- •Англійська мова для професійного спілкування
- •Передмова
- •Brief contents
- •Unit 1 structure and bonding
- •1. You are going to read three texts which are all connected with chemistry. Read the texts and be able to make intelligent guesses about:
- •2. Decide what books the texts come from. What helped you to make up your mind? Choose from the following:
- •3. Which sentence could be the opening sentence of the text?
- •4. Think about the first sentences above and decide which you think are likely to introduce a paragraph with:
- •6. Give the definitions of the following terms:
- •2. Look at Appendix 3 and Render the following text.
- •3. Read the following text. Discuss the point with your colleagues. What do you know about the methods of scientific investigation? The Scientific Method
- •The Scientific Method
- •1. Culture clips: London life
- •2.What museums are there in your city/town? Have you ever visited any?
- •3.Have you ever visited science museum of the “kpi”? Are there any in your university? Imagine that you are a guide at such museum, tell about the most interesting museum piece.
- •2. What was said in the text about:
- •3. Render the following text.
- •1. Imagine that you are starting a presentation. What phrases might you use?
- •2. Listen totwowaysofopeningpresentationsandseeifyoucanhearsomeofthephrasesabove.
- •3. Read some advices on delivering effective presentations in the Appendix 7 and write your own opening for the topic “Stereochemistry”.
- •Imagine that you are a major distributor of the following product. Look at Business English section and write a letter asking more information about the product presented below.
- •Unit 3 molecular symetry
- •2. Find five things in the texts to finish the sentence: “It reminds me of…”
- •2. Read the flowcharts given in the figure 1 and 2.
- •3. Read some information about creation of the flow charts in the Appendix 4-6 and create your own describing any experiment you made in the laboratory.
- •4. Create a list of rules related to the theme of the text given in the exercise 1. Share and compare the rules with your partners and think how they might be improved, choose the best ones.
- •5. Render the text given in the exercise 1.
- •2. Listen to two ways of giving presentations and see if you can hear some of the phrases above.
- •3. Read some advices on delivering effective presentations in the Appendix 7 and write your own presentation for the topic “Molecular symmetry”.
- •You ordered: Beckman du64 uv/VisSpectrophotometer
- •Unit 4 stereochemistry of reactions
- •Chiral Drug
- •1.Presentation: questions.
- •Unit 5 resolution of enantiomers
- •Resolution of enantiomers
- •1. Method of resolution is the title of the text in this section. What is the likely content of the article? Predict the methods which might be described.
- •3. Mark and talk about five things from the text you are glad to find out about. Talk in pairs about these things and why you chose them.
- •5.Render the text.
- •4. Think of three reasons you liked the text and three reasons you didn’t like it. Share and compare your reasons with other students. Find out how many other students share your opinion.
- •1.Presentation: useful tips.
- •3.Complete the sentence with the correct phrase.
- •Principles of Stereochemistry
- •Enantiomeric Relationships
- •Diastereomeric Relationships
- •Methods of determining configuration
- •The Cause of Optical Activity
- •Molecules With More Than One Chiral (Stereogenic) Center
- •Asymmetric Synthesis
- •Business english
- •Formal letter
- •1.Titles and addresses
- •2Covering the issues
- •3 Beginning your letter
- •4 Ordering ideas
- •5 Range
- •6 Ending the letter
- •Sample formal letter
- •Informal letter or email
- •1 Titles and addresses
- •2 Openings
- •3 Covering all the issues
- •4 Using informal language
- •5 Range
- •6 Connectors
- •7 Closing statements
- •Writing a tactful advice letter
- •How to write a request letter
- •Complaint letter
- •If necessary, add any further information:
- •Writing claim letter
- •Inquiry letter
- •Establish Your Objective
- •Determine Your Scope
- •Organize Your Letter
- •Draft Your Letter
- •Close Your Letter
- •Review and Revise Your Inquiry Letter
- •Sample Inquiry Letter __________Better Widget Makers, Inc.__________
- •5555 Widget Avenue
- •Appendices appendix 1 exclamations
- •Appendix 2 general conversation gambits
- •Appendix 3 the scheme of rendering the text
- •Appendix 4 flow charts
- •Appendix 5 graph
- •Appendix 6 reading and interpreting graphs
- •Types of Graphs
- •Appendix 7 presentations
- •Typescripts
- •Bbc Learning English. Talking Business
- •(Bbclearningenglish. Com)
- •Bibliography 1
- •Bibliography 2
6. Give the definitions of the following terms:
Ionization energy, electropositive element, electron affinity, electronegative element, ionic bonding, Lewis structures, "Kekule" structures.
Speaking
1. Alphabet dialogue. You are given the beginning of the sentences. Look at Appendix 1-2 and make up a dialogue without changing the order of these sentences. Speak about Molecular orbital theory and hybridization. You may use the following words and word combinations: an overlapping of atomic orbitals, to join together, arrangement of electrons, bond strength, to share the bonding electrons, bond length, bonding MO, antibonding MO, sigma bonds, principle of maximum orbital overlap, pi bond, unpaired electrons, excited-state configuration, electronic configuration, mix or hybridize, sp3hybridization, overlap head-on,sphybrid orbitals.
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A- Ahh, anyway B- But C- Come to think of it D- Doesn’t that mean…? E- Errr F- Fine, but… G- Good point. H- Hmmm… I- I’d say… J- Just a minute… L- Let me see, M – Mmmmm
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N – Now, as I was saying… O – Oh, but… P – Put another way… R – Right… S – So… T – Talking about…. U – Ummm V – Very interesting, but… W – Well… Y – Yes, I know but…
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2. Look at Appendix 3 and Render the following text.
We saw in ammonia that nonbonding lone-pair electrons can occupy hybrid orbitals just as bonding electron pairs can. The same phenomenon is seen again in the structure of water, H20. Ground-state oxygen has the electronic configuration ls22s22p%2py2pz, and oxygen is therefore divalent; that is, it forms two bonds.
We can imagine several hypothetical models for the bonding in water:
Perhaps oxygen uses two unhybridizedp orbitals to overlap with hydrogen 1s orbitals. The two oxygen lone pairs would then remain in a 2s and a 2pxorbital.
Perhaps oxygen undergoes sphybridization and uses the two sphybrid orbitals for bonding. The lone pairs would then both remain in the two unhybridizedp orbitals.
Perhaps oxygen undergoes sp3hybridization and uses two sp3hybrid orbitals for bonding. The lone pairs would then occupy the remaining two sp3orbitals.
Only the third model, the hybridization of oxygen into sp3orbitals, allows strong bonds and maximum distance between the outer-shell electrons. The oxygen in water is therefore sp3hybridized.
Measurements on water indicate that the oxygen doesn't have perfect sp3hybrid orbitals; the actual H-O-H bond angle of 104.5° is somewhat less than the predicted tetrahedral angle. We can explain this bond angle difference by assuming that there is a repulsive interaction between the two lone pairs that forces them apart and thus compresses the H-O-H angle.
One final example of orbital hybridization that we'll consider is found in molecules like boron trifluoride, BF3. Since boron has only three outer-shell electrons (ls22s22px), it can form a maximum of three bonds. Even though we can promote a 2s electron into a 2pyorbital and then hybridize in some manner, there is no way to complete a stable outer-shell electron octet for boron.
Since boron has no lone-pair electrons to take into account, we might predict that it will hybridize in such a way that the three В—F bonds will be as far away from one another as possible. This prediction implies sp2 hybridization and a planar structure for BF3 in which each fluorine bonds to a boron sp2orbital, with the remaining p orbital on boron left vacant. Boron trifluoride has exactly this predicted structure.