- •Making a text
- •1.1. Inclusion and exclusion
- •1.1.1.Inclusion / addition
- •Example: also
- •In addition vs. In addition to; as well vs. As well as.
- •Example: in addition to
- •1.1.2.Exclusion
- •1.1.3.Restriction
- •Exercise 19.
- •In the table below you can see an analysis of the results of a health questionnaire filled in by five business executives. Summarise the results and make a report.
- •1.1.4.Alternatives
- •Instead Example: We gave up the idea of moving into a new house and / decided to extend our existing house.
- •Example:
- •Prefer or either rather
- •Except for instead otherwise what’s more Apart from even moreover else
- •Exercise 27. Exclusion, restriction & alternatives. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •1.2. Comparison and contrast
- •1.2.1.Comparison
- •Example:School nowadays do not encourage memorisation.
- •Example: He was never satisfied / he was one of the richest men in the world He was never satisfied, despite being one of the richest men in the world.
- •Example: Conversely
- •Comparison and contrast
- •Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into English using appropriate linking expressions with the meaning of comparison or contrast.
- •1.3. Time
- •1.4.Condition
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •Cause, result and purpose
- •Example:a) Dave is driving fast so that he will arrive on time.
- •1.7. Relatives
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •Exemplification and summation
- •Clarification: namely, I.E., for example / e.G., such as, including, especially
- •Organisation and narrative markers
- •Rephrasing and correcting Exercise 13. In other words, or rather, at least.
- •“Reality” markers
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •2. Combining messages:coherence
- •2.1. Reference
- •Exercise 5. Make one sentence, incorporating the extra information into the base sentence.
- •1.2. Compressing ideas: ellipses
- •Chapter 3 making a text
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Words to use: Not only that but also that which night
- •Words to use: Apart from, such as, and, also, which
- •Words to use: One, caused, which, due
- •2. There are enormous urban problems
- •Because of including in order to and
- •3.2. Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •Indirect report structures
- •Reporting a conversation
Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
Exercise 4. A: In the following table, choose the form in the right hand column to correctly complete the sentences.
He/She |
|
|
I |
|
A. (that) you will wait
B. you to wait |
It |
|
we please B. us to do as we please |
B: Which verbs from the list below require an object (V+O, V+toO) to fit comfortably with the following ending:
… (that) Matthew was not responsible.
-
told said assured convinced informed notified persuaded reminded accepted found answered assumed believed claimed denied discovered guaranteed hoped felt implied knew noticed doubted expected forgot specified supposed understood thought reassured admitted confessed acknowledged announced proved explained saw showed complained declared remarked reported stated indicated mentioned pointed out promised
C: Choose the most suitable reporting verb underlined.
The government spokesperson denied/refused that there was a crisis.
Jane said/told me there was nothing the matter.
Peter persuaded me/insisted me to stay for dinner.
The director of studies advised me/suggested me to spend more time in the library.
Sheila explained me/warned me not to leave the heater on all night.
The chairperson mentioned us/reminded us that time was extremely short.
Bill answered them/replied them with a detailed description of his plans.
Michael and Sarah announced/reported that they were going to get married.
The manager confirmed/reassured that our room had been reserved.
D: Link each sentence opening with a suitable ending. There are options possible.
1. I never expected a. to go away this summer.
2. I don't imagine b. it would rain.
3. I don't suppose c. she was telling the truth.
4. We don't plan d. to cause any damage.
5. She didn't think e. I would get first prize.
6. I don't want f. we'll be able to go away this year.
7. He didn't believe g. you to phone so late.
8. They don't intend h. it will be fine enough for a picnic.
Exercise 5. Match the actual words spoken with their reports.
No, I've definitely taken it.
I don't think I took it.
Don't worry, I've taken it. It's all right!
What about me? Perhaps I took it?
OK, perhaps I did take it after all.
Yes, I took it. I took it, I tell you!
Yes, that's quite correct. I took it.
No, I certainly didn't take it, I can assure you.
You may not believe me, but actually I took it.
You see, it's like this. I've taken it.
a) Jim admitted that he might have taken it.
b) Sue denied that she had taken it.
c) Harry doubted whether he had taken it.
d) Diana explained that she had taken it.
e) Bill insisted he had taken it.
f) Mary suggested that she had taken it.
g) Ted confirmed that he had taken it.
h) Ruth claimed that she had taken it.
i) Charles repeated that he had taken it.
j) Sally reassured us that she had taken it.
Exercise 6. Make use of the confusables below to report the sentences.
A: claim VS demand; persuade / convince VS assure / reassure; suggest / propose VS offer; admit VS acknowledge.
‘I’m a Scot, I say,’ he said with strong Liverpool accent.
‘We were given guns from Germans’, he said obstinately.
‘I haven’t read it, I say.’
‘Your ID, please’ the policeman asked forcefully.’
‘You shouldn’t miss the chance to go to Scotland, Peter. You really must go now.
‘Your expenses will definitely be reimbursed.’ the company said.
‘Relax’ he said. ‘My house is safe enough. It’s not going to fall down.’
