Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

экономика для чайников

.pdf
Скачиваний:
21
Добавлен:
02.05.2015
Размер:
19.14 Mб
Скачать

~b 1'c.R"OZO Jt/te'1J1,jz.u.R~

Jl,a/eCtL«.lt3aH,1tSl Jl,ptufbU.u

Pa:mOO6pa3Hble npe.!UIPIDI'fIDI, ¢JHPMbI H KopnopaIUIH CO:maIOTC~JIIO,/U>MH)l)UI TOTO, 'IT'Q­

6bI npoH3BO,lJ;HTb pa3HbIe TOBaIJbI H yc.rryrn. 3To YTBepx,n;eHHe ,lJ;OJDKHO BbI3BaTb Y BaC XeJIaHHe 3a,u,aTb ¢JYH.LJ;aMeHTaJIbHbIA BOnpOC: nO'leMy Bo06me JIIO,lJ;H C03,lJ;aIOT npe,lJ;np~IDI ,lJ;JUI npo­

H3BO,lJ;CTBa TOBapOB H YCJIYT? O,lJ;HOR H3 npH'lHH MOXeT 6bITb aJIbTPYH3M• .l4JYTOR npH'lHHOA MoxeT OKa3aTbC~XeJIaHHe KaKHM-TO 06paJoM paJBJIe'lb HJIH nOJa6aBHTb ce6g, JII06HMOTO. MoxeT OKaJaTbC~H TaK, 'ITO JIIO,lJ;H, KOTopble OTKPblBaIOT C06cTBeHHoe ,lJ;eJIO, ycTaJIH OT npex­ HHX 3aIDlTHH. Ho 3KOHOMHCTbI nOJIaraIOT, 'ITO OTBeT Ha 3TOT BOnpoc HaMHOTO npoIlle.

3KOHOMHCTbI C,lJ;eJIaJIH BbIBO,lJ;, 'ITO OCHOBHaH lIeJIb BCex KopnopaIIHH - nOJIyqeHHe KaK MOXHO 60JIbilleA npH6bIJIH. 3KOHOMHCTbI 06'MJ:CffgIOT 3TO ,lJ;B~ npH'IHHaMH•

../ ECJIH BbI rrpoDe,lJ;ere CnellHaJIbHbIR orrpoc, TO OKIDKeTC~, 'ITO Y KIDK;ZJ;oit ¢JHpMbI MaKcHMHJaIlIDI rrpH6bIJIH HaxO,lJ;HTC~no'ITH Ha rrepBOM Mecre B cnHCKe "'ITO HYXHO C,lJ;eJIaTb" •

../ He HMeeT 3Ha'leHH~, KaKHe eIlle lIeJIH MoxeT npeCJIe,lJ;OBaTb TO HJIH HHoe npe,lJ;np~e:nOCJIe npH~ Mep rro ,lJ;OCTHXeHHIO 3THX lIeJIeA eTO C03,lJ;are­ JIH rrpo,lJ;OJI)K(lIOT xeJIaTb MaKCHMH3HPOBaTb npH6bIJIb.

HanpHMep, ¢JHpMa, XeJIaIOlIlaH nOCTpoHTb 3aBO,lJ;, He C03,lJ;aIOIIIHR rrapHHKOBOTO 3$¢!eKTa, nOCJIe nocTpoAKH TaKOTO JaBO,lJ;a JaxO'leT nOJIyqHTb OT ,lJ;esITeJIbHOCTH 3TOTO 3aBO,lJ;a TaK MHO­ TO ,D;eHer, CKOJIbKO 6Y,lJ;eT B03MOXHO. B KOHIIe KOHIIOB, rrOCJIe TOro, OK ¢JHpMa rrpe,lJ;IIplllUlJIa lIlarn, He06xo,lJ;HMbIe )l)UI 3aIIIHTbI OKPYX~IOlIleACpe,lJ;bI, nO'ieMY eit He 3a~TbC~ 60JIbillHMH npH6b1IDiMH?

IIoxo~ HCTOpIDI CJIyqHJIaCb, KOr,lJ;a Ha PbIHOK BbIIIIJIa KOMl1llHIDI no npOH3BO,D;­ CTBy MopoxeHoro, Ben & Jerry: 6OJIbIUOH npolleHT cnoeA rrpH6bIJIH OHa OT.LJ;aBaJIa

Ha pa3HbIe 6JIarOTBOpHTeJIbHbIe aKIIHH. B ,lJ;aHHOM cJIY'lae JIyqIUHR crroc06 nOMO'Ib HeHMYmHM - 3TO HaIIe.JIHTh .n;aHHoe npe,lJ;rrp~eHa nOJIyqeHHe OK MOXHO 6oJlb­

illeR npH6bIJIH.

MHorneHe3KOHOMHCTbI He JII06~JIIO,lJ;eit, '1b~ ,lJ;egTeJIbHOCTb HanpaBJIeHa Ha rrOJIY'leHHe npH6bIJIH, HO HMeHHO npH6bIJIb rapaHTHpyeT, 'ITO ¢JHpMa 6Y,lJ;eT 3aHHMaTbC~ rrpe,lJ;IIpHHHMa­ reJIbCTBOM H noH.n;eT Ha pHCK. (B maDe 4 ~ 06'MJ:CffgIO, rrO'leMY C'IHTaIO npe.LJ;IIpHHHMareJIbCTBO '1ernePTbIM ¢JaKTOPOM npoH3BO,lJ;CTBa, rrOCJIe TPY,lJ;a, 3eMJIH H KaIIHTaJIa.) BcrroMHHTe 0 KOM-TO, KTO HMeJI B03MOXHOCTb Ha'laTb C06CTBeHHoe ,lJ;eJIp. OH Mor npO,lJ;OJI)K(lTb pa60TaTb Ha KOTO-TO H nOJIY'laTb CTa6HJ1bHYIO 3apIIJIaTY. qTO xe ero BbIHY,lJ;HJlO YBOJIHTbC~ 110 c06cTBeHHoMY xeJIa­ HHIO H, pHCKYH BceM, Ha'laTb 6H3Hec, KOTOPbIH Mor rroreprreTb KPax? HM ,lJ;BHraJIO XeJIaHHe nOJIY'lHTb npH6bIJIb, eCJIH ero ,lJ;eJIa rroH.n;yT XOpoillO. fie3 nOreHIIHaJIbHOH npH6bIJIH HHKTO He 6y,neT pHCKOBaTb, OCTaBJIgg CTa6HJIl>lIbIH: Japa60TOK)l)UI TOTO, 'IT06bI rryCTHTbCH B "cB06o,lJ;Hoe IIJIaBaHHe", ,lJ;a H nOTPe6HTeJIH B lIeJIOM nOCTPa,u,aJIH 6bI, rrOCKOJlbKY B TaKOM cJIyqae rrpHOCTa­ HOBHJICH 6bI rrpHTOK HOBbIX TOBapoB H yCJIyr.

204

lisen. III. MHKP03KOHOUHKS - HSYJCS 0 nose,qeHHH norpe6JtTeReii H npe,qnpHflTffii

Bce <jJHpMbI rrpo,nalOT O,nHHaKOBbIe HJIH rroqrn O,nHHaKOBbIe TOBaphl.
Kax.n:aH H3 <jJHpM rrpe,nCTaBJllleT o'lem. MaJIeHbKYJO '1aCTb oTpaCJIH.

