- •Making a text
- •1.1. Inclusion and exclusion
- •1.1.1.Inclusion / addition
- •Example: also
- •In addition vs. In addition to; as well vs. As well as.
- •Example: in addition to
- •1.1.2.Exclusion
- •1.1.3.Restriction
- •Exercise 19.
- •In the table below you can see an analysis of the results of a health questionnaire filled in by five business executives. Summarise the results and make a report.
- •1.1.4.Alternatives
- •Instead Example: We gave up the idea of moving into a new house and / decided to extend our existing house.
- •Example:
- •Prefer or either rather
- •Except for instead otherwise what’s more Apart from even moreover else
- •Exercise 27. Exclusion, restriction & alternatives. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •1.2. Comparison and contrast
- •1.2.1.Comparison
- •Example:School nowadays do not encourage memorisation.
- •Example: He was never satisfied / he was one of the richest men in the world He was never satisfied, despite being one of the richest men in the world.
- •Example: Conversely
- •Comparison and contrast
- •Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into English using appropriate linking expressions with the meaning of comparison or contrast.
- •1.3. Time
- •1.4.Condition
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •Cause, result and purpose
- •Example:a) Dave is driving fast so that he will arrive on time.
- •1.7. Relatives
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •Exemplification and summation
- •Clarification: namely, I.E., for example / e.G., such as, including, especially
- •Organisation and narrative markers
- •Rephrasing and correcting Exercise 13. In other words, or rather, at least.
- •“Reality” markers
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •2. Combining messages:coherence
- •2.1. Reference
- •Exercise 5. Make one sentence, incorporating the extra information into the base sentence.
- •1.2. Compressing ideas: ellipses
- •Chapter 3 making a text
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Words to use: Not only that but also that which night
- •Words to use: Apart from, such as, and, also, which
- •Words to use: One, caused, which, due
- •2. There are enormous urban problems
- •Because of including in order to and
- •3.2. Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •Indirect report structures
- •Reporting a conversation
Organisation and narrative markers
Exercise 10. Use FIRSTLY / FIRST vs. AT FIRST; Revise ADDITION linkers. Alter punctuation as necessary.
1. I didn’t enjoy the work.. It took me a long time to get used to it.
2. There are several reasons why you should choose Sue for the job. She is extremely well qualified. She has the necessary experience.
3. (to an apprentice in a workshop) Let me look at your work. Mm. It isn’t bad, but there are still some faults. You haven’t tightened these screws. Can you see them? And also, you’ve cut these wires too short... .
4. We shall launch our new models next week. They’ll only be available in the London stores, but eventually they’ll be sold throughout the country.
5. The company has made mistakes. It should have invested in new technology. It should not have closed down its Atlantica factory.
6. Much research has been carried out on the disease. It was thought that chemical agents were responsible. It is now known to be caused by a virus.
Exercise 11. Fill in the gaps with appropriate ORGANISATION AND NARRATIVE linkers.
_____________, the River Ouse flowed through the town. But sediment built up in the Ouse, and around 1300 the course of the river changed to run through Maryville.
They promised to deliver by the end of June, but the goods __________turned up on 16 August.
John and Anita got married ____________of May. ____________, the marriage worked well, but problems soon began to emerge.
We had a long and bitter argument, but ________I realised he was right after all.
I burnt the meat and dropped the vegetables, but the meal turned out all right _____.
________the waiter brought them their meal, but by then it was cold.
After the operation, he went home to recuperate. ______________ he made good progress, but his condition soon began to deteriorate.
_____________ of the film, we are introduced to the two main characters, Bill and Sarah Cunningham.
Damian told me the other day that he wants to be an astronaut. I didn’t believe him _______, but then I realised he was serious!
She spent days trying to decide what to do. She ____________ decided that the best course of actions was to do nothing.
I’ve spent thousands of pounds trying to get my driving licence, and now, after seventeen goes, I’ve got it ___________!
They tried hard to make the marriage work, but their hearts weren’t in it, and they got divorced _____________.
The story jumps around from place to place, and there are characters introduced who don’t seem to be connected. ____________, you have very little idea of what it was all about.
I had to wait weeks for the cheque to come, but it arrived __________.
Exercise 12. Mixed ORGANISATION AND NARRATIVE linkers. Complete the letter of F. Brayne, a romantic novelist, to her publisher.
1 Firstly, I’d just like to say that I found our meeting very useful, and the lunch was delicious! Unfortunately, when I got to the station I discovered I had missed the last train home. 2__________, after many inquiries, I decided to take a train to Ipswich and go on from there by taxi - a distance of 20 miles! 3______________, I’ll give you my reactions to your suggestions for Sad Heart.
4 __________I wasn’t keen on your idea of making the main character an older woman, but now I see how it might work. How about this? 5__________ she’s shown to be disappointed and uncertain because of the failures in her life, but the story describes how her life goes in new directions. 6__________, she knows who she is, and is ready for new challenges.
7_____________, I’d like to clear up one point. I think you said that the royalty would rise to 15% on sales above 10,000. Can you confirm this?
Yours Fiona Brayne
PS: 8__________ I’ve abandoned my dear old typewriter and joined the XXI century! This letter is written on my new word processor - not so many typing errors for you to correct.