‘Don’t worry. Everything will be OK in the end.’
‘Listen, I’m not going to harm you. You should trust me.’
‘Don’t be afraid to change your mind. It doesn’t hurt and will do only good.’
‘I expect you to pop in when you’re in the area, Jenny.’
‘If I were you I would get in touch with the manager.’
‘Take a seat.What about a nice cup of tea. Help yourself.’
Exercise 7. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals and the meaning stays the same.
Example: He was warned by the fireman not to re-enter the house. HIM
→ The fireman warned him not to re-enter the house.
1. There has been a rumour that the President is ill. IT
2. She thought it would be a good idea for me to see a doctor. ADVISED
3. The minister proposed regular meetings for the committee. MEET
4. The management claimed that all strikers had returned to work. WAS
5. The travel agent recommended our staying near the airport. SHOULD
6. There has been no report that any lives were lost. IT
7. Jack demanded action from the police. SHOULD
8. David supposed that we didn't want to watch television. WANTED
9. My bank manager invited me to visit him at home. COULD
Exercise 8. Report the statements using pattern REPORTING VERB + TO-INF. Use the passive form of reporting verbs where possible.
Example: ‘Don’t be late again! (boss to secretary) the boss ordered the secretary not to be late again. She was ordered not to be late again.
‘Please wear a tie.’ (wife to husband)
‘Do not tell the police anything.’ (lawyer to client)
‘Keep away from the Grotto disco.’ (father to daughters)
‘Don’t talk to strangers.’ (mother to children)
‘You cannot go out!’ (brother to sister)
‘Book a table at Luigi’s.’ (girl to boyfriend)
‘Don’t be late.’ (boy to girlfriend)
‘Be back by ten thirty.’ (mother to son)
'Would you like to come on a picnic with us?' (to friend)
'If you don't give me a pay rise, I'll resign.' (employee to chief)
'Can I borrow your pencil?' (student to group mate)
'I must know your decision soon.' (boy to girlfriend)
'Don't forget to go to the supermarket after work.' (wife to husband)
'Stay away from me!' (to enemy)
'If you can't find anyone else, I'll drive you to the airport.' (busy neighbour)
Exercise 9. Complete the following sentences, using a passive form of a suitable reporting verb avoiding mention of the person speaking.
____________________that the watch will work for a year.
____________________that there are more than 6 billion people on this planet.
____________________that a man will one day run a mile in 3 minutes.
____________________that over 2,000 people were killed in the earthquake.
____________________that there will be another meeting next week.
____________________that the Prime Minister would arrive last week.
____________________that there will be snow tonight.
____________________that ten people have been injured.
____________________that Smith and the manager had come to blows in the dressing-room, though this was denied by the club.
Verbs to Use: report, predict, expect, guarantee, assume, rumour, estimate
Exercise 10. Report the following statements, questions, orders, requests, advice, intentions, thoughts a) with reference to the hearer; b) avoiding mention of the addressee.
A: Follow the example: What did you say your name was? ‘What did you say your name was?’ she inquired She inquired what the client’s name was. She asked the client to repeat his name.
‘Do as I say immediately!’
‘Actually, there’s much doubt that nuclear weapons have helped to keep the peace. On the contrary, there has long existed a danger of nuclear war.’
‘I’d like to begin by telling you that I’m the best swimmer in the school.’
‘Do students learn English as their first foreign language in your country?’
‘Please help me – I just don’t know how I’ll manage if you don’t.’
‘As I was saying, the situation is quite clear.’
‘The train on platform 5 will be calling additionally at Darlington’
‘Don’t ever say that to me again.’
‘No one ever comes to see me.’
‘It’ll be difficult for you’
‘Aaaah! A mouse!’
‘Erm … I think erm …’
‘Ssh! Keep you voice down.’
‘You idiot’
‘Help!!! Help!’
‘You should fill in the forms without delay’
‘Go on, apply for the grant. Have a go.’
‘Please give me the latest reports, Jane’
‘I’ve done better than you.’
‘Get out of here.’
‘I’m afraid it was my fault.’
‘I’m not at all happy about it.’
‘There’s a possibility of promotion.’
‘Don’t forget to come half an hour early on Tuesday.’
‘No, I haven’t done anything illegal.’
‘You see, we have to buy a round trip ticket.’
‘What incredible luck!’
‘Many happy returns, Katya.’
‘I’m sorry, I didn’t mean any offence.’
‘You could have let me know.’
‘I don’t like the way you behave.’
‘What a brave boy you are, Nick!’
‘I’ll break their bones.’
Exercise 11. Proofread the sentences.
Annabelle asked Tony where was he going for his holidays.
They asked me if I would like to buy her a gift and I said I would so.
Paul suggested that they should to inform the police as soon as possible.
Rebecca told to her husband that there was a letter for him.
The man wanted to know if where the post office was.
Melissa promised that to call us as she reached Madrid.
The teacher told us do not to make any noise.
Rhonda asked me that what I would like for my birthday.
Our friends told us that we had better avoid the city centre.
He insisted on that we should tell the truth about the incident.