U3IluweIC nompe6ume.tlJl
TeIlepb ,ll.aBait're Ilpe,ll.IlOJIOXHM, 'ITO PhIHO'lHaH ueHa KOpoBhI - 500 ,ll.OJIJI., Il03TOMY R Ha
PHCOBaJI'roPH30HTaJIbHYIO rryHKTHpHYIO JIHHHIO Ha ypOBHe :nOH ueHbI. CpaBHHTe 31)' ueHY C TOH, KOTOPYIO XOTRT IlJIaTHTb JIIO,ll.H 3a KlOK.UYIO KOPOBY.
3a nepBYIO KOpOBy JIIO,ll.H XOTRT IIJIaTHTb 900 ,ll.OJIJI. TIOCKOJIbKY PhIHO'lHaH ueHa O,ll.HOH KO POBhI Bcero 500 ,ll.OJIJI., 3TH IlOKYIlaTeJIH OCTaHYTCR B BhIHrphIIIIe, nOCKOJIbKYOHH CIloc06HhI
npH06pecTH KOpoBy Ha 400 ,ll.0JIJI. ,ll.eIIIeBJIe, 'IeM OHH roTOBhI JaIIJIaTHTb. HrrH, KaK JII06RT 1'0
BOPHTb 3KOHOMHCThI, 3a nepBYIO KOpoBy COCTaBJIReT 400 ,ll.OJIJI.
3aTeM' Ilepeit.D.eM KO BTOPOH KOpoBe. JIIO,ll.H XOTRT IIJIaTHTb 3a Hee 800 ,ll.OJIJI., HO IlOCKOJIbKY PhIHO'lHaH ueHa COCTaBJIReT Bcero 500, 3a 3TY KOpOBy OHH IlOJIY'laT H3JlHilieK n0'fPe6HTeJIR B pa3Mepe 300 ,ll.0JIJI.
900 Aonn.
|
800 |
|
|
700 |
|
~ |
600 |
|
~ |
500 |
lleHa =500 Aonn. |
|
400 |
|
|
300 |
|
|
200 |
|
|
100 |
|
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
HOMep KOpOBbi
P/lfc. 11.2. CryneH'IarafJ Kp/lfSafJ cnpoca Ha Wry'lHbI,;f rosap
TO'lHO TaX )({e IlpoHCXO,ll.HT H B cJIY'lae C TPeTbeH KOPOBOH: JIIO,ll.H nOJIY'laIOT H3JlHilieK IlO TPe6HTeAA B paJr-t:epe 200 ,ll.OJIJI., IlOCKOJIbKY OHH I'OTOBbI 3aIlJIaTHTb 3a 31)' KOpoBy 700 ,ll.0JIJI., HO HM H)')({HO 3aIIJIaTHTb TOJIbKO PbIHO'lHYIO ueHy, COCTaBJIRIOIllYIO 500 ,ll.OJIJI.
3a IlepBhIe 'IeThIpe KOpOBhI Il0JIY'laeTCR IlOJIO)({HTeJIbHbIH H3JlHilieK nOTPe6HTeAA, TOr,ll.a Kax,..Ha-IIRTOH KOpOBe 3Ta uenO'lKa 06phIBaeTCR, IlOCKOJIbKY IlOTpe6HTeJIH roTOBhI 3aIIJIaTHTb 500 ,ll.OJIJI., H KopOBa CTOHT 500 ,ll.OJIJI. 3To 3HatIHT, 'ITO JIIO,ll.H JaXOTRT KYIlHTb TOJIbKO IlRTb Ilep BbIX KOpOB. (3KOHOMHCThI BCer,ll.a C'IHTaIOT, 'ITO KOr,ll.a "P0,ll.axHaH ueHa paBHa TOH, KOTOPYIO I'OTOBhI 3aIIJIaTHTb nOTpe6HTeJIH, TO Bce H;J;yT H IlOKYIlaIOT.)
.nmr Toro 'IT06hI BhI'lHCJIHTb H3JlHilieK IloTPe6HTeAA 3a IIITY'IHhIH TOBap THIla KOpoB, HaM H}')KHO 061.e,ll.HHHTb Bce H3JIHIIIKH, KOTophIe JIIO,ll.H n0JIY'laIOT 3a Ka)({.lJ.YJO e,ll.HHHUY TOBapa, KOTOpYJO OHH peIIIaIOT KYIlHTb. B 3TOM CJIY'lae CYMMa COCTaBHT 1 ThIC. ,ll.OJIJI. (400 ,ll.OJIJI. 3a nepBYJO KOpOBy, IlJIIOC 300 ,ll.OJIJI. 3a BTOPYJO KOpoBY, IIJIIOC 200 ,ll.OJIJI. 3a TPeTbIO KOpoBy, IlJIIOC 100 ,ll.OJIJI. 3a 'IeTBePTYIO KOpoBy, IIJIIOC 0,ll.0JIJI. 3a JIRTYIO KOpoBY).
JI nOKa3hIBaIO 3TY 1 ThIC. ,ll.0JIJI. H3JIHiliKa IloTpe6HTeAA Ha rpacPHKe 11.3 3aIIITPHXOBaHHOH 06JIaCTbIO no,ll. Ka)({.lJ.OH CTYIIeHbKOH, paCIlOJIO)({eHHOH Ha.D. rOpH30HTaJIbHOH JIHHHeH ueHhI B 500,ll.0JIJI. TIJIOIlla.D.b 3aIIITPHXOBaHHOH CTYIleHlJaTOH cPHryphI paBHa 1 ThIC. ,ll.OJIJI.
rn.s. 11. nOIf.MY SICOHOIIMCTW n106.T CS06o.qHW. pWHICM M ICOHlCYP8HLtMIO |
235 |
9OOAMJI.
