Words to use: Not only that but also that which night

Exercise 3. A: Combine the following groups of sentences to make a story.

1. Some of the disadvantages of destroying the tropical forests are obvious.

One example of these disadvantages is the loss of valuable commercial resources.

Another example is the loss of an area of great biological importance.

But there are also the effects on the world's climate.

These are only now beginning to be understood.

Words to use: Apart from, such as, and, also, which

2. One of these effects is the Greenhouse Effect.

The Greenhouse Effect is the result of changes in the Earth's atmosphere.

The changes in the atmosphere are partly the result of the burning trees.

Words to use: One, caused, which, due

3. One inevitable effect of this phenomenon is hotter weather worldwide.

This may have the effect of melting the polar icecaps.

A rise in sea-level would be the result of the melting of the polar icecaps.

The consequence of a rise in sea-level would be the loss of much coastal land.

Words to use: This phenomenon, lead, and the possible, in turn, result in, and the consequent.

B: Combine each group of sentences to form one sentence.

1. People were driving too fast.

People were driving too close to the car in front.

They couldn't see where they were going.

There was thick fog.

This caused the motorway pile-up.

was caused and even though because of

2. There are enormous urban problems

They result from private vehicle use.

Examples of the problems are pollution, stress and the loss of working hours.

The loss of working hours is caused by traffic jams.

Because of these problems, the government has decided to subsidise public transport.

The purpose of this is to bring fares down.

This will make tubes and buses a more attractive alternative to driving.

Because of including in order to and

Chapter 3

3.2. Reporting what people say, think or feel

Exercise 1. Report what other people have said using the REPORTING SIGNALS.

In the words of X

According to X

In X’s opinion

As far as X is concerned

As X puts it / as one wit put it

For the student’s part

To quote X:

Scientific studies suggest

Example: ‘The world is not hostile, nor yet is it friendly,’ in the words of J.H.Holmes. ‘It’s simply indifferent.’

Indirect report structures

Exercise 2. Revise the rules for reporting people's words and thoughts. Discuss any differences in meaning or emphasis between the sentences:

1. She said, "I'll be arriving tomorrow."

She told me that she was arriving tomorrow.

She told me that she was arriving the next day.

2. He said, "If you phoned us from the airport, we could come and pick you up."

He said they could come and pick me up if I rang them from the airport.

He said they could’ve come to collect me up if I'd called them from the airport.

3. Ben said, "They're moving back to Greece."

Ben tells me that you're moving back to Greece.

Ben told me that you're moving back to Greece.

4. She said, "I'm fourteen."

A: How old did she say she is? B: She said she is fourteen.

Did you hear that? She said she was fourteen.

5. She said to me, "You really should spend more time reading, shouldn't you?"

She advised me to spend more time reading.

She urged me to spend more time reading.

6. We doubted whether the scheme would succeed.

We didn't know whether the scheme would succeed.

We had no doubt that the scheme would fail.

7. Everyone said, "That's just nonsense!"

No one agreed with my idea.

Everyone dismissed my idea as unrealistic.

Exercise 3. Choose the appropriate ways of REPORTING QUESTIONS.

1. The woman said, "What's your address, John?"

2. a. She asked him what was his address.

b. She enquired what his address was.

c. She asked him what his address was.

d. She asked him what his address is.

e. She asked what his address was.

f. She wanted to know what his address was.

2. "Do you agree with this business plan?" the director asked the managers.

2. a. He asked whether or not they agreed.

b. He asked them if they agreed.

c. He asked do you agree?

d. He asked them whether they agreed.

e. He asked whether they agreed or not.

f. He asked if they agree.

3. "What are you doing, William?" I asked myself.

a. I wanted to know what he was doing.

b. I didn't know what he was doing.

c. I wondered what was he doing.

d. I wondered what he was doing.

e. I thought what he was doing.

f. I wondered to myself what I was doing.