- •Making a text
- •1.1. Inclusion and exclusion
- •1.1.1.Inclusion / addition
- •Example: also
- •In addition vs. In addition to; as well vs. As well as.
- •Example: in addition to
- •1.1.2.Exclusion
- •1.1.3.Restriction
- •Exercise 19.
- •In the table below you can see an analysis of the results of a health questionnaire filled in by five business executives. Summarise the results and make a report.
- •1.1.4.Alternatives
- •Instead Example: We gave up the idea of moving into a new house and / decided to extend our existing house.
- •Example:
- •Prefer or either rather
- •Except for instead otherwise what’s more Apart from even moreover else
- •Exercise 27. Exclusion, restriction & alternatives. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •1.2. Comparison and contrast
- •1.2.1.Comparison
- •Example:School nowadays do not encourage memorisation.
- •Example: He was never satisfied / he was one of the richest men in the world He was never satisfied, despite being one of the richest men in the world.
- •Example: Conversely
- •Comparison and contrast
- •Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into English using appropriate linking expressions with the meaning of comparison or contrast.
- •1.3. Time
- •1.4.Condition
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •Cause, result and purpose
- •Example:a) Dave is driving fast so that he will arrive on time.
- •1.7. Relatives
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •Exemplification and summation
- •Clarification: namely, I.E., for example / e.G., such as, including, especially
- •Organisation and narrative markers
- •Rephrasing and correcting Exercise 13. In other words, or rather, at least.
- •“Reality” markers
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •2. Combining messages:coherence
- •2.1. Reference
- •Exercise 5. Make one sentence, incorporating the extra information into the base sentence.
- •1.2. Compressing ideas: ellipses
- •Chapter 3 making a text
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Words to use: Not only that but also that which night
- •Words to use: Apart from, such as, and, also, which
- •Words to use: One, caused, which, due
- •2. There are enormous urban problems
- •Because of including in order to and
- •3.2. Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •Indirect report structures
- •Reporting a conversation
Cause, result and purpose
Exercise 6. SO THAT vs. BECAUSE. Make up as many meaningful sentences as you can.
Example:a) Dave is driving fast so that he will arrive on time.
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so that because |
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Exercise 7. SO vs. SO THAT. Complete the sentences with so before a result and so that before a purpose.
1. a) Harold has gone to Italy he can’t deal with your inquiry.
b) Harold has gone to Italy he can meet some industrialists.
2. a) Tim bought a large house __ his parents could come and live with him. .
b) Tim bought a large house __ he had no money to spend on a car.
3. a) Mary got a bicycle she doesn’t need to use her car so much now.
b)Mary got a bicycle she wouldn’t have to use her car so much.
4. a)The company is giving a prize ______ it should get good publicity.
b)The company is giving a prize, _______ we should try to win it.
Exercise 8. Which of the dependent clauses below express (a) purpose, and which express (b) result? Why?
1.The police used a loud-hailer so that everyone in the building heard them.
They used a loud-hailer so that everyone could hear them.
So that everyone could hear, they used a loud-hailer.
We planted hundreds of roses, so that the garden should look beautiful at the time of the wedding.
We watered the garden thoroughly, so that it smelt fresh when the guests arrived.
Не arranged for the taxi to come at six so that she would not have to wait long at the station.
Eat small portions so that your digestive system is not overloaded.
The teachers did revision exercises so that the students were prepared for the test.
Miss May took the little girls out of the house so that they might not hear their mother screaming.
She put down her glass in order that it should not reveal how her hand was shaking.
Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to the difference between purpose and result clauses.
1. Я надел свитер, так что я не замерзну.
2. Мы приехали в аэропорт рано, чтобы дети могли посмотреть на самолеты.
3. Она работала очень усердно, чтобы все было готово к их приезду.
4. Ветер уносил ее слова, так что ничего не было слышно на другом конце двора.
5. Он посещал вечернюю школу и учился стенографировать, так что в 16 лет он уже был одним из лучших служащих в офисе.
6. Я даю тебе карту, чтобы ты не потерялся.
7. Он плохо говорит по-английски, так что я общался с ним через переводчика.
8. Она отвернулась, чтобы он не мог видеть слез на ее лице.
9. Он продал дом, чтобы мы жили в лучших условиях.
10. Я предупредил ее, что ты задержишься, так что она не будет волноваться.