800
700
"'600 |
|
|
|
! |
500 |
|
|
--- _. ------- -------- l..leHa =500 AOJlJl. |
|
|
400 |
|
|
|
|
300 |
|
|
|
|
200 |
|
|
|
|
100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
HOMep KOpOBbl
PHC. 11.3. U3J1HWeK norpe(jHTenSl, nOJl}"leHHblH OT He,o.enHMoro TOBSPS
H3AfepeHJle Jl3nJlWKB nOrpe6J1Tenfl AenJlAfOro TOBspa
H3JIHmeK n0'lJ}e6HTeJ1S1 MOXeT 6bITh paCcqHTaH H,lI,IDI iJeJzUMblX m06Qp06 u ycnyz (continuous
goods), HanpHMep, 3eMJIH HJIH paCTHTeJIbHoI'O MaCJIa, HJIH qaCOB MY3b1KaJIbHbIX 3aIDITHH, KO TOpble He 06H3aTeJIbHO npo,n;aIOTCSI B BH.D;e u.eJIbIX e.D;HHHIJ.. ,npyrHMH CJIOBaMH, BbI MOXeTe KY
nHTh ,n;ecsl'rylO (COTYIO H T.,n;.) qacTb e,n;HHHu. ,n;eJIHMoro TOBapa, HanpHMep 78,5 axpOB 3eMJIH
HJIH 6,33 raJIJIOHOB paCTHTeJIbHoro MaCJIa, HJIH 2,5 qaca M}'3hIKaJIbHbIX 3aIDlTHit.
KpHBble cnpoca .D;JISI ,n;eJIHMblX TOBapOB BblrJUl,lUlT HaMHoro JIY'lIIIe, qeM cTYTIeH'laTaSI IPYHKI.J.HSI, KOTOPYIO BbI n0JIY'lHJIH ,lI,IDI IUTy'IHbIX TOBapOB. B CaMOM ,n;eJIe KPHBble cnpoca .D;JISI
,n;eJIHMbIX TOBapOB - 3TO TIJIaBHble CHHJKaIOIIUlecSl JIHHHH, KOTopble BbI yxe BH.D;eJIH paHbme
(K npHMepy, B maBe 8).
H3-3a TIJIaBHOCTH 3THX KPHBbIX cnpoca npH nOCTpoeHHH rpalPHKa H3JIHIIIKa n0'lJ}e6HTeJISI
.D;JISI ,n;eJIHMbIX TOBapoB y BaC n0JIY'laeTCSI o6JIacTb B BH.D;e TpeyroJIbHHKa, KOTOPaSI pacnOJIa raeTCSI no,n; KPHBOH cnpoca H Ha,D; PbIHOqHOH u.eHoH. 13bI MoxeTe YBH.D;CTb 3TOT "KJIHH" Ha pHC. 11.4, r,n;e H306paxeH PbIHOK MaCJIa ,lI,IDI xapKH.
A'!!!I'f. Ha pHC. 11.4 u.eHa Ha MaCJIO ,lI,IDI xapKH COCTaBJDleT 5 ,n;OM. 3a raJIJIOH. ITo noit u.eHe JIIO.D;H XOTSIT npH06peCTH 1 TblC. raJIJIOHOB MaCJIa .D;JISI JKapKH. KPHBaSI cnpoca
~ |
paCnOJIO)KeHa Ha,D; roPH30HTaJIbHOit JIHHHeit u.eHbl B 5 ,n;0JUl. - 3TO 3Ha'lHT, 'ITO no |
• |
KyTIaTeJIH I'OTOBbl3aTIJIaTHTb 6om.me, qeM 5,n;0JUl. 3a raJIJIOH, H n0JIY'l8.lOT H3JIHIIIeK |
|
|
1I0'lJ}e6HTeJISI OT noJCYIIKH 3TOit 1 TblC. raJIJIOHOB. |
|
Ami TOro 'IT06b1 BbI'IIICJIHTb H3JIHIIIeK nmpe6HTeJUI 3a ,n;eJIHMbIit TOBap, BbI CYM |
|
MHpyeTe Bce H3JIHmKH, KOTOpbIe nOJIY'laIOT JIIO,ZUI, Kor,n;a nOKYTIaIOT 3a MeHbmee |
|
KOJIH'leCTBO ,n;eHer, qeM OHM XOTIIT TIJIaTHTb, - TaK xe, KaK H B CJIY'lae He,n;eJIHMO |
|
ro TOBapa. Ho nOCKOJIbKY ceWiac MbI HMeeM ,n;eJIO C TpeyroJIbHMKOM, .D;JISI nOJIY |
|
qeHHSI HYJICHoro pe3YJIbTaTa Tpe6yeTCSI HeMHoro reOMeTpHH. He BOJIH}'itTeCb, 3TO |
|
OqeHb npOCTO. BaM BCero JlHIIIb HYJICHo 6y,n;eT HCnOJIb30BaTb l1>oPMYJIY .D;JISI HaxO |
|