KoJU&'IjteJtIl,UJl

TIpe,1UIpIDITIDI MOryr BCTpeTHTbCR C :>KeCTKoit KOHKYPeHUHeit co CTOPOHbI ,npyrHX rrpe,n­ rrpHRTHit, XOTR eCTb CJIY'laH, KOr,na KOHlCypeHUHH MO:>KeT He 6bITb COBceM. O,nHa TaKaR KpaH­ HOCTb - 3TO MOHOnOAUJI, rrpH KOTOpoit rrpe,nrrpIDITHe He BCTpe'laeT KOHKYPeHUHIO, nOCKOJIbKY OHO eCTb e,lUlHCTBeHHOH <lJHpMOH, pa60TalOIUeit B ,naHHOH OTpaCJIH. ,!WyrasI KpaHJfOCTb, KOTO­ PYJO 3KOHOMHCTbI Ha3bIBaIOT C08epweHHOU (aOCO/110mHOU) lCOHICYpeHlI,ueu, - 3m cHTYaUHR, rrpH KOTOpOit <lJHpMa BbICTYITaeT B pOJIH KOHI(ypeHTa rrpOTHB MHOrHX ,npyrHX <jJHpM, pa60TaIOIUHX B TOH :>Ke OTpaCJIH H rrpOH3BOMmHX O,nHHaKOBbIe TOBapbI. Me:>K.D;Y 3THMH .nBYMH "KpaHlrnMH" BapHaHTaMH HaxO,nRTCH eIUe ,nBa: OIlUZOnOIlUJI, Kor,na cymecTBYJOT ,nBe, TpH HJIH HeCKOJIbKO (KaK B 60JIbllIHHCTBe CJIyqaeB) rrpe,nrrpIDITHH, pa60TalOIUHX B O)J;HOH OTpaCJIH; H HeC08epweH­ HaR (MOHonOAucmUlfeClCaR) lCOHICYpeHlI,UJI, rrpH KOTOPOH eCTb MHOro KOHI(ypeHTOB, HO Ka:>K,nbIH H3 HHX rrpOH3Bo,nHT B '1eM-TO ymtKaJIbHbIH TOBap. (CM. rJIaBbI 12 H 13, B HHX BbI Hait,neTe 60­

- JIee ,neTaJIbHoe OrrHCaHHe MOHOrrOJIHit, OJIHrorrOJIHH H MOHOrrOJIHC~eCKOH KOHI(ypeHUHH.)

113 3mH rJIaBbI BbI Y3HaeTe 0 rrpH'lHHax rrOBe,neHIDI,rrpe,1UIplliITHH B yCJIOBHHX a6cOJIIOTHOH KOHI(ypeHUHH, rrOCKOJIbKY TaKaR CHTYaUHH rrpe,nCTaBJllleT c060H o,nHOBpeMeHHb CaMbIH pac­ npOCTpalIeHHbIH H HaH60JIee rrpoCTOit CJIY'laH.nJIH rrOIDIMaHHH. TIpH'lHHa TaKoit rrpocTOTbI 3a­ KJIIO'IaeTCH B TOM, 'ITO eCJIH B OTpaCJIH, B KOTOpOit Ka:>K,naH H3 <jJHpM rrpoH3BO.D;HT H,neH~HbIe

TOBapbI, ecTb MHoro KOHKYPeHTOB, HHKTO H3 HHX He HMeeT B03MO:>KHOCTH KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb ueHbI Ha rrpOH3BO,nHMbIe HMH TOBapbI.

YcnOBMH a6COnIOTHOM KOHKypeH~MM

):(mI TOro ~06hl yBH,neTb, rrO'leMY <jJHpMbI, pa60TalOIUHe B yCJIOBHHX :>KeCTKOH KOHKYPeH­

~HH, He HMelOT B03MO:>KHOCTH KOlITpOJIHpoBaTb ueHbI Ha rrpOH3BO,nHMbIe HMH TOBapbI, HY:>KHO nOIDlTb, ~O"a6COJIIOTHaH KOHKYPeHUIDI rrpe,nrrOJIaraeT TpH CJIe.nYJOIUHX YCJIOBHH .nJIH <jJHpM, pa6oTalOIUHX B O,nHOit OTpaCJIH.

I B OTpacJIH MHOro <jJHpM.

"

"

~M~ BbIpaIIJ;HBaHHe rrllIeHHUhl MO:>KeT CJIY:>KHTb rrpHMepOM rrpOH3Bo,nCTBa, KOTOPoe OTBe­

. '1aeT Ka:>K,nOMY H3 TpeX KpHTepHeB. B Coe,nHHeHHbIX llITaTax cymeCTByeT 6YKBaJIh­

~, HO ,neCHTKH TbICgq <jJepMepcKHX X03RHCTB, 3aHHMalOIUHXCH BbIpaIUHBaHHeM rrllIe­

HHUbI. HHKTO H3 HHX He BbIpaIUHBaeT 60JIbllIe HeCKOJIbKHX rrpoueHTOB OT 06IUero KOJIJf'leCTBa rrllIeHHI.U>l, e:>Kero,nHO rrocTYITalOmeit Ha pbIHOK. J1 B OCHOBHOM BCR HX rrllIeHHUa O,nHHaKOBa.

Ceit'lac H rrOCTapalOCb 06'bHCHHTb BaM, rro'leMy Bce BbIllierrepe'lHCJIeHHbIe ,naHHbIe 03­ Ha'lalOT, 'ITO HH,ZJ;HBH,nyaJIbHbIe <jJepMepbI He HMelOT KOHTpOJIR Ha,D; ueHOH Ha rrllIeHHUY. Ha'lHeM, rro:>KaJIyH, C TOro <jJaKTa, 'ITO Bce <jJepMepbI rrpOH3BO,nRT rrO'lTH H,neHTH'IHbIH rrpo­

~. TIOCKOJIbKY rrllIeHHua, BbIpameHHaH Ha o,nHoii <jJepMe, BbIrJIH,nHT TaK :>Ke, KaK H rrllIe­ HHua, BbIpaIUeHHaR Ha JII060it ,npyroit, e,nHHCTBeHHbIM yCJIOBHeM, rrpH KOTOpOM <jJepMep H3 illTaTa KaH3ac MO:>KeT rrepeMaHHTb MeHH (T.e. rrOKYIIaTeJIR) Y <PePMepa H3 llITaTa Texac, - 3m npe.zmO:>KeHHe 60JIee HH3KOit ueHbI. TIOCKOJIbKY rrllIeHHua y Bcex nOCTaBIUHKOB o,nHHaKOBa, Bce, 'ITO MeHH BOJIHYeT rrpH ee rrOKYIIKe, 3TO ~eHa, - a 3TO 3Ha'lHT, 'ITO <jJepMepbI ,nOJI)KHbI KOHKYPHpOBaTb TOJIbKO B Borrpoce ueH.

rnau 10. OCHOsa KSnJmJlUf3M8: npe.qnlJlfflT"e, "aKC""lf3IIpYIOU488 nplf6wnb

205

C u;eHO~, BhICTYJlHBWeii Ha nepBhI~ TIJIaH B KaqeCTBe OCHOBHOrO l!>aKTOpa Ha phIHKe nwe­ HHU;hI, MhI MOXCeM npOBeCTH aHaJIH3 cnpoca H npe,nn:OXCeHHg, qT06hI onpe.neJIHTh 6y.nyw;YlO u;eHy. Kax g 06MCH9:IO B fJIaBe 8, u;eHa 6y.neT COOTBeTCTBOBaTh TOqKe, r.ne ICpU80Jl PblH014HOeO cnpoca Ha nweHHu:y nepeCeqeT ICpU8yfO PblH014HOeO npeaAO:JICeHUR Ha nweHHu:y. A KaK onpe.ne­ JIHTh CaMH 3TH KPHBhIe?

./ KpU80Jl PblH014HOeO cnpoca Ha nweHHu:y onpe.nengeTCg CJlOXCeHHeM HH,lI,HBH,lI,y­ BJIhHhIX KPHBhIX cnpoca Bcex JIIO,lleii, KOTOphIe XOTSIT KYTIHTh nWeHHUy.

./ KpU8ClJ1 PblH014HOeO npeaAO:JICeHUR Ha nweHHu:y B03HHKaeT B pe3YJIhTaTe CJloxce­ HHH HH,lI,HBH,lI,yaJIhHhIX KPHBhIX npe)lJlOXCeHHi: BCex l!>epMepoB, 3aHHMaIOmHX­ Cg BhIpawHBaHHeM nweHHU;hI.

