- •Making a text
- •1.1. Inclusion and exclusion
- •1.1.1.Inclusion / addition
- •Example: also
- •In addition vs. In addition to; as well vs. As well as.
- •Example: in addition to
- •1.1.2.Exclusion
- •1.1.3.Restriction
- •Exercise 19.
- •In the table below you can see an analysis of the results of a health questionnaire filled in by five business executives. Summarise the results and make a report.
- •1.1.4.Alternatives
- •Instead Example: We gave up the idea of moving into a new house and / decided to extend our existing house.
- •Example:
- •Prefer or either rather
- •Except for instead otherwise what’s more Apart from even moreover else
- •Exercise 27. Exclusion, restriction & alternatives. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •1.2. Comparison and contrast
- •1.2.1.Comparison
- •Example:School nowadays do not encourage memorisation.
- •Example: He was never satisfied / he was one of the richest men in the world He was never satisfied, despite being one of the richest men in the world.
- •Example: Conversely
- •Comparison and contrast
- •Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into English using appropriate linking expressions with the meaning of comparison or contrast.
- •1.3. Time
- •1.4.Condition
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •Cause, result and purpose
- •Example:a) Dave is driving fast so that he will arrive on time.
- •1.7. Relatives
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •Exemplification and summation
- •Clarification: namely, I.E., for example / e.G., such as, including, especially
- •Organisation and narrative markers
- •Rephrasing and correcting Exercise 13. In other words, or rather, at least.
- •“Reality” markers
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •2. Combining messages:coherence
- •2.1. Reference
- •Exercise 5. Make one sentence, incorporating the extra information into the base sentence.
- •1.2. Compressing ideas: ellipses
- •Chapter 3 making a text
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Words to use: Not only that but also that which night
- •Words to use: Apart from, such as, and, also, which
- •Words to use: One, caused, which, due
- •2. There are enormous urban problems
- •Because of including in order to and
- •3.2. Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •Indirect report structures
- •Reporting a conversation
Chapter 3 making a text
3.1. Compressing sentences
Exercise 1. A: Compare sentences 1-6 about a Cow Parade with the sentence in italic below. Note the ways the messages are combined.
Colorful creations preview promise of Cow Parade.
There will be about 300 cows.
The cows will be scattered throughout Kansas City this summer.
The cows are whimsically decorated.
The cows are made of fiberglass.
The first 18 were unveiled on Friday.
The first 18 appeared outside a barbecue restaurant.
The first 18 of what will be about 300 whimsically decorated fiberglass cows scattered throughout Kansas City this summer were unveiled Friday outside – of course – a barbecue restaurant.
B: Find as many ways as you can to combine each of the following sentence groups into one sentence. Include all the ideas that are there, collapsing sentences where necessary and using appropriate linkers.
My family was huge.
My family met at my grandparents’ house every holiday.
There were never enough chairs.
I always had to sit on the floor.
Computers save time.
Many businesses are buying them.
The managers have to train people to operate the machines.
Sometimes they don’t realise that.
She wanted to be successful.
She worked day and night.
She worked for a famous advertising agency.
Eventually she became a vice-president.
He really wants to go skiing.
He has decided to go to a beach resort in California.
His sister lives in the beach resort.
He hasn’t seen her for ten years.
Hunting-and-gathering economies ruled for hundreds of thousands of years. Hunting-and-gathering economies were overshadowed by agrarian economies. Agrarian economies ruled for about 10,000 years.
6. The probation service is not well paid.
Nobody can argue that.
There have been improvements
The work is now better paid.
It’s better paid than most teaching posts.
There are other jobs, which are more badly paid than the probation service.
Exercise 2. Combine the sentences below to form the first sentence of a horror story.
Professor Smith didn't believe in ghosts.
Professor Smith didn't believe in other supposedly 'supernatural' phenomena.
All of them were the result of hallucinations or outright trickery.
That was his opinion.
He did not hesitate.
He was challenged to spend the night alone in a graveyard.
He was challenged by a friend.
The churchyard had the reputation of being haunted.
Words to use ( in the order provided ): Since which in his opinion when by which reputed haunted
Now combine the following two groups of sentences in the same way to continue the story.
Professor Smith took up the challenge for a reason.
He wanted to prove that the fear was just nonsense and superstition.
He wanted to prove this to his friend.
His friend was not entirely convinced by the professor's rational approach.
The fear was inspired by the graveyard.
Words to use: in order to who that superstition
However, there was a discovery the following morning.
It was his dead body, outside the door of the church.
The discovery seemed rather to contradict this theory.
It contradicted it especially when it was found that the professor had died of a heart attack.
It was also found that his hair had turned completely white during the night.
His hair had been dark brown when he entered the graveyard.