~eHHSI TIJIOma,D;H TpeyroJIl>HHKa (nOJIOBHHa npoH3Be,n;eHHSI OCHOBbI Ha BblCOTY), |
|
.D;JISI TOro qr06bI HaitTH COBOKYTIHbIH H3JIHmeK. .a HameM cJIY'lae BbI YMHOXaeTe |
|
0,5 x 1 TbIC. ,n;0JUl. x 5 = 2,5 TblC. ,n;0JUl. |
236
10 AOl1l1. |
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|
|
9 |
|
|
8 |
|
|
7 |
|
! |
6 |
|
II) |
|
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - UeHa =5 A01111. |
=r |
5 |
|
4 |
|
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3 |
|
|
2 |
o |
|
1 |
|
|
|
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1000
ran110HOB MaClla AIlA lKllpKH
PHC. 11.4. M3JlHWeK nOTpe6HTenSl, nOny<4eHHblH OT p,enHMoro TOBapa
H3MepeHlfe 1f3JJIfWK8 npOlf380,RIfTenfl
H3IIUlUeK np0U3800Ume.n.R H3MepHeT BbIro.uy, KOTOPYIO «pHPMbl noJIY'IlllOT, KOr,LJ;a OHH MOJYf ITpO,LJ;aTh CBOA npo.uyJIT Ja 6oJlI>wyIO cyMMy, qeM MHHHMaJII>HaH u;eHa, KOTOPYIO 6bl OHH fOTOBbl 6bIJIH npHHHTh. Bbl MOJKeTe paccqHTaTh H3JlHWeK npoH3BO,zurreJlH H MH He,LJ;eJIHMblX TOBapoB, H MH ,LJ;eJIHMblX TOBapoB - TO~O TaK JKe, KaK Bbl MOrJIH paccqHTaTh H3JlHWeK nQTPe6HTeJUI MH KaJK)J;oro H3 3THX BH)J;OB ToBaPOB. B 3TOM pa3,LJ;eJIe H npeMaraIO BaWeMYBHHMaHHIO npH Mep paCqeTa H3JlHWKa npOH3BO,LJ;HTeJUl MH ,LJ;eJIHMblX TOBapOB.
BbI MOJKeTe nOJIyqHTb XOPOWHH hpHMep Bbl'IHCJIeHHH H3JlHWKa npOH3BO,LJ;wreJUl, eCJIH nocMoTPHTe Ha pHC. 11.5, Ha KOTOpOM H306paJKeHa Iq)HBaH npeMOJKeHHH S MH MaCJIa MH JKapKH. 3Ta Iq)HBaH npeMOJKeHHH qpe3BbNaAHO BaJKHa MH onpe,LJ;eJIeHHH H3JlHWKa llpOH3BO ,LJ;HTeJUl, nOCKOJIbKY Ka)K)J;aH TOqKa Ha Iq)HBOH npeMOJKeHIDI roBOpHT BaM 0 MHHHMYMe, KOTO PblH BaM HYJKHO 3anJIaTHTb nOCTaBIIJ;HKaM MH TOro, qro6bl OHH npe,LJ;OCTaBHJIH BaM COOTBeT CTBYIOlIJ;ee KOJIH'lecTBO npO.uyJITa. CpaBHHBaH KaJK)J;oe MHHHMaJII>HOe 3HaqeHHe C 60JIee Bbl COKOH PbIHOqHOH u;eHoit, KOTOPYIO npoH3BO,LJ;HTeJIII ,LJ;eHCTBHTeJIbHO nOJl}"IHJIH, npO,LJ;aB CBOit npo.uyJIT, Bbl MOJKeTe paCCqHTaTh H3JlHWeK npoH3BO,LJ;HTeJUl. (RaJIee nO,LJ;p06HaH HH«PoPMau:HH o Iq)HBbIX npeMOJKeHHH H 06 HX HHTepnpeTaU;HH HaxO)J;HTCH B rJIaDe 8.)
ll,eHa Ja MaCJIO .MJi-npKH OCTaeTCH HeH3MeHHOH - 5 ,LJ;OJUI. Ja raJlJIOH. Ii rpa«pHK nOKa3bl BaeT, qro npoH3BO,lUfTeJIH c06MpaIOTCH nOCTaBHTh TOqHO 1 TbIC. raJlJIOHOB MaCJIa MH JKapKH no 3TOH u;eHe. OHH XOTHT nOCTaDHTh 3TO KOJIHqeCTBO, nOCKOJIbKY Ja ~ KaIlJIl() MaCJIa, BKJIIO qaH nocne)J;HIOIO H3 1 TbIC. raJlJIOHOB, JaTPaTbI Ha npoH3BQlICTBO ,LJ;aHHOit Iq)HBOit npeMOlKeHHH MeHbwe, qeM 5 ,LJ;OJUI. Ja raJIJIOH, KOTOpble npoH3BOAHTeJIH nOJl}"IaIOT npH npo)J;a)Ke MaCJIa.