MMeHHO 3.neCh BhIXO,llHT Ha cu;eHy nepBhIe ,llBa yCJIOBHi: a6COJIIOTHOii KOHKYPeHU;HH. ITOCKOJIhKY cymeCTByeT TaKoe orpOMHoe KOJIffieCTBO l!>epMepoB, BhIpamHBaIOmHX nweHHu:y, H nOCKOJIhKY KaJIQlhIii H3 HHX BhIpaIu;HBaeT TOJIhKO OqeHh He60JIhWYJO qaCTh OT 06wero 06he­

Ma npe)lJlOXeHHi: nweHHU;hI, KpHBM PhIHOqHOrO npe,nn:oxceHHi: Ha nweHHu:y B OCHOBHOM He 3aBHCHT OT npHCYTCTBHi: HJIH OTCYTCTBHi: OT.neJIhHO IDHTOii KPHBOH OT.neJIhHO B39:TOrO l!>ep­ Mepa. ECJIH npHH9:Th BO BHHMaHHe, qTO exero.nHO npo.naeTCH TpHJIJlHOH 6ymeJIe~ (6ymeJIh ­

36,3 JI. - llpUMe14. nep.) nweHHU;hI, TO CTaHeT nOIDITHO: PhIHOqHM u;eHa He 3aBHCHT OT Ma­

JIeHhKoro l!>epMepCKoro X03HHCTBa, npe)lJlaraIOmerO -

HJIH He npe)lJlaraIOwero - Be.ero JIHWh

1000 6ymeJIeH ,nn:H rrpo.naJKH. TaKoe X03gHCTBO -

CJIHlIIKOM "He3HaqHTeJIhHhIH yqacTHHK

PhIHKa", qrofibI nocJIY)KHTh npffiHHOH H3MeHeHHi: PhIHOqHOH u;eHbI.

ECJIH KaJIQlbIH H3 TaKHX yqacTHHKOB He MoxeT nOBJIH9:Th Ha H3MeHeHHe PhIHOqHOH u;eHbI,

3HaqHT, KaJIQlbIH H3 HHX ,llOJI)KeH npHHHTh KaK ,llaHHOCTh u;eHY, BbIpa60TaHHYJO B3aHMo.neHCT­ BHeM PbIHOqHOro cnpoca H PhIHOqHOrO npe)lJlOXeHHi:.

CornaUJaeMCR C ~eHOM, HO npOM3BOAMM KOnW'leCTBO

ECJIH Bce TPH npe,llnOCbIJIKH a6COJIIOTHOH KOHKYPeHU;HH C06JIIO,llaIOTCH, OHH npHBOAAT K

cHryaU;HH, KOr,lla qaCTHbIe l!>HpMbI He HMeIOT KOHTpOAA Han: u;eHaMH, no KOTOpbIM OHH MO­ fYT npo.naBaTh CBOH TOBapbI. B .neHCTBHTeJIhHOCTH, eCJIH cymeCTBYlOT yCJIOBHi: a6COJIIOTHOH KOHKYPeHU;HH, 3KOHOMHCThI roBOpgT, qTO npe,llnpHi:THH-yqacTHHKH COi?AaWafOmCR c ~eHQMU, nOCKOJIbKY OHH ,llOJDKHbI npHHHMaTh u;eHY, KaK .naHHOCTh.

Pa60TM Ha pbIHKe, .naxe caMbIe BJIHi:TeJIhHhle l!>HpMbI MOfYT rrOJIyqHTh KOHTpOJIh TOJIhKO Han: 06'heMOM npO,llyKTa, KOTOphIii HyxHO npOH3BeCTH,. Hero u;eHoH. ITo npHqHHe TOro, qro B YCJIOBHgX a6COJIIOTHoii KOHKYpeHU;HH l!>HpMhI He HMeIOT B03MOXHOCTH KOHTPOJIHpOBaTh u;eHhI, 3TO COKpamaeT CII,HCOK .no O,llHOro nYHKTa: e,llHHCTBeHHhIH l!>aKTOp, KOTOphIH MOfYT KOHTPOJIHpOBaTb COrJIaWaIOWHeCH C u;e­ HOH l!>HpMhI, 3TO 06'heM npOH3BO)lHMoro HMH npoJIYKTa.

ITpe.nnpH9:THe pewaeT npoH3Bo.nHTh TaKoe KOJIHqeCTBO TOBapa, KOTopoe MaKcHMH3HpyeT ero npH6hIJlb. Ero MOXCHO B~HCJIHTh C nOMOIIJ;hIO MaTeMaTHqeCKHX l!>oPMYJI, nOCKOJlhKY KO­ JIHqeCTBO npoJIYKTa, KOTopoe pewaeT npOH3BO,llHTb npe,llnpHi:THe, peryJlHpyeT 06a l!>aKTopa,

onpe,lleAAIOmHe npH6hIJlh: COBOKYTIHhIii ,llOXO,ll H cOBOKYTIHhIe H:mepXKH.

 

 

IlT

AnH Toro qT06hI npOgCHHTb 06wYlO KapTHHy, BaM HyxHO 3HaTh, qTO npH6hIJIb

 

npe,llrrpHi:rng onpe,llengeTCH KaK COBOKYTIHhI~,llOXO,ll MHHYC COBOKYTIHhIe H:mepxc­

@j KH. MaTeMarnqeCKH 3T0 BhIrJIg,ll,HT TaK:

.

206

'I8Crlt III. M"1fP03KOHOM..K8 - H8YJC' 0 no.e,qeHtfM norpe6trreneii .. npe,qnp.._nrii

llpu6b1/1b = TR - Te,

(10.1)

me TR 3Ha'IHT "COBOKYITHbdt ,lI;OXO,ll;", a Te - "COBOKYITHbIe H3,lI;ep)KKH".

~ npe,ll;npIDlTIDl, pa6OTaIOIllero B YCJIOBIDlX KOHxypeHn:HH, COBOKYITHbID ,lI;OXO,ll; - 3ro npOCTO KOJIHtIeCTBO, q, npOH3BO,ll;HMOrO HM npo,D;yKTa, Koropoe OHO XO'IeT np0,ll;aTb no pbI­ HO'IHOD n:eHe, YMHoxeHHoe Ha n:eHY p, KOTOPYIO OHO MOX~T nonyqHTb 3a KIDK,lI;YIO enHHHuY

CBoero T<?Bapa:

 

TR =p x q.

(10.2)

HanpHMep, eCJIH H MOry npo,ll;aTb Jl6JIOKH no J ,lI;OJIJI. 3a IlITyKy H npO.lIaJI B 06IlleD CYMMe 37 H6JIOK, MoD COBOKYITHbIit ,noxo,ll; cocTa.BIDIeT,37 ,lI;OJIJI.

Ho 3aMeTl>Te, 'ITO nOCKOJIbKy ueHa, no KoropoD H MOry np0.lIaTb (P), HaxO.n;HTCH BHe Moero KOHTPOJIH (eCJIH H cornaIlIaIOCb C lJ,eHoD), e.n;HHCTBeHHbIit cnoc06, KOTOPbIM H MOry KOHTPO­ JIHpOBaTb MoD COBOJCYIIHbID ,lI;oxo,n, - 3TO peIlIHTb, CKOJIbKO H6JIOK npo,naTb. TaK 'ITO lPHpMa MoxeT onpe,neJIHTb C06CTBeHHhID COBOJCYIIHbIit ,lI;oxo,n, peIlIaH, KaKoe KOJIHtIeCTBO npo,nyKTa q npOH3BO.n;HTb.

