the average weight for you height? |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
Yes |
1.1.4.Alternatives
Exercise 20. Find a suitable position for INSTEAD in the sentences below. Alter punctuation if necessary.
Instead Example: We gave up the idea of moving into a new house and / decided to extend our existing house.
Cars will not run on petrol in future, they will run on hydrogen.
They hoped to make money on the stock exchange but lost everything.
We no longer post letters to Hong Kong, we send faxes.
Typewriters are becoming obsolete most writing is done on word processors.
We don’t make any products by hand nowadays we use computer controlled robots.
He didn't go to university, he found a job.
Exercise 21. OTHERWISE, ALTERNATIVELY. Follow the example to link the messages.
Example:
He may have an accident / I hope he drives carefully I hope he drives carefully. Otherwise he may have an accident.
If the goods are faulty we can replace them / we can give you a refund.
You could get one tomorrow morning / there is a plane tonight.
He will fail / Tom will have to work harder.
We must improve our profits / we could go bankrupt.
You can pay for it in instalments / you can buy the car now.
You could take the exam in May / you could wait till August.
You could take the first bus / you could travel later in the day.
You’d better go now / you will miss your train.
These relaxing Video evenings take place in local Church Center Member’s homes. (Admission charge - 50p.) / we can lend you a video to watch in your own home.
Exercise 22. ALTERNATIVELY, OTHERWISE, INSTEAD, ELSE. Complete the texts.
(a government minister is speaking)
We must reduce public spending. 1, we’ll never defeat inflation. We must stop spending money which we have not earned, and 2 look at every branch of government to see if savings are possible. Savings may be possible in the health budget. 3, we may be able to cut spending on education.
(giving directions to a driver)
I wouldn’t take the A4 if I were you – the traffic on it is very heavy. 4, I would take the B402 to Southam but be careful to take the ring road round Southam. 5, you will get stuck in the town centre. Then the B438 north, or 6 you could go onto the motorway.
Exercise 23. Fill in the blanks in the conversation below using each of these words once.