Ho, H 3TO OqeHb BaJKHO, npOH3BO,LJ;HTeJIH rOTOBbl npOH3BeCTH nOqTH Bce 3TO MaCJIO 3a MeHblUYIO cyMMy, 'teM PbIHOqHaH u;eHa B 5 ,LJ;OJIJI. 3a raJIJIOH. Bbl MOJKeTe nOHHTh 3TO H3 TOro, qro Iq)HBaH npeMOJKeHHH paCnOJIaraeTCH no,LJ; roPH30HTaJIbHOit JIHHHeH u;eHbl ,LJ;O nocJIe,LJ;Heit KaITJIH H3 1 TbIC. raJIJIOHOB. TOT «paJcr, qro OHH no.rryqaT no 5 ,LJ;OJIJI. Ja raJIJIOH MaCJIa HeCMOTPH Ha TO, qTO roTOBbI npoH3BO,lIHTb ero Ja MeHblIIyIo CTOHMOCTh, C.JIYXGIT HCTOqHHKOM H3JlHWKa npOH3BO,LJ;HTeJIH, KOTOPblit npe,LJ;CTaBJIeH ITJIOIIJ;a)J;bIO JaW1pHXoBaHi:lOro TpeyroJIbHHKa.
rnasa 11. n04lellYHoHOII"CTIJI RI06Ar C806QRHWe pWHIOf H ICOHICYP8HlCHIO |
237 |
10 Aonn. |
|
|
|
9 |
|
|
|
8 |
|
|
5 |
7 |
|
|
|
I 6 |
__._,c._ - -- --- - - |
_. -- - -- - -- --- |
UeHa =5AOIlIl. |
5 |
4 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
2
1
1000
rannOHOB MaClla AJ1R J1(apKI4
PHC. 11.5. M3flHweK npOH3SOAHTeflR, nOflY'feHHbla 38 lteflHMblH Tosap
BOCnOJIb30BaBWHCb !l>OpMyJIOjt nJIOmMH TPeyrOJIbHHKa (0,5 YMHO:lKHTb Ha OCHO By YMHO:lKHTb Ha BblCOTy), Bbl MOXeTe BbltIHCJIHTb, 'ITO H3JIHWeK npOH3BO,llHTeJUI B 3TOM npHMepe COCTaBJUleT 2 TblC. ,llOM. flPOH3BO,llHTeJIH nOJIy'lHJIH BblHrpblW B cYMMe 2 ThIC. ,llOM., npo,llaB 1 TblC. raJIJlOHOB MaCJIa, nOCKOJIbKy KOJIH'leCTBO ,lleHer, noJIYtIeHHoe 3a 1 TbIC. raJIJIOHOB MaCJIa, Ha 2 TblC. ,llOM. npeBblwaeT MHHHMaJIbHoe KOJIHtIeCTBO, KOTOpoe OHH roTOBbl 6blJIH npHIDITb.
H3MepeHJfe COBOIC)'llHOrO Jf3JlJfWK8
C060KynHblu U3IIUWeK, KOTOpbljt o6mecTBo nOJIy'laeT OT npOH3BO,llCTBa COUHaJIbHO onrn MaJIbHOro ypOBIDI TIpo.uyKTa COOTBeTCTBYJOmero 1'OBapa HJIH yCJIyrH, - 31'0 npOCTO cYMMa H3 JIHWKa nOTPe6HTeJUI H H3JIHWKa npOH3BO,llHTeJUl, nOJIYtIeHHbIX Ha 3TOM ypOBHe np0.uyKTa.
Ha pHC. lL6 Bbl MoxeTe BH,lleTh COBOKYTIHbIjt H3JIHWeK,llJUI pblHKa, Ha KOTOpOM PaBHO BeCHasI ueHa H paBHOBeCHoe KOJIHtIeCTBO COCTaBJUIIOT, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, p' == 5 ,llOM. H q" = 4.
(ECJIH 3TOT rpa!l>HK KaXeTCH BaM 3HaKOMblM, no nOTO¥y, 'ITO OH noxo}l{ Ha pHC. 11.1.)
11 H306paJHJI COBOKYTIHblA H3JIHWeK TaK, 'lT06bI 6blJIO HCHO BH,llHO, 'ITO OH COCTOHT H3 H3 JIHWKa nOTPe6HTeJUI H H3JIHWKa npOH3BO,llHTeJUl. OHH paJ,lleJIeHbl roPH30HTaJIbHOjt JIHHHejt, OTMetIaIOmeA ypoBeHb PblHOqHOA paBHoBecHoA ueHbl (5 ,llOM.). TpeyrOJIbHHK H3JIHWKa no -rpe6HTeJUI 3aWTPHXOBaH BePTHKaJIbHblMH JIHHHHMH, 1'Or.ua KaK -rpeyrOJIbHHK H3JIHWKa npoH3 BO,llHTeJIH JaWTPHXOBaH .,llHarOHaJIbHblMH JIHHHRMH.
CHoBa HCnOJIb30BaB !l>OpMyJIy ,llJUI Haxo}l{,lleFiHH nJIOma,llH TpeyroJIbHHKa, Mbl YMHoxaeM
0,5 x 4 x 8 ,llJUI TOro, tITo6bl onpe,lleJIHTh, 'ITO ,llJUI 3TOro rpa!l>HKa COBOKYTIHblA H3JIHWeK co CTaBJUleT 16,ll0JIJI. 06masI BbIrO,lla o6mecTBa npH npoH3Bo,llCTBe Ha 31'OM ypOBHe npo.uyKTa COCTaBJIHeT 16 ,llOM.