BOJIbWHHCTBO nOCJIe.nyIOIllHX pa3,ll;eJIOB 3ToD rnaBbI nOCBHmeHo ,lI;eMoHcTP~HHTOro, 'Iro cOBoJCYIIHbIe H3,lI;ep)({KH lPHpMbI, Te, TaK)({e Onpe,neJUlIOTCH BeJIHtIHHo}l q. Ho HHTepeCHO :meCb TO, 'ITO nOKa KIDK,lI;aH ,nonOJIHHTeJIbHaH e,ll;HHHlJ,anpo,naHHoro q npHHOCHT ,nOXO,ll; B p ,nOJIJIapOB, CTOHMOCTb Ka)({,Il;oD e,nHHHlJ,bI npoH3Be.n;eHHoro npo,nyKTa, q, 3aBHCHT TO TOro, CKOJIbKO e,nH­ HHU q yxe 6bllIO H3rOTOBJIeHO. 3aTPaTbI HMeIOT TeH.lIeHlJ,HIO K yaeJIH'IeHHIO C B03paCTaHHeM 06'beMOB npOH3BO,nCTBa, TaK 'ITO ce6ecTOHMOCTb Ka)({,Il;ofi ,nonOJIHHTeJIbHOD e.lIHHHUbI 6Y.lIeT BbIIlIe npe,n~eH.3TOT npouecc npHBo,ll;HT K cOKPameHHIO KOJIHtIeCTBa e,nHHHlJ" KOTOpoe lPHpMa XO'IeT npoH3BO,nHTb.

~.HanpHMep, npe,nnOJIO)({HM, 'ITO H MOry npo,naTb CTOJIbKO H6JIOK, CKOJIbKO nOXeJIaIO,

1.

no ueHe 1 ,nOJIJI. 3a IlITYKy. CTOHMOCTb npoH3Bo,nCTBa nepBoro H6JIOKa COCTaBJIH­

~

eT 10 lJ,eHTOB, BTOporo - 20 lJ,eHTOB, TPeTbero - 30 ueHTOB H T.,n. B 3TOM cJIY'lae

 

H XO'Iy npOH3Bo,nHTb He 60JIbWe .lIeCHTH H6JIOK. DO'IeMY? DOTOMY, 'Iro 3a KaJK,lJ,oe

 

H3 nepBbIX ,lI;eBHTH H6JIOK H nonyqy npH6hIJIb, a H6JIOKO HOMep .n;eCHTb (npOH3BO,n-

 

CTBO KOTOporo 060~eTCH B 1 ,nOJIJI.) He nllHHeceT MHe HH npH6b1JIH, HH y6bIT­

 

Ka. ECJIH H npoH3Be.ny eme 3HHoe XOJIHHeCTBO H6JIOK, TO Ha'IHy TepneTb y6bITKH.

 

(Ce6ecTOHMOCTb H6JIOKa HOMep 11, K npHMepy, COCTaBHT 1,10 ,nOJIJI., HO eCJIH H

 

npo,naM ero, TO nonyqy JIHIlIb 1 .n;OJIJI.)

CJIe,nOBaTeJIbHO, BbI caMH BH,lI;HTe, 'ITO 3Ha'IeHIDI KaK TR, TaK H TC B ypaBHeHHH npH­ 6bllIH (l 0.1) onpe,neJIeHbI peIlIeHHeM npe,nnpHHTHH no nOBO.n;y KOJIH'IeCTBa npO.lIyKTa q.

E,nHHcTBeHHo, 'ITO OCTaJIOCb onpe,neJIHTb, 3TO TO'IHaH BeJIWUma q,nJIH MaKCHMH3aUHH npH­ 6hIJIH. OKa3bIBaeTcH, eCTb ,no CMeWHoro npOCTaH lPoPMYJIa, C nOMoIllbIO KOTOpoD BbI CMoxe­ Te.npHHHTb npaBHJIbHOe peweHHe. By,nbTe BHHMaTeJIbHbI, nOTOMY'ITO BbI MoxeTe nOJIytIHTb npH6hIJIb... OT tITeHIDI 3ToD rJIaBhl!

Ho nepe,n TeM, KaK H npe,nCTaBJIIO 3Ty lPOPMYJIY, Hy)KH0 npOHCHHTb rnaBHbIH HCTO'IHHK OWH6KH, BbI3bIBaeMo}l TeM lPaKTOM, 'ITO Kor,na 3KOHOMHCThI npOH3HOCHT CJIOBO npu6bU1b, OHH

nO,lJ;pa3YMeBaIOT no,n 3THM He'ITO HeMHoro OTJIHtIHOe OT Toro, 'ITO no,npa3YMeBaIOT no,n 3THM 06hI'IHbIe JIIO.n;H.

Pa3nM'IMe Me>KAY 6yxranTepCKOM M3KOHOMM'IeCKOM npM6b1nblO

,U1Ia 3KOHOMHCTa TepMHHbI npu6bU1b H y6btmOK 03Ha'IaIOT, 6LUIH JIH .n;OXO,nhI OT Be,neHHH

6H3Heca 60JIbIlIe HJIH MeHbIlIe, 'IeM npOH3Be,neHHbIe 3aTPaTbI. ECJIH ,nOXO,nbI npeBbICHJIH 3a­

rn,., 10. OcHOUIC.nIfTBRM3M.: np8A1lplIfITII8, M,ICCtfMtf3MPYJOI48e npM6wlJI.

207

1paThl, roBOpHT 0 nOllJ"leHUU npu6blJlu, TOfna KaK eCJrn paCXO,llhI rrpeBhICKJIH ,llOXO,llbI, pe'lb H,lleT o HeCeHUU y6blmIC08. ECJIH ,llOXO,llhI paBHhI 3aTPaTaM, 3'1'0 roBOpHT 06 Yp08He 6e3y6blmO'lHOcmu.

O,llHaKO ,llaJIbilie Bce YCJIO)K}{HeTCH, rrOCKOJIbKY 6yxraJITephI H 3KOHOMHCThI, ,llOfOBOpHB­ IIIHCb 0 TOM, 'ITO cqHTaTh ,llOXO,llaMH, KaP,llHHaJIbHO paCXtl,llHTCH B OlleHKaX 3a1paT.

YIfHTwsaeM CTOHMOCTh S03MOJICHOCTH

PaCCMOTPHM rrpe,llrrpHHTHe rro rrpO,lllUKe JIHMOHa,lla. KaK 6yxraJITep, TAK H 3KOHO­ MHCT comaCHhI, qTO ,llOXO,llhI qmpMbI - 3TO rrpocTo KOJI~eCTBO,lleHef, KOTopoe OHa rrOJIyqHJIa OT rrpo,lllUClfJIHMOl;la,lla. O,llHaKO OHH rrO-pa3HOMY OTHOCHTCH K TOMy, qTO CqHTaTb 3aTPaTaMH.

./ Eyxranrep CqHTIleT paCXO,llaMH TOJIbKO XHBhIe ,lleHbrH, rrO'I'paqeHHhIe Ha TeKY­ IUHH 6H3Hec: CKOJIbKO qmpMa IVIaTHT CBOHM pa60qHM, CKOJIbKO OHa IVIaTHT 3a rrpHo6peTeHHe JIHMOHOB H T.,ll. ECJrn lPHpMa HMeeT ,llOXO,ll B 10 ThIC, ,llOJIJl, H ee paCXO,llhI Ha rrOJIyqeHHe 3TOro ,llOXO,lla COCTaBJIHIOT 9 ThIC. ,llOJIJI., 6yxranrep C,lleJIaeT BhIBO,ll, qTO lPHpMa rrOJIY'lHJIa npH6hIJIb B 1000 ,llOJIJl. 3Ta IlHlPpa ­

6yxeQ./lmepclCaR npU6b1Jlb - BH,ll rrpH6hIJIH, KOTOpyro O'I'plUKaIOT B e)l{e,llHeBHhIX o~eTax H faJeTHbIX CTIlThHX•

./ 3KOHOMHCTpI rrpe,llnOqHTaIOT 60JIee "H3hIcKaHHoe" nOHHTHe, KOTopoe OHH HaJhIBaIOT 3ICOHOMUileCICOU npU6b1JlblO. 3KOHOM~eCKaHrrpH6hIJIb rrpHHHMaeT B paCqeT He TOJIbKO ,lleHe:lKHhIe JaTPaThI, HanpHMyro rrOHeceHHhIe TeKYIUHM 6H3­ HeCOM, HO TaJOKe H cmOUMocmb 803MOJICHOcmu.

