- •Making a text
- •1.1. Inclusion and exclusion
- •1.1.1.Inclusion / addition
- •Example: also
- •In addition vs. In addition to; as well vs. As well as.
- •Example: in addition to
- •1.1.2.Exclusion
- •1.1.3.Restriction
- •Exercise 19.
- •In the table below you can see an analysis of the results of a health questionnaire filled in by five business executives. Summarise the results and make a report.
- •1.1.4.Alternatives
- •Instead Example: We gave up the idea of moving into a new house and / decided to extend our existing house.
- •Example:
- •Prefer or either rather
- •Except for instead otherwise what’s more Apart from even moreover else
- •Exercise 27. Exclusion, restriction & alternatives. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •1.2. Comparison and contrast
- •1.2.1.Comparison
- •Example:School nowadays do not encourage memorisation.
- •Example: He was never satisfied / he was one of the richest men in the world He was never satisfied, despite being one of the richest men in the world.
- •Example: Conversely
- •Comparison and contrast
- •Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into English using appropriate linking expressions with the meaning of comparison or contrast.
- •1.3. Time
- •1.4.Condition
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •Cause, result and purpose
- •Example:a) Dave is driving fast so that he will arrive on time.
- •1.7. Relatives
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •Exemplification and summation
- •Clarification: namely, I.E., for example / e.G., such as, including, especially
- •Organisation and narrative markers
- •Rephrasing and correcting Exercise 13. In other words, or rather, at least.
- •“Reality” markers
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •2. Combining messages:coherence
- •2.1. Reference
- •Exercise 5. Make one sentence, incorporating the extra information into the base sentence.
- •1.2. Compressing ideas: ellipses
- •Chapter 3 making a text
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Words to use: Not only that but also that which night
- •Words to use: Apart from, such as, and, also, which
- •Words to use: One, caused, which, due
- •2. There are enormous urban problems
- •Because of including in order to and
- •3.2. Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •Indirect report structures
- •Reporting a conversation
Making a text
IN ENGLISH
Voronezh 2004
ББК 81.2 Англ
Making a text in English. Practice Materials & Self-access Grammar Guide for 3d year students: Учебное пособие / сост.: О.О.Борискина, C.Л.Лукина, Н.И.Овчинникова, Н.С.Черникова, В.М.Дуничева. – Воронеж, 2004. –187с.
Учебное пособие состоит из двух частей. Первая часть представляет собой сборник материалов, подготовленных для решения учебных задач по созданию и передаче текста на английском языке. Вторая часть содержит описание средств выражения возможных отношений между частями текста в английском языке и предназначена для самостоятельной работы студентов по закреплению навыков языкового оформления таких отношений в устной и письменной речи.
Навыки по освоению текстовых отношений являются неотъемлемой частью коммуникативной компетенции изучающих английский язык по специальностям «Филология», «Лингвистика и межкультурная коммуникация».
ББК 81.2 Англ
Печатается по решению научно-методического совета факультета романо-германской филологии ВГУ.
ISBN
© Издательство «Истоки», 2004
PRACTICE MATERIALS
in Grammar of Text
a book that no 3rd Year Student can afford to neglect
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. COMBINING MESSAGES: COHESION
1.1. INCLUSION / EXCLUSION
1.1.1. ADDITION
1.1.2. EXCLUSION
1.1.3. RESTRICTION
1.1.4. ALTERNATIVES
1.2. COMPARISON / CONTRAST
1.2.1. COMPARISON
1.2.2. CONTRAST
1.2.3. CONCESSION
1.3. TIME
1.4. CONDITION
1.5. CAUSE&EFFECT
1.6. PURPOSE
1.7. RELATIVES
1.8. DISCOURSE MARKERS
1.9. OPINION MARKERS
REVISION
CHAPTER 2. COMBINING MESSAGES: COHERENCE
2.1. REFERENCE
2.2. ELLIPSES
CHAPTER 3. MAKING A TEXT
3.1. COMPRESSING SENTENCES
3.2. REPORTING
Chapter 1
COMBINING MESSAGES: COHESION
1.1. Inclusion and exclusion
1.1.1.Inclusion / addition
Exercise 1. Underline verbs with the same subject in the sentences below. Rewrite the sentences omitting subjects IF POSSIBLE and linking clauses with and.
Example: An earthquake struck South America yesterday. It caused some damage. The damage occurred in a thinly-populated area An earthquake struck South America yesterday and caused some damage in a thinly-populated area.
The twentieth century has seen the development of antibiotics. Penicillin was developed in the 1940s. It has saved thousands of lives.
Rain will spread into all areas. Snow may fall on high ground. Drier weather is expected tomorrow.
The manager invited workers’ representatives to the meeting. He explained his position to them. They had a long talk with him.
Susan and I went on a trip to Romania. We saw a lot of interesting sights. I spent two days in Italy on the way home.
Some delegates arrived by train. Others came by car. A few arrived by taxi.
A new nature reserve has been created in North Luanza. This is a unique area for wildlife. It has to be protected.
Exercise 2. Find a proper place for ALSO in the sentences below.