238 |
"BeTh ",. MMKp03KOHOMHK8 - HByrcB 0 n08eReHMIf norpe6tn'eneR If npeAnplfllTlfR |
10 Aonn. |
COBOKYnHblA HsmlW8K = |
|
9 |
|
H3nHW8K nOTpeOMT9nR + |
|
|
|
B |
H3nHW9K npOH3BQAHT9nR |
' . / S |
7
! e
PHC. 11.6. COsoK}'nHbI~ H3J1HW9K - 3TO CyMMa H3J1HWKa norpe6HrenR (seprHKMbHo 38wrpH XOBSHHaR nno~) H H3J1HWKS npoH3so,QHrenR (,QHSroHMbHO 38wrpHxos8HH8R nnO~8,Qb)
AHBn.,3 COBOKYnHOrO .,3JJ.,WKB
COBOKYJIHhl.tl: H3JIHWeK OqeHb BroKeH, rrOCKOJlbKY OH rr03BOmIer Ou;eHHTb Bhlro.uy, KOTOPYIO rrpHHOCJIT rrpOH3BO,llCTBO H roproBIDl. cI»HPMhl H3rOTaBJIHBaIOT TOBaphl H YCJIYrH .llmI rrOJIY'Ie HIDI rrpH6hlJ1H. JIIO,llH TPanlT ,lleHbrH Ha 3TH roBaphl H ycJIYrH, rrOCKOJlbKY rrorpe6J1eHHe 3THX BemeD ,lleJIaeT HX CqaCTJIHBhlMH (y,lloBJIeTBOpSleT HX rrOTPe6Hocrn). A COBOKYJIHhl.tl: H3JIHWeK roBOpHT BaM, HaCKOJlbKO 60raqe CT8JlH rrorpe6HTeJIH H rrpoH3BO,llHTeJIH rrOCJle "B3aHMO,lle.tl:CT BWI" ,llpyr C ,llpyroM.
llOMHMO H3MepeHWI BI>IfO,llbI, rrOJIY'IeHHo.tl: B pe3YJIbTaTe B3aHMO,lle.tl:CTBWI rrorpe6H TeJIe.tl: H rrpoH3BO,llHTeJIe.tl:, COBOKYJIHhl.tl: H3JIHWeK rrpe,llOCTaBIDleT KP, HTepHD, C rro MombIO KOropOro 3KOHOMHCThl MOryT H3MepHTb ymep6, rrOHeceHHhl.tl: B<;JIe,llCTBHe rrpOBe,lleHIDI orrpe,lleJIeHHoD rrOJIHTHKH rocy,llapCTBa, BMeWaBWerOCSI B ,lleJla PhlHKa.
O,llHO ,lleJIO - CKa3aTb, HarrpHMep, 'ITO u;eHOBbIe Cy6CH,llHH Bpe,llSlT rrOl'pe6HTemIM. Ha/'>fHoro Ba)l(J{ee 'ITO, MO)I{HO roqHO orrpe,lleJIHTb, KaKOe KOJI~eCTBO,llOJIJIapoB no
TPe6HTeJIH norepSIJIH B pe3YJIbTaTe BMeWaTeJIbCTBa rocy,llapCTBa: I1MeHHo 06 3TOM ceDqac H rro.tl:.lleT pe%.
Koz'Iadooo'lJtbtejtbtHJtU JJiejtJUtJlhcA'OJ() cA'OOO'l't: JteotfJtalliuJtbte /l,oJJiejtu
KaK SI OTMeq8Jl paHee B 3roD maBe, 3KOHOMHCTaM HpaBSlTCSI cBo60,llHbIe pbIHKH, rrOCKOJIb KY cB060,llHhle PhlHKH npoH3BO,llJlT He TOJIbKO Te e,llHHHI.J;bI, .llmI KOTOpbIX rrpH6bIJlb rrpeBhlwaer 3aTPaTbI. )lp~,CJlOBaMH, PbIHOqHoe paBHOBeCHe rapaHrnpyeT, qro COBOKYJIHbID H3JlHWeK BeJIHK HaCTOJIbKO, HaCKOJIbKO 3m B03MO)I{H0 B ,llaHHO.tl: CHlYaU;HH.
rn... |
11. nOlfeMY SICOHOMHCTW nlO6Jlr c.o6o,qHwe PWHICH H ICOHqpeHl.llf1O |
239 |
Bce TO, 'ITO MeWaeT cnoc06HocTH phIHKa ,nOCTH'ib PhIHO'IHOro paBHOBeCIDI H npo H3BeCTH PhIHO'IHOe KOJI~eCTBO,COJq>~aeTCOBOKYJIHbIit H3JIHWeK. 3KOHOMHCThI
HaJhIBalOT KOJIH'IeCTBO, Ha KOTOpoe COKPamaeTCR COBOKYJIHbIit H3JIHWeK, nOJIb3Y
SlCb Jq>aCO'IHhIM repMHHOM He06pamUMble nomepu (deadweight loss).
B CJIe.nyIOmeM paJ.neJIe SI npe,nocTaBmO BaIUeMY BHHMaHHIO no.np06Ho COCTaBJIeHHhIe npH MephI Heo6paTHMhIX norepb, BhI3BaHHhIX HaJIOraMH HJIH YCTaHOB1leHHeM nOTOJIKOB ueH. 3TH
BH,D;hI BMeWaTeJIbCTBa B ,neRTeJIbHOCTb PhIHKOB HaxO,D;JITCSI no,n KOHTpoJIeM rocy,napcTBa, HO Bill He ,nOJDKHhI .nyMaTb, 'ITO He06paTHMhIe norepH MOryr 6hITh BhI3BaHh1 mOJlblCO rocy,napcTBeHHoit nOJIHTHKoit. Bce, 'ITO cOJq>aw,aeT npo.nyKT, ,neJIaJI ero MeHbWe PhIHO'IHOro KOJI~eCTBa,npH BO,D;HT K Heo6paTHMhIM norepJIM. K TaKoit CHTYauHH MOryr npHBeCTH MOHOnOJIHH H OJIHronO JIHH, a TaIOKe np06JIeMhI, CBRJaHHhIe~~eTPH'IHOCTbIOHH4x>PMlUlHH H 06meCTBeHHhIMH TOBapaMH, - 060 BCeM 3TOM noit,neT pe'Ib B CJIe.nyIOlllHX HeCKOJIbKHX rmmax.