KaK H 06'bHCHHIO B fJIaBe 2, CTOHMOCTh B03MO:lKHOCTH - 3TO TO, OT qero BhI ,llOJDKHbI OTKa­ JaTbCH C TeM, qT06hI 'ITO-TO C,lleJIaTh. BCrrOMHHTe 0 npe,llrrpHHHMaTeJIe, KOTOPbIH HaqaJI 3TOT JIHMOHa,llHhIH 6H3Hec. IlocJIe OIVIaThI ChIpbH H BbIIIJIaThI JapIIJIaThI pa60qHM ero 6yxraJITep­ CKajI rrpH6bIDb COCTaBHJIa 1000 ,llOJIJI. Ho TIlK Jrn 3TO XOPOiliO B ,lleHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH?

Ilpe,llrroJIO)I{HM, qTO 3TOT qeJIOBeK OCTaBHJI pa60-ry rrporpaMMHCTa )llliI TOro, qT06hI Ha­ qaTh JIHMOHa,llHhIH 6H3Hec, H 3a TO BpeMH, KOTOpoe ymJIO Y Hero Ha rrOJIY'IeHHe rrpH6bIJIH B 1000,llOJIJI. B JIHMOHa,llHOM 6H3Hece, OH 6hI rrOJIY'lHJI 10 TbIC. ,llOJIJI. B BH,lle 3apIIJIaThI, eCJIH 6hI OCTaJICH Ha cTapoH pa60Te. 3TO 3HaQHT, qTO OH OTKa3aJICH OT B03MO:lKHOCTH 3apa60TIlTh 10 ThlC. ,llOJIJI. B BH,lle JapIIJIaTbl )lJIH TOro, QT06hI JaHHTbCH 6H3HecoM, rrpHHocHuJ;HM eMY Bee­ ro JIHilib 1000 ,llOJIJI. 6yxranrepCKOH rrpH6hIJIH, B ,lleil:CTBHTeJIbHOCTH OH rrOHec 3ICOHOMUlteCICUe y6blmICU B cyMMe 9 ThlC. ,llOJIJI. Terrepb, KOf,lla BhI Y3HaJrn 06 3T0M, ero pemeHHe rrOMeIDITb po,ll ,lleHTeJIbHOCTH He BhIfJIH,llHT TIlK rrpHBJIeKaTeJIbHO.

MOTHsaqHR 3KOHOM"C1eCKOii npH6wnhlO

3KOHOMHCTaM HpaBHTCH 3aHHMaTbCH 3KOHOM~eCKOHrrpHPhIJIbIO H y6bITKaMH BMeCTO TOfO, qro6bI Y,lleJIHTb BHHMaHHe 6yxraJITePCKOH: rrpH6bIJIH H y6bITKaM, rro­ CKOJIbKY 3KOHO~eCKaHnpH6hIJIb H y6hITKH CJIy)KaT MOTHBaMH (HBJIHIOTCH CTHMY­ JIaMH) )lJIH rrpHHHTHH peIlIeHHH. B HameM rrpHMepe: MO:lKHO C yBepeHHOCThIO CKaJaTh, 'ITO KOr,lla ,llpyrne nporpaMMHCThl YBH,llHT, qro rrpOH30IIIJIO C 3THM QeJIOBeKOM, KOf)la OH rrOMemm BH,ll ,lleHTeJIbHOCTH, OHH He rrO)l{eJIaIOT CJIe,llOBaTb ero npHMepy.

B OCTIlBIIIHXCH paJ,lleJIax 3TOH: maBhI, f,lle 6hI BhI HH YBH,lleJIH cnHCOK paCXO,llOB, CQHTail:­ Te, qTO 3TO 3ICOHOMUileCICUe U30epJICICU: 3TO 3HaQHT, qro B HHX BXO,llHT He TOJIbKO ,lleHbrH, a:a­ rrpHMyro rr01paQeHHhIe Ha Be,lleHHe 6H3Heca, HO TaK)I{e H CTOHMOCTh JlPyrnx B03MO:lKHOCTeH:, OT KOTOPhIX OTKa3aJIHCb paHee, )llliI TOro qTOOhI BeCTH 6H3Hec. EOJIee TOro, KOr,lla 6hI BhI HH

208 "'acT. Ill. MlflCp03KOHOMlflCa - HaYleS 0 nOBe,qeHIfIf no7pfJ6wreneit " npe,qnplfflllfii

yBH,D,eJIH npH6LIJIb HJIH y6bITOK, C'lHTam-e, 'ITO 3TO 3KOHOMH1IeCKaH npH6bIJIb HJIH 3KOHOMH­ tIeCKHH yfibITOK - <paKTOp, KOTOPblit CTHMYJIHpyeT npeJJ;npHHHMaTeneit XOTeTb HJIH He XOTeTb 'ITO-TO JJ;enaTb.

CaMoe rJIClImoe B 3Toit KOHuenu:HH - 3TO onpeJJ;eJIeHHe KOJIHtIeCTBa npOJ];yKTa, KOTOpoe JJ;OIDKHa BbIIIyCTHTb <pHpMa. ECJIH npoH3BOJJ;CTBO JJ;BeHaJJ;uaTOH eJJ;HHHUbI npOJJ;yK:QHH npeJJ;oc­ TaB.IDleT 3KOHOMHtIeCKYJO npH6b1JIb, O'IeBH,D,HO, tITO <pHpMa XO'IeT npOH3BOJJ;HTb ero. Ho ecJIH yBeJIH'IeltHe npOH3BOJJ;CTBa JJ;O 13 eJJ;HHHU npHBeJJ;eT B pe3YJIbTare K 3KOHOMHtIeCKHM yfibITKaM, TO CpaJy .lICHO - <pHpMa npoH3BOJJ;HTb ero He JaXO'IeT.

'@jlEfTIPHHHMa.RBOBHHMaHHe3KOHOMH'IeCKYIOnPH6blJI.bHy6b1TKH, BbI Y3HaeTe He TOJIbKO 0 TOM, 'ITO n<>CJIY)KHJIo npHtIHHOH npOH3BOJJ;CTBa TOro HJIH HHOfQ BHJJ;a TO­ Bapa, HO CMoxere onPeJJ;eJIHTb H KOJIH'IeCTBO 3TOro TOBapa.

AJtQ.,i,U3 CJ1ilttl"lIiItftht U3'1ejt.Jlee" h/te'lhftkJlJJil4Jl

)J,JI.lI Toro 'IT06bI yBH,D,eTb, KaK B3aHMOJJ;eHCTByIOT 3aTpaTbI H JJ;OXOJJ;bI JJ;JI.lI onpeJJ;eJIeHH.lI 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH npH6LIJIH HJIH y6b1TKOB, 3KOHOMHCTbI paJ6HBaIOT COBOKYIIHbI~H3JJ;ep)I{KH npeMPH.llTH.ll Ha JJ;Be nOJJ;KareropHH•

./ (/JUKcupoeaHHble u3iJepxKu, KOTopbIe JJ;OIDKHbI 6b1Tb Onna'IeHbI, JJ;axe eCJIH npeJJ;npH.llTHe HHtIero He npoH3Beno. HanpHMep, eCJIH nOMHcaH JJ;oroBOp 06 apeHJJ;e aJJ;MHHHcTpaTHBHOrO 3JJ;aHH.lI <pHPMbI, OHa JJ;oJI)l{Ha nnaTHTb no HeMy, He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, npOH3BOJJ;HT OHa 'ITO-HH6YJJ;b HJIH HeT. nOXO)I{HM 06­

paJOM, eCJIH <pHpMa B3.l1JIa KPeJJ;HT, no 3aK0HY OHa JJ;oJI)l{Ha BbInna'IHBaTb no HeMY n~ueHTbI,6e30THOCHTeJIbHO TOro, npOH3BeJIa OHa HOJIb eJJ;HHHU lOBapa HJIH MHJIJIHapJJ; eJJ;HHHU•

