II. Vocabulary work

2.1. CHOOSE ACCORDING TO THE DEFINITION.

1) to produce

2) anything assigned as a task

3) to use without return, to lose

4) to put aside for future use

5) to maintain repeatedly

6) to divide and give out in portions

7) to receive as recompense for work

8) to examine so as to see differences

9) a manner of operating or functioning

10) specially adapted or suited

11) a detailed and timed plan

12) a benefit

13) to be affected injuriously

14) to deal with something or somebody

2.2. TRANSLATE PAYING ATTENTION TO THE ITALICISED WORDS.

1. The boss insisted that we'd choose another schedule of work.

2. I think I can handle the other job, too.

3. They communicate with each other in very good English.

4. Please, make sure that other plans are discussed properly.

5. The two other shares are a little bit smaller.

6. He is responsible for another area of activities.

7. You should research each problem in every detail.

8. There were many others who wanted to earn extra money.

9. How can we compare this schedule to other ones?

10. Each of the two machines can be made use of in experiments.

11. He was doing it with the least possible effort.

12. The scientist noticed no other details of importance.

III. Work at the following text

3.1. READ AND ANSWER THE QUESTION:

Why was the management called "scientific"?

Taylor: the secret was in the shovel

In 1898, Frederic Taylor was a foreman at the Bethlehem Steel Company. He was responsible for all the material brought to and generated by the plant, and made sure that it was efficiently moved to the right places. As he watched the 500 men shovel the material, he noticed that each man used a different-size shovel. Taylor saw that each man brought a shovel from home, no matter what material he was assigned to move that day. Taylor also noticed that each man had his own way of shoveling. Some men could move a lot, others wasted much energy. Taylor soon discovered that none of the men had ever been taught the proper way to shovel. There was no a plan for the day's work, either. Taylor began to research the problem. He decided to conduct an experiment. He asked two of his best men to shovel for him for extra money. He studied the motions of each man carefully.so that he was able to see a way of shoveling that wasted the least amount of energy. Taylor also found that the average shovel load should be 21.5 pounds. After finishing the experiment, Taylor asked Bethlehem Steel to build an equipment shed and stock it with different size shovels. Each shovel, when used to move the material for which it was designed, could handle an average load of 21.5 pounds. Taylor also recommended that a work schedule should be prepared every day to get the men know their assignment for the next day. The shovelers could choose the proper shovel for it when they came to work. Taylor also insisted that the men should share in the extra profits. An efficient worker would re­ceive a bonus, earning $1.75 a day instead of $1.25 a day. The company administration made use of Taylor's recommendations. The results were remarkable. After two years, Bethlehem Steel needed only 140 men compared with 500 men before. The shovelers themselves earned more money and suffered fewer injuries. Frederic Taylor later published many books and became known as the "Father of Scientific Management". He made it clear that a worker, with proper equipment and specialised training, can perform any task much more efficiently.

3.2. READING COMPREHENSION TEST 5A.

Choose the correct variant on the basis of what is stated or implied in the text.

1. Frederic Taylor, a foreman, was interested in

1. becoming the founder of "scientific management"

2. the size of shovels used by the workers

3. the Bethlehem Steel Company advertising

4. improving employee productivity and performance

2. Taylor understood it was necessary to

1. waste much energy at work

2. hire new workers with better technique

3. research the management problems

(D) offer extra money and bonuses to employees

3. The improvements made by Taylor led to

(A) more effective time management

(B) using proper equipment and training

3. more experiments in the field of marketing

4. changes in the administrative structure

4. From the text we can draw a conclusion that

(A) all the workers were happy with the change

(B) Taylor cared about workers' pay and performance

3. workers began to lose jobs by thousands

4. Taylor's ideas were difficult to realize

5. In Lines 35-36, the expression "made it clear" is closest in meaning to

1. discovered

2. found

3. proved

4. made sure

6. According to the text, it is NOT true that

1. Taylor's ideas found no positive response

2. Taylor published some books on management

1. Taylor became known as the founder of a new management school

2. Taylor came to his discovery through simple experiments