Heo6paTHMbie nOTepH, Bbl3B8HHble yCTaHoBneHMeM nOTOnKa ~eH
B Ka'IeCTBe npHMepa He06paTHMhIX norepb BaM npe,ncTaB1leHhI rpa$HKH Ha pHC. 11.7, r,ne rocy,napcTBo yCTaHOBHJIO nOTOJIOK ueH pc, KaK 06'bRClUleTCR B rnaBe 8, nomOJlOlC ~eH - 3TO M~CHMaJIbHaJI ueHa, no KOTOPOit npo,naBUbl MOryT Ha 3aKOHHbIX OCHOBaHIDIX npo,naBaTb cBOit npo.nyKT. no 3aMblCJIY HX CTOpoHHHKOB, nOTOJIKH ueH npH3BaHhI nOMO'Ib nOKYllaTeJIRM nocpe,nCTBOM HH3KHX ueH, HO R CKOPO noKIDKY BaM, 'ITO OHH MOryT npHHeCTH MHOro Bpe,na.
B
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r--------- |
"~-- nOTOll0K 4eH |
D
A
qL q*
KOllM'lecTBO
p.,c. 11.7. COKpall.leH.,e COBo/cynHoro .,3II.,WK8 B pe3ynbr8re YCTaHosneH.,S1 rloronK8 !.(eH
AmI TOro 'IT06bI }'BH,D;eTb Bpe,n, np~eHHbIitYCTaHOB1leHHeM MaKCHMaJIbHOro 3HS'IeHHR ueHbI, CHaqaJIa OTMeTHM, 'ITO npH MaKCHMaJIbHOit ueHe pc npoH3BO.D;HTeJIH c06HP81OTCR npo ,naTb TOJIbKO qL e,nHHHU npo.nyKTa. ,l(pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, no 3TOit ueHe BhIro,nHO npoH3BO,nHTb TOJIbKO nepBhIe qL e,nHHHU npo,nYKTa. ECJIH He cymeCTByeT MaKCHMaJIbHO YCTaHOB1leHHoit ueHbl H PhIHOK ,neitcTByeT no CBoeMY ycMOTPeHHIO, npOH3BO,nHTeJIH 6y.nyT npOH3Bo,nHTb phI HO'IHoe paBHOBecHoe KOJI~eCTBOnpo.nyKTa, q'.
Cne,nOBaTeJlbHO, eCJIH 6bI 3TO 6bIJI CB060,nHbIA pbIHOK, COBOKYJIHblA H3JlHWeK 6bIJI 6bI npe,nCTaBJIeH rpa.pHtleCKH TpeyroJIhHHKOM, 0603Ha'lcHHblM TO'IKaMH A, B H C. Ho nOCKOJIbKY MoxeT 6bITb npoH3Be,neHO TOJIbKO qL e,nHHHIJ. npo~, WIOma,D;b COBOKylIHOro H3JlHWKa co KPameHa,no 381DTPHXOBaHHoA 06JI8CTH, 0603H8'1eHHoA TO'IKllMH A, B, FH E.
nOTepH COBOKylIHOro H3JlHWKa B pe3YJIbTare TOro, 'ITO 6bIJIO npoH3Be,neHO He q' e.nHHHIJ. npo.nyKTa, 8 qL - 3TO AHaroHaJIbHO 381DTPHXOBaHHbIA TpeyroJIbHHK, 0603Ha'leHHblA TO'IKaMH
E, FH C. llJIoUJ;8,llb 3TOro TpeyroJ1bHHKa nOKa3blBlleT BeJIH'lHHY He06paTHMbIX norepb, KOTOpbJe B03HHKJlH B pe3YJIbTaTe cOKP8llJ;eHIDI npo~ HHXe COIJ;HaJIbHO OIITHMaJIbHOro ypoBIUI, q'.
~nOTOJIOK IJ,eH npHHOCHT y6b1TKH, nOCKOJIbKY AJUI Bcex e,nHHHIJ. npO.nyKTa, HaxO
.lUlUJ;HXCH Me)lQly qL H q', ,nOXO,nbl npeBbIwaIOT 3aTP8TbI, 'ITO 3Ha'lHT: 3TH e,nHHH IJ.bI ,noroKHbI 6bITb npoH3De.lleHbI. npH CYMMHpOBaHHH pl13Mepa ,nOXO,nOB, KOTOpbIe MO)I{HO nOJIY'lHTb OT npoH3Bo,nCTBa H nOTPe6JIeHHH 3THX e,nHHHIJ., WIOlIJ,3,lJ,b Tpe yrOJIbHHKa He06paTHMbIX norepb MoxeT TO'IHO 0TPl13HTb BeJIH1fHHY yw;ep6a, npH 'IHHeHHOro .BMewaTeJIbCTBOM B pbIHOK.
