- •Making a text
- •1.1. Inclusion and exclusion
- •1.1.1.Inclusion / addition
- •Example: also
- •In addition vs. In addition to; as well vs. As well as.
- •Example: in addition to
- •1.1.2.Exclusion
- •1.1.3.Restriction
- •Exercise 19.
- •In the table below you can see an analysis of the results of a health questionnaire filled in by five business executives. Summarise the results and make a report.
- •1.1.4.Alternatives
- •Instead Example: We gave up the idea of moving into a new house and / decided to extend our existing house.
- •Example:
- •Prefer or either rather
- •Except for instead otherwise what’s more Apart from even moreover else
- •Exercise 27. Exclusion, restriction & alternatives. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •1.2. Comparison and contrast
- •1.2.1.Comparison
- •Example:School nowadays do not encourage memorisation.
- •Example: He was never satisfied / he was one of the richest men in the world He was never satisfied, despite being one of the richest men in the world.
- •Example: Conversely
- •Comparison and contrast
- •Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into English using appropriate linking expressions with the meaning of comparison or contrast.
- •1.3. Time
- •1.4.Condition
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •Cause, result and purpose
- •Example:a) Dave is driving fast so that he will arrive on time.
- •1.7. Relatives
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •Exemplification and summation
- •Clarification: namely, I.E., for example / e.G., such as, including, especially
- •Organisation and narrative markers
- •Rephrasing and correcting Exercise 13. In other words, or rather, at least.
- •“Reality” markers
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •2. Combining messages:coherence
- •2.1. Reference
- •Exercise 5. Make one sentence, incorporating the extra information into the base sentence.
- •1.2. Compressing ideas: ellipses
- •Chapter 3 making a text
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Words to use: Not only that but also that which night
- •Words to use: Apart from, such as, and, also, which
- •Words to use: One, caused, which, due
- •2. There are enormous urban problems
- •Because of including in order to and
- •3.2. Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •Indirect report structures
- •Reporting a conversation
Exemplification and summation
Exercise 5. Proofread the sentences if they are linkerwise incorrect.
Pacifica has devalued its currency. For example, it will be easier for Pacifica to sell its goods abroad.
As Diana’s manager, I have to say that she is not at all reliable. For instance, she arrived an hour late yesterday.
New technology can lead to a loss of jobs. E.g. a lot of jobs have disappeared through the use of computers.
Your essay is excellent. For example, it’s the best essay I have read this year.
If you receive the document, please send me a copy as quickly as possible. For example, you could send one by fax.
It’s no use complaining about the job. Nobody would listen to me. For example, I’m starting a new job next month.
Exercise 6. ALL IN ALL / IN SHORT / IN A WORD. How could you sum up the ideas in B? Or find a good umbrella nomination for them in A?
A:
our tour of Australia was a disaster;
she is the best person for the job;
a consumerist worldview.
anything challenging.
he had a miserable childhood;
it will cost thousands of pounds to put the house in order;
oppressor and oppressed stood in constant opposition to one another,
the company’s prospects for the coming year are excellent;
his professionalism as a man in arms;
the majority of readers now are scholars (whether students or professional academics);
a wealth of activities;
B:
1. Elizabeth is experienced, good at communicating and highly qualified.
Our best players had to go home because of injury and we lost every match;
Our profits are up, our order book is full, and we have first-class managers;
What it has created is a reformulation of consumerism that transforms all the public mass media and their contents into opportunities to sell ideas, values, products;
the reading public as a whole is shrinking, literature is increasingly relegated to the schools as something to be studied;
Try tennis, badminton or windsurfing;
His father beat him, his mother died young, and he hated his school;
The roof leaks, the window frames are rotten and there is no electricity;
Robert Bruce’s, king of Scots, successes against the English stemmed from his military qualities, his understanding of his men, his appreciation of the tactics required for victory;
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guildmaster and journeymen stood in constant opposition to one another.
There are quizzes, travel reports, documentary, features, interviews, cartoons, game shows, music songs, comedy.
Exercise 7. Mixed “exemplification and summation” forms.
FOR EXAMPLE / FOR INSTANCE vs. ALL IN ALL / IN SHORT? Decide on a suitable order of the sentences below.
1. (a) You could learn ten new words every day.
(b) There are various steps you could take to improve your English.
2.(a) We couldn’t do without her.
(b) She’s efficient, a good organiser and good at handling people.
3. (a) A few mammals have characteristics of birds and reptiles.
(b) The duck-billed platypus lays eggs.
4. (a) Sea City is hot, ugly, smelly and violent.
(b) It’s a place to avoid.
5. (a) Some of the expressions taught in books are old-fashioned.
(b) You are unlikely to hear anyone in England say ‘It’s raining cats and dogs’.