./ IIepeMeHHble U30epJICKU - 3TO paCXOJJ;bI, KOTOpbIe BapbHpyIOTC.lI B 3aBHCHMO­

CTH OT 06'beMa npOH3BeJJ;eHHoro npoJ];yKTa. HanpHMep, eCJIH BbI 3aHHMaereCb JIHMOHaJJ;HblM 6H3HeCOM H pellIHJIH HHtIerO He BbIIIyCKaTb, nOIDITHO, 'ITO BaM He HYXHO nOKYIIaTb HHKaKHX JIHMOHOB. Ho 'IeM 60JIbllIe JIHMOHaJJ;a BbI npo­

H3BOJJ;HTe, reM 60JIbllIe BbI Tparnre Ha 3aKYIIKY JIHMOHOB. TIoxo)I{HM 06paJOM, npo~3BOJJ;CTBO60JIbllIero KOJIHtIeCTBa JIHMOHaJJ;a Tpe6YeT 6oJIbllIero KOJIH'IeCT­

Ba pa60'IHX, TaK'ITO BaIliH 3aTpaTbI Ha TpyJJ;OBbIe peCYPCbI TaKXe 6y.lJYf BapbH­ P0BaTbC.lI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOJIHtIeCTBa npoH3BeJJ;eHHblX BaMH TOBapOB.

<I>HKcHpoBaHHbIe H3JJ;ep)I{KH MOryT 6bITb npeJJ;CTaBJIeHbI KaK Fe, a nepeMeHHble -

KaK l'C.

BMeCTe OHH COCTaBJlT COBOKYIIHble pacxOJJ;bI <pHpMbI, HJIH TC:

 

 

TC=Fe + VC.

(10.3)

@j

KorJJ;a BbI CMOTpHTe Ha paBeHCTBO (10.3), nOMHHTe, 'ITO OHO onepHpyeT 3KOHOMUlfe

CKUMU H3JJ;epXKaMH, C KOTOPbIMH CTaJIKHBaeTC.lI <pHpMa, H n03TOMY BMemaeT CTOH­

MOCTb B03MO)I{HOCTH KaK <pHKCHpoBaHHblX, -raK H nepeMeHHblX paCXOJJ;OB <pHPMbI.

(Bce paCXO,lU>l, 6YJJ;b TO <pHKcHpoBaHHbIe HJIH nepeMeHHble, BKJIIOtIaIOT B ce6J1 CTOH­ MOCTh B03MO)I{HOCTH - T.e. JJ;PyrHX BemeH, OT nOKYIIKH KOTOPhIX BbI OTKa3aJIHCb C reM, 'IT06b1 nOTpaTHTb JJ;eHhtH Ha <pHKcHpoBaHHble H nepeMeHHbIe pacxoJJ;bI.)

rnssa 10. OCHOSS ICSnlfT8JJ.,3Ms:npe.qnp.,ffTJf8, MSICC.,MIf3"PYfOl4ee np.,6b1J1b

209

CTOMMOCTb eAMHM~bI npOM3BeAeHHOrO npoAyKT8

TIpH'IHHa, no KOTOpoD 3KOHOMHCThI YCTaHaBJIHBllJOT pa3HHn;y Me:lKJlY <pHKCHpoBaHHhIMH H nepeMeHHhIMH H3,JIepXKaMH npe.nnpIDITIDI, COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO OHH OKa3hIBalOT CJIHWKOM pa3Hoe BJIIDIHHe Ha npHHHTHe peweHHD B OTHOWeHHH KOJIH'IeCTBa npOH3BO,IlHMOrO TOBapa. AasaDTe nOCMOTpHM Ha Ta6JI. 10.1, B KOTOpoD npHBe.neHhI .naHHhIe 0 CTPYKTYPe 3aTPaT Kopno­ pan:HH LemonAid, Hawero npOH3Bo.nHTeJUl JIHMOHa.na.

~M~ B Ha'laJIe cBoeD .neHTeJIhHOCTH Kopnopan;IDI LemonAid npH06pe.n:a COKOBbDKHMaJIKy

 

3a 100 )];OJIJI. - T.e. ee <pHKCHpOBaHHhIe pacxo.nhI COCTaBHJIH 100 )];OJIJI. 3aTeM py­

.. .

KOBO.nCTBy KopnopaUHH HyxHO peWHTh, CKOJIhKO JIHMOHa.na npOH3Bo.nHTh, a 3TO

B CBOIO O'lepe)l;h onpe.neJIHT, CKOJIhKO pa60'lHX HyxHO 6y)];eT HaHHTh. B nepBoD KO­

 

 

JIOHKe npHBe.neHhI .naHHhIe 0 '1HCJIeHHOCTH pa60'lHX: OHO BaphHpyeTCH OT HOJUI )];0

 

BOChMH. ECJIH <pHpMa He HaDMeT pa60'lHX, TO, KaK YKaJaHO B BepXHeD '1aCTH BTO­

 

poD KOJIOHKH, HHKaKOrO TOsapa npoH3Be)];eHO He 6y)];eT. 'Ho eCJIH <pHpMa HaDMeT

 

pa60'lHX, BhInyCK npo)lyKTa YBeJI~HTCH; BhI MO:lICeTe YBH.neTh 3TO H3 .naHHhIX TOD

 

lICe BTOpoD KOJIOHKH. EOJIbwe pa60'IHX 03Ha'laeT 60JIhwe npo)lyKTa.

1

i j

Ysenlf'leHlfe If.YMeHIJWeHlfe OrAa'llf

HyxHO 06paTHTh BHHMaHHe Ha TOT <PaKT,. 'ITO KOJIH'IeCTBO .nonOJIHHTeJIbHOrO, HJIH npe­ )];eJIbHOrO, npo)lyKTa, npoH3Be)];eHHoro KIDK,!l;hIM )];OnOJIHHTeJIbHO HaHHThIM pa60THHKOM, He­ nOCTOHHHO. 31'0 3Ha'lHT, 'ITO eCJIH BM nepeXO)];HTe OT HOJUI pa60'lHX)];0 O.nHOro, KOJI~eCTBO npOH3BO)];HMOrO npO.nyKTa B03paCTaeT OT HOJUI )];0 50 6yrhIJIOK JIHMOHa.na. O)];HaKO, Kor.na Bb! nepeitneTe OT O)];HOrO pa60'lero )];0 .nByx, 06'heM npoH3Be.neHHoD npo.nyKI.J;HH YBeJIH'IHTCH OT 50)];0 140 6yrhIJIOK. fOBOpH Ha H3hIKe 3KOHOMHCTOB, npeOeJlbHblU npooYKm BTOpOro pa60'le­

ro - 90 6yThIJIOK, TOr)];a KaK npe)];eJIbHhlD npo)lyKT nepBoro - Bcero JIHWh 50.

Teneph paCCMOTPHM 3TH <paKThl B nepec'IeTe Ha pacxo.nhl H .nOXO)J;bI. ECJIH KIDK,nOMY pa60­

'1eMY HYlKHo fiJIaTHTh O)];HHaKoBYIO 3apfiJIaTy no 80.noJIJI. B .neHb (10 .nOJIJI. B'IaC 3a 8 '1aCOB . pa60ThI), Bhl .nOJDKHhl CMHpHThCH C TeM, 'ITO nepBhID pa60'lHi{ npoH3Bo.nHT 50 6yrhIJIOK 3a

80 )];OJIJI. B .neHh, a BTOpoi{ - 90, 3a Te .>ICe 80 .nOJIJI. B .neHb. ' 3KOHOMHCTbI Ha3hIBalOT CHTyan;HH no)];06Ho 3TOi{ Y8eJlU'teHUeM omiJa'tu, nOClCOJIbKY KO­

JI~eCTBO )];oxo.na, no.rryqeHHoro BaMH OT .naHHoD CYMMhI BJIO.>ICeHHD (eme O.nHH pa60'lHH), YBeJQRHBaeTCH C .n06aBJIeHHeM cJIe,lJ,YJOmeD e.nHHHn;hl BJIO.>ICeHHD. Ho eCJIH BbI BHHMaTeJIbHO npOCMOTpHTe Bee )];aHHhIe BTOpoD KOJIOHKH, TO 06HapY.>KHTe,'1TO nOCToHHHOro YBeJI~eHIDI

)];OXO)];OB He npOHcxo.nHT.

B HCCJIe.nyeMoM HaMH c.rryqae C Kopnopan;HeD LemonAid YBeJI~eHHe OT.na'lH npeKPama­ eTCH nO'lTH Cpa3y xe. AaBaDTe nOCMOTPHM, 'ITO npOH30Dil:eT C npO)lyKTOM, KOr)];a BhI HaD­

MeTe TPeThero pa60'lero. 06'heM npOH3BO.nHMOD npo.nyKn:HH YBeJIH'lHTCH, HO Bcero JIHWb Ha 80 e,llHHHn;: OT 140 6yrhIJIOK.n0 220 6yrhIJIOK. 11 '1eM 60JIbwee KOJI~eCTBOpa60'lHX BhI 6y­

.neTe HaHHMaTh, TeM xyxe 6yil:YT 06CTORTb )];eJIa. A06aBJIeHHe '1eTBeproro pa60'lero YBeJI~HT npo):(yKT Bcero Ha 70 6yrhIJIOK, a fijITh1D npHHeceT C co60A npHpocT npo,I{yKTa, HC'IHCJUleMhID JIHIIIb 60 6yThIJIKaMH.

~ 3mHOM"""" H"WBlIIOT CH'Iy8J1lOO ITOJl06HO >roO ,MeN'lUeNUeM om"'u, ITOCKOJIL­

HOCHT C c060D 60JIee CKPOMHbID npHpOCT npO)lyKTa, '1eM npe.nbl)l;yIIJ.aR e)];HHHua

 

. BJIoxeHHD.

.

Ky Ka)K)l;aR nOCJIe)];Y!OLUaR e)];HHHn;a BJIOXeHHD, no.n06Ho TPY)];OBbIM pecypcaM, npH­

210

"Beflt III. MMIq)08KOHOMMKB - HByrcB 0 noae,qeHMM no7J)fl6lfreneR M npe.qnplfflTtflil

;;;­

i-~

~

.~

I

;

:::a

;

~

Col

~

J

oS

I

j

Ii

a

I

~I

i

oS

&

§

Ill'

-I\)

Ta6n..~ 10.1. CrpYKlYpa 381"p8T Kopnopa~"MLemonAid

'1MC11eHHOCTb

 

Cl»MKCMpouHHble

Cl»MKCMp088HHble

nepeMeHHble

nepeMeHHble

CoBCJKYIIHb18

Co8oItyntIIIIe

np8Ae1111H1118

npo.qJItT

M3AepDM

M3AepDM

M3,q8pDH

pafiooln

M3A8p.O

M3AeplKKM

If3AePllJOll

M3A8PDII

 

BCP8AHeM

BCpeAHeM

BCpe,qHeM

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

0

100

-

0

-

100

 

 

 

50

100

2,00

80

1,60

180

3,60

1,60

2

140

100

0,71

160

1,14

260

1,86

0,89

3

220

100

0,45

240

1,09

340

1,55

1,00

4

290

100

0,34

320

1,10

420

1,45

1,14

5

350

100

0,29

400

1,14

500

1,43

1,33

6

400

100

0,25

480

1,20

580

1,45

1,60

7

440

100 .

0,23

560

1,27

660

1,50

2,00

8

470

100

0,21

640

1,36

740

1,57

2,67

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

npHlfHHa yr.teHbWeHHff OT,qalfH

):(eTartbHo H paCCMaTPHBaIO rrplflIHHY )'MeHbIlleHIDI OT,llaqH B fJlaDe 3, HO cejiqac H BKpaT­

ue 06'bHCHIO ee• .lJ.;uI 3TOro MHe rrpH,lleTCH BOCnOJIbJOBaTbCH reM l!>aKTOM, qTO KOpnOpauIDI LemonAid KymlJIa TOJIbKO 0.llHY COKOBhDKHMaJIKY .llJIH BbDKHMaHIDI COKa H3 JIHMOHOB. .

IIepBblH pa60qHH MOXeT HCrrOJIb30BaTb COKOBbDKHMaJIKY .llIDI BbDKHMaHIDI ,llOCTaTOqHOrO KOJI~eCTBaCOKa.llJIH HanOJIHeHIDI 50 6yn.illOK, BJIOJKHB JIHMOHbl B COKOBhDKHMaJIKY H rrpo­

H3Be,llH Bce He06xo,llHMble MaHHnymruHH. Ho OKa3blBaeTCH, qro,llBOe pa60qHX, eCJIH 6y.llYT pa­ 60TaTb BMeCTe, CMOryT CrrpaBHTbCH C 3THM ~Ille, eCJIH pa3.lleJIHT 06H3aHHocrn: O,llHH 6Y,lleT rrpHHOCHTb JIHMOHbl K COKOBbDKHMaJIKe, a BTOpoit;- rrpOH3BO,llHTb Bce He06xo,llHMble MaHH­ rrYAAUHH.Pa6OTaH BMeCTe, OHH MOryT B 061IleH cYMMe rrpOH3BeCTH 140 6yrbIJIOK - 6oJIbIlle, qeM B,llBOe, rrpeBblCHTb H3HaqaJIbHbie 50, KOTopble CMoxeT npOH3BeCTH O,llHH pa60qHH, eCJIH·

6Y,lleT TPYll.HTbCH B O,llHHOqKY. .

TeM He MeHee, TPeTHH pa60qHH He y»eJIWDfBaeT npOH3BO,llCTBO npo,llyKTa HaCTOJIbKO, KaK

3TO lI.eJIaeT BTopoa, rrOTOMY qTO ,llBe OCHOBHble 3a,llaQH - ,llOCTaBKa H MaHHnyAAUHH - yxe nOll.eJIeHbl. B ~IlleM c~ae OHCMoxeT nOMOqb ,llB)'M rrepBbIM pa60qHM BbInOJIHHTb HX 06H­ 3aHHOCTH HeMHoro 6blCTPee. 31'0 CnpaBeAlIHBO H .llJIH Qcex ,llPYJ'HX, HaHHTbIX B ,llaJIbHeallieM pa60qHX: OHH nOJIe3Hbl, HO KroK.llblit H3 HHX ,ll06aBHT K rrp0.llYKTY MeHbIlle, qeM rrpe,llbI.llYIUHH, rrOCKOJIbKY pa60qHX CTaHeT CJIHIIIKOM MHOro H BeKOpe .llJIH ,llaJIbHeHIllero COBepIlleHCTBOBaHHH rrpOH3BOll.CTBa rrOqTH He OCTaHeTCH MeCTa.

CpeAHMe nepeMeHHble M3AeplKKM

Ha rrepeMeHHble H3.llepXKH OKa3blBaeT BJIIDIHHe TOT l!>aKT, qrO nOHaqaJIY ,llOrrOJIHHTeJIbHbIe pa60qHe y»eJIHqHBaIOT ,llOXO,llbI, a 3aTeM COKpalIlaIOT HX. B c~ae C lCoprropaUHeH LemonAid

(CM. Ta6JI. 10.1) nepeMeHHble H3.llepXKH - 3TO Bce paCXO.llbI Ha pa60qyro CHJIY npH 3apIIJIaTe Ka)I{,lloro pa6oqero B 80 ,llOJIJI. B ,lleHb. BbI Moxere BH,lleTb B03PacTaHHe 3THX nepeMeHHbIX H3­ ,llepXeK, eCJIH H3yqHTe ,llaHHble IIHTOH KOJIOHKH Ta6JIHUbl.

"'..El/r. Ho HaMHoro HHTepeCHee nOCMOTPeTb Ha cpeiJnue nepeMeHHble U3iJep;HCKu (AVe),

;/ ...

KOTOpbIe Orrpell.eAAIOTCH KaK nepeMeHHbIe H3.llep:lKKH, rrO,lleJIeHHble Ha KOJI~eCT-

~ ....••.•.

BO e.llHHHU npo,llyKTa (VC/q). HanpHMep, rrOCKOJIbKY O,llHH pa60QHH rrpOH3BO,llHT

~

506yrbIJIOK rrp0,llYKTa rrpH rrepeMeHHblx 3aTPaTax B 80,lloJIJI., Cpe.llHHe rrepeMeH­

 

Hble H3,llepXKH COCTaBAAIOT 80 ,llOJIJI. / 50 = 1,60 ,llOJIJI. 3a 1 6yrbIJIKY. Kor,lla lI.BOe

 

pa60QHX 06XO,llHTCH B 160 ,llOJIJI. rrepeMeHHMx H3,uepxeK, HO rrpoH3BO,llHT 140 6y­

 

TbIJIQK, Cpe.llHHe nepeMeHHble H3,llep:lKKH AlIH ,llBYX pa60QHX COCTaBAAIOT TOJIbKO

 

160 ,llOJIJI. / 140 = 1,14 ,llOJIJI. 3a 6yn.illKY.

YMeHbIlleHHe Cpe,llHHX rrepeMeHHbIX H3,llepXeK npHBO,llHT K YBeJI~eHHIO OT,lla<rn: rrpH rre­ peXO,lle OT cHTyaUHH C O,llHHM HaHHTbIM pa60QHM,llo CHTyauHH C .llBYMH HaHHTblMH pa60QHMH nepeMeHHble H3,llepXKH y,llBaHBaIOTCH (OT 80,lloJIJI. ,ll0 160), HO rrpo,llyKT B03pacTaeT 60JIee, QeM B.llBa pa3a (OT 50 6yrblJIOK,ll0 140).

Kor,lla npOHCXO,llHT YMeHbIlleHHe OT,llaQH, Cpe,llHHe nepeMeHHble H3,llep)I{KH HaQHHaIOT B03paCTaTb - Bbl MoxeTe BH,lleTb 3TO, rrpOCMOTPeB ,llaHHble H3 IllecToit KOJIOHKH Ta6JI. 10.1.

3To npOHCXO,llHT nOTOMY, QTO TOr,lla KaK Ka)I{,llbIH ,llOrrOJIHHTeJIbHblH pa60QHH CTOHT ,llOrrOJIHH­ TeJIbHbIe 80,lloJIJI., K3)I{,llbIH ,llOnOJIHHTeJIbHbIH pa60QHH, HaQHHaH C TPeTbero, 06eCrreQHBaeT rrpHpOCT rrpO,llyKTa Ha MeHbIIIYIO BeJI~HHY,QeM ero rrpe.llIlleCTBeHHHK. KIDK.naH nOCJIe.llYlOIUaH BbIIIJIaTa 80-,llOJIJIapOBOH 3apIIJIaTbI npHHOCHT C co6oii Bee MeHbIlle H MeHbIlle ,llOrrOJIHHTeJIb­

212

lIaen. III. MIfIqJ03lCOHOMIfICB - H8Y1C8 0 noBeAeH1f1f norpe6ln"e.neMIf npe.qnplfflnHf

(FC/q).

HblX 6yTbInOK nHMOHa,ua, TaK qTO CpeilHHe rrepeMeHHbIe H3,ll.ep:lKKH Ha npOH3BOilCTBO OilHOH

6yn,mKH ilOJDKHbI B03paCTaTb.

fpa41HK cpe):{HHX rrepeMeHHLIX H3,ll.ep)ICeK KOprrOpawm LemonAid H306paxeH Ha pHC. 10.1.

(TaM )ICe rrOKa3aHbl cpe)lHHe 4lHKcHP0BaHHble H3,ll.ep:lKKH H cpeilHHe COBoKYIIHble H3ilepXKH KOMrraHHH.) 3arrOMHHTe 3TY KpHBYJO Cpe)lHHX rrepeMeHHblX H3ilepxeK, rrocKonbKY OHa 6YileT

. HMeTb orpOMHoe BJIIDIHHe Ha TO, CKonbKO 6yTbInOK 3aXOTHT rrpOH3BeCTH MeHe,lOKepbI 4lHpMbi C reM, qT06b1 MaKCHMH3HPOBaTb rrpH6bInb CBoeH 4lHpMbI.

 

4,00

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3,50

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3,00

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

!

2,50

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

III

2,00

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

~

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ATe

1,50 ~

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1,00 '

,

-

 

~AVC

 

0,50 ]

 

 

 

 

:

AFC

 

0,00

 

 

 

 

 

 

i

 

 

I

 

 

0

100

200

300

 

 

400

 

500

 

 

 

=6yn.lJ1ICM

 

 

 

 

P~C. 10.1. Cpe,qH~e nepeMeHHble ~3,qep)f(K~,

cpe,qH~e C/J~Kc~poBaHHble ~3,qep)f(K~

 

 

~ cpe,qH~e cOBOKYnHble ~3,qep)f(K~ Kopnopal.4H~

LemonAid

 

 

Cpe.QHMe cj)MKCMpOBaHHble M3Aep>KKM

CpeilHHe 4lHKcHpoBaHHble H3)lep)ICKH (AFt') orrpeilellilIOTcH KaK 4lHKcHpoBaHHbIe H3­

ilep:lKKH, rrOileneHHble Ha KOnHqeCTBO e)lHHHU rrpoLI,yKTa <l>HKCHPOBaHHble H3,ll.ep:lKKH KoprropauHH LemonAid COCTaBnHIOT 100 ilOM., KOTOpble 6b1nH 3arrna'IeHbI 3a COKOBbDKHMM­ KY, 6e30rnOCHTenbHO TOro, KaKoe KOnH'IeCTBO npoLI,yKTa OHa npOH3BOilHT. B pe3ynbTaTe, qeM 60nbrne nHMoHa,ua OHa rrpOH3BO)lHT, TeM MeHbIIle cpeilHHe 4lHKcHpoBaHHble H3,ll.ep:lKKH. no :nOH rrpH'IHHe CHIDKaeTCH AFC (CM. qeTBepTyIO KonoHKy Ta6n. 10.1): OT 2 ilOM. 3a 6YTblJIKY npH rrpOH3BO)lCTBe 50 6yTbInOK C HCrrOnb30BaHHeM TpYJlll O)lHOro pa60'Iero - ilO 0,21 ilOM. 3a

6YTbIJIKY rrpH npOH3BO)lCTBe 470 6yTbInOK C HCrr01lb30BaHHeM Tpy)la BOCbMH pa60'IHX.

~,. Cpe,U,lme 4lHKCHpoB8HHble H3,ll.ep:lKKH Bcerila YMeHbrnaIOTCH, nOCKOnbKY OilHH H Te I~ )ICe 4lHKcHpoBaHHbIe 3aTpaTbl C YD.e~H'IeHHeM o6DeMa rrpOH3BeileHHoro npo)lyKT.a

\~ ilenHTCH Ha 60nbrnee H 60nbrnee KPJIWiecTBO eilHHHU. Korila BbI pa306beTe Ha yqa­ CTKH cpeilHHe 4liuccHpoBaHHble 3aTpaTbl Ha 6yTbInKY, KaK Ha pHC. 10.1, TO nonyqn­ re CHH)I(aIOIUYIOCH KpHBYJO AFC.. 3arrOMHHTe 3TOT 4laKT, rrOTOMy 'ITO OH rrOMO:lKeT 06DHCHHTb <I>oPMy KpHBOH CpelI,HHX COBOKYIIHbIX H3,ll.ep)ICeK (A1L), pe'Ib 0 KoropOH rroHileT B cne)lYJOIUeM p83,ll.ene.

rnasa 10. OCHOaa KanwrantI3Ma: npe,qnpMflTlff, MaKCHMIf3HPflO~ee npH6wnh

213