AHanM3 Heo6paTMMblX nOTepb OT HanOrOB
HaJIora, KOTOpbIMH,06mmuoTcH TOBaPbI H YCJIYTH, TOxe npHBO,nHT K He06paTHMbIM nOTe pHM. 3To npOHCXO,nHT nOTOMY, <iTo TllIGIe HaJIOra nOBbIwaIOT 3a'l])aTbl Ha npOH3BO,nCTBO H no rpe6JieHHe npO.nyKTa. Kor.lla 3TH 3aTPaTbl HCKyCCTBeHHO nOBbIWaIOTCH H3-3a HaJIOroB, JIIO,nH pearapyJOT npoH3Bo,nCTBOM H nOTPe6JIeHHeM MeHbwero KOJIH1feCTBa e,nHHHIJ; npO.nyKTIl, 'IeM 6bIJIO ,no YCTaHOBJIeHHH ,naHHoro HaJIOra. nOCKOJIbKY Ka)l{AaH e,nHHHIJ.a, KOTOpaH 6bIJIa nDTPe6 JIeHa ,no yCTaHOBJIeHHH HaJIOra, 6bIJIa e,nHHHIJ;eA, y KOTOpoA ,nOXO,nbl npeBbIWaJIH 3aTPaTbI Ha ee npOH3BO,nCTBO, cOKPameHHe npo.nyKTa, KOTOpoe nOCJle,nOBaJIO B pe3YJIbTaTe HaJIOra, 06H3a TeJIbHO cOKPaTHT COBOKYUHbIA H3JlHWeK H npHBe,neT K He06paTHMbIM nOTepHM.
KaK HanOn, .CMe~aIOT KPIfBY'O npeA/lOJICeHlffl
aa~~ IIepe,n TeM KaK H 60JIee ,neTaJIbHO paccKa)I{y 0 He06paTHMbIX nOTepHX, KOTOpbIe no JIY1faIOTCH B pe3YJIbTaTe 06JIOXeHHH npo.nyKTa HaJIOraMH, H ,nOJI)l{eH nOKl13aTb BaM,
~. 'ITO YCTaHOBJIeHHe HaJIOra Ha npO.llaBIJ;a CMemaeT KPHBbIe npe.nnoxeHHH DePTHKaJIbHO Ha BeJIHtlHHY HaJIOra. ,naBaihe paCCMOTPHM KOHKpeTHbiA npHMep - no CTaBKY rOBjIAHHbI Ha PhIHOK rOBH,nHHbI, r,ne rocy,napcTBo c06HpaeTcH yCTaHOBHTb HaJIOr B pl13Mepe 1 ,n0JIJI. 3a <PYHT.
Ha pHC. 11.8 BbI BH,nHTe ,nBe KpHBbIe. (KOHe'lHO, 3T0 npHMbIe JIHHHH, HO MHe npOCTO HpaBHTCH Hl13bIBaTb HX KpHBblMH.) HH)l{HHH, S, - 3TO KPHBaH npe.nnoxeHHH rOBjIAHHbI. PaCnOJIOXeHHaH BblWe, Hl13BaHHaH S + HaJl02, 3TO Ta xe KPHBaH npe.nnoxeHHH, HO nOCJIe Ha JIoro06JIoxeHIDI. B8)l{H0 nOHHTb, 'ITO KPHBaH S + HaJlOe - 3TO npocTO H3Ha'laJIbHaH KPHBaH npe.nnoxeHHH, nepeMeCTHBWaHCH DepTHKaJIbHO H8 BeJIH'lHHY HaJIOra, KOTOpaH B .llaHHOM CJIY
'Iae paBHa 1 ,nOJIJl.
IIpH'IHHa, no KOTOpoA KPHQaH npe.nnoxeHHH nepeMemaeTcH BepTHKaJIbHO Ha BeJIH'IHHY HaJIOra, COCTOHT B CTHMYJIHpOBaHHH nOCTaBmHKOB. B rJIaDe 8 H 06'bHCIUlIO, 'ITO Ka)I{,llaH TO'IKa Ha KPHBOH npe.nnoxeHHH nOKl13bIBaeT MHHHMYM, KOTOpbIA "yxHO 3anJIaTHTb nOCTaBmHKaM C TeM, 'lT06bI OHH npe,noCTaBHJIH COOTBeTCTBYIOmee KOJIH'IeCTBO npo.nyKTa. HanpHMep, ,na
BaATe nOCMOTPHM Ha TO'IKY A. IIoCKOJIbKY TO'IKa A pacnOJIOXeHa Ha KPHBOH npe.nnoxeHHH, BbI 3HaeTe, 'ITO BaM lfY)I{HO 3anJIaTHTb 5 ,nOJIJl. 3a <PYHT, eCJIH Bbi XOTHTe, 'ITo6bI nOCTaBIIlHKH npe,nocTaBHJIH Ha PbIHOK 10 MJIH. <PyHTOB rOBjIAHHbI. IIoxo)I{HM 06p1130M TO'lKa E rOBOpHT 0
rnaBS 11. nOlfeMYHOHolllfcrw nlo6.r c.o6oAHwe pWHlCIf,1f KOHlCYpeHQlf1O |
241 |
1 ,llOJIJI.
TOM, 'ITO BbI ,llOJDKHbI 38lIJIaTKI'b rrOCTaBIllHKaMH 4,5 ,ll0JlJI. 3a <l>YHT, eCJIH BaM XO'leTC.lI, 'IT06h1 Ha pbIHKe rrOSlBHJIOCL Bcero JIHWL 9 MJIH. <l>YHTOB rOBJI,llHHbI.
ECJIH rrpaBHTeJlLCTBO Ha'lHHaeT BMeWHBaTLCSI H YCTaHaBJIHBaeT HaJIOr B pll3Mepe
3a <l>YHT, 3TO rrOBJlH.lleT Ha pll3Mep BaweR OIIJlaTbI, CTHMYJlHPYIOIlleR nOCTaBIllHKOB. ECJlH BaM
Bce ewe H}')KHO 10 MJIH. <l>YJiTOB roBJI,llHHbI, BbI ,llOJDKHbI 38lIJIaTKI'b H3Ha'IaJILHoe KOJIH'leCTBO, rpe6yeMoe ,l\Jl.lI CTHMYJlHP0BaHH.lI rrOCTaBIllHKOB, 'IT06bI OHH rrpe,llOCTaBHJlH BaM 3m KOJIH'lecT BO roBJI,llHHhI (5 ,llOJlJl. 3a <l>YHT) H ewe ,llOrrOJlHHTeJlbHO ,lleHLfH ,lI)UI OIIJlaTbI HaJIOra, ycTaHOB JleHHOrO Ha rOBJI,llHHY (l ,llOJlJl. 3a <l>YHT).
5+ Hanor
9 10
MlotJlJllotOHOB cIlYHTOB rOBRAIoIHbI
PHC. 11.8. Hsnor Bpa3Mepe 1/J,onn. HB tPYHT rOBRAHHbI nepeMeU/seT
KpHSylO npe.o.nO)l(eHHR BepTHKsnbHo HB 1/J,onn.
fpa<l>H'IeCKH 3TO 3Ha'lliT, 'ITO TO'IKa AHa KpHBOR rrpe,llJlO)l{eHH.lI S rrepeMelll,aeTC.lI Ha BeJlH 'IHHY B 1,ll0JlJl. HaJIOra H CTaHOBHTCSI TO'lKOil: B Ha KpHBOR S + HOJIOZ. no TaXHM )l{e rrpINHHaM TO'IKa E Ha KpHBOR rrpe,llJlO)l{eHH.lI ,llOJl)l{Ha rrepe,llBHHYTLC.lI B TO'll{}' F Ha KPHBOtl: S + HOJIOZ.
3m 3Ha'IHT, 'ITO ec.rm BbI ,llOJl)l{HbI IIJlaTKI'b rrOCTaBllI,HKaMH 4,50 ,llOJlJl. 3a <l>YHT, 'IT06bI CTHMY JIHpOBaTb HX rrpe,llOCTaBHTb Ha PbIHOK 9 MJIH. cl>YHTOB roBJI,llHHbI rrpH yCJlOBHH, 'ITO 1 ,llOJIJI. 3a <PYHT ,llO)l)l{eH YX0,llHTb rOCY,llapCTBY B BH,lle HaJIOra, B 06ll1,eM BaM H}')I{HO 3aIIJlaTHTb 5,50 ,ll0JlJl•
. 3a <PYHT. HMeHHo 310 H rrpOHCXO,llHT B TO'IKe F. .
KaJiGJ;aSl TO'IKa Ha KpHBOtl: rrpe.l1JlO)l{eHH.lI S ,llO)l)l{Ha C,llBHraTbC.lI BePrHKaJlbHO TaKHM Ie 06pa30M, KaK H TO'IKH A H E, TaK'ITO KpHBlUl S + HOJIOZ 01P~eT TO, KaK 6Y,lleT BbIrJlJl,lleTL KpHBlUl rrpe,llJlO)l{eHH.lI rrOCJle YCTaHoBJIeHH.lI HaJIOra. n03HaKOMHBWHCL C 3THM CMeweHHeM, BbI roTOBbI K TOMY, 'IT06bI y3HaTb, KaK 3TOT BH,ll HaJIoroo6JIo?KeHH.lI rrpHBO,llHT K He06paTHMbIM rrorepSlM.
KaK HanorH npH80,QflT KHeo6pSTHMblM nOTepflM
. Ha pHC. 11.9 ,ll06aBJIeHa KpHBlUl crrpoca, D, K pHC. 11.8, TaK 'ITO MbI MOJKeM BH,lleTL, 'ITO npoHCXO,llHT C COBOKYJIHbIM. H3JlHWKOM, KOr,lla rocY,llapcTBO ycTaHaBJIHBaeT HaJIor B 1 ,ll0JlJI. 3a <PYHT roBJl,llHHbI, rrpo~IOllI,etl:c.lIHa pblHKe.
242 |
"sen. III. AflffC/J03ICOHOMIIKS - HSyu 0 no.tA8H1fIf norpe6lmmeM If npewrplfflTlfM |
)];0 ycTaHOBJIeHIDI 3TOro HMOra PDlHO'lHoe paBHOBeCHe HaxO,nHJIOCb B TO'IKe A, r,ne KPHBasI npeJlJIQ)KeHIDI S nepeCeKaeT KPHBYJO cnpoca D. B 3TOit TO'lKe npOH3Bo,nHTeJlH nOCTaBJUUOT
10 MJIH. lPYHTOB roBHJlHHbI no ