- •Making a text
- •1.1. Inclusion and exclusion
- •1.1.1.Inclusion / addition
- •Example: also
- •In addition vs. In addition to; as well vs. As well as.
- •Example: in addition to
- •1.1.2.Exclusion
- •1.1.3.Restriction
- •Exercise 19.
- •In the table below you can see an analysis of the results of a health questionnaire filled in by five business executives. Summarise the results and make a report.
- •1.1.4.Alternatives
- •Instead Example: We gave up the idea of moving into a new house and / decided to extend our existing house.
- •Example:
- •Prefer or either rather
- •Except for instead otherwise what’s more Apart from even moreover else
- •Exercise 27. Exclusion, restriction & alternatives. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •1.2. Comparison and contrast
- •1.2.1.Comparison
- •Example:School nowadays do not encourage memorisation.
- •Example: He was never satisfied / he was one of the richest men in the world He was never satisfied, despite being one of the richest men in the world.
- •Example: Conversely
- •Comparison and contrast
- •Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into English using appropriate linking expressions with the meaning of comparison or contrast.
- •1.3. Time
- •1.4.Condition
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •Cause, result and purpose
- •Example:a) Dave is driving fast so that he will arrive on time.
- •1.7. Relatives
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •Exemplification and summation
- •Clarification: namely, I.E., for example / e.G., such as, including, especially
- •Organisation and narrative markers
- •Rephrasing and correcting Exercise 13. In other words, or rather, at least.
- •“Reality” markers
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •2. Combining messages:coherence
- •2.1. Reference
- •Exercise 5. Make one sentence, incorporating the extra information into the base sentence.
- •1.2. Compressing ideas: ellipses
- •Chapter 3 making a text
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Words to use: Not only that but also that which night
- •Words to use: Apart from, such as, and, also, which
- •Words to use: One, caused, which, due
- •2. There are enormous urban problems
- •Because of including in order to and
- •3.2. Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •Indirect report structures
- •Reporting a conversation
Rephrasing and correcting Exercise 13. In other words, or rather, at least.
A: Make out a proper linking device and consider the ways of translating the sentences into Russian.
The brides usually keep their bouquets, _______ whoever caught them does.
As an occasional journalist his only `offensive weapon' was his pen, ________ , his word processor.
In Jacques Lacan's reinterpretation of Freud, sexuality, ________ sexual desire, is constituted in language
All this staff makes me feel uneasy and isolated, _______, did make me.
As you can doubtless see, I'm in the middle of decorating, _______, I was when you barged in and interrupted me.
He came very late last night, ________, very early this morning.
So that was how it all began: the life, ________ the new life, or better still the Good Life.
Rayleen helped too, _________ her uniform did, giving us a pseudo-official status which meant we could jump the queue.
As he had already been interviewed four times and been in police custody for over 24 hours, the expectation would be that a solicitor might well consider that, ________ for that evening, enough was enough and that he ought to advise his client not to answer further questions.
Was not a bowl of wine the cause of the demise of Alexander the Great, ________, does not Dr. Lempriere say so?
Too often, for example, rural communities are faced with an educational system which denies, _______ neglects, many traditional rural values, and emphasises urban values to the detriment of the rural community.
After three years of groping in the dark they have emerged not quite into sparkling sunshine but _________into the hint of a new dawn.
How many of us really try to buy goods made of recycled materials, _______ protest at the extravagant use of costly and unnecessary packaging?
He left last Tuesday – ________ I think he did.
This is what is sometimes referred to as intentional terminological inexactitude, _________, a lie.
They took with them some chocolate, cans of beer and fruit juice, a flask of coffee, a pack of sandwiches: ________, enough refreshments.
Local authority revenue could be obtained through either a local income tax and/or a local sales tax –__________, through methods similar to those used in raising central government revenues.
Your performance in the exam did not reach the required standard _ ______, you failed.
Addicted TV viewers have a shortened attention span and a lack of reflectiveness – the ability to think, __________.
Effective staff management is, therefore, as much concerned with `why' and `how' as `what and `when; ________, organisational processes are as significant as organisational tasks and the one should inform the other.
B: Mr Perkins doesn’t like Bert, his daughter’s boyfriend. Complete what he says about Bert.
He wastes his money on useless things. __________, he wastes my daughter’s money.
You can’t trust him. ___________, you can trust him to tell lies.
He’s ‘allergic’ to work. ___________, he’s a lazy good-for-nothing.
He spends his whole life in the pub. ________ he’s there most nights of the week.
Last night he borrowed a friend’s motor bike. _________, he took it without permission.
The police followed him and found he was going at 125 kilometres an hour – or ___________, he was over the speed limit.
They also tested his eyesight and found that he was driving with ‘defective vision’. ___________, he should have been wearing glasses.
I’ll be surprised if he doesn’t go to prison for it. _________, he’ll be banned from driving.
Of course he’ll be very sorry now - or _____________he’ll say he is.
It’s time his association with my daughter ended. _________, it’s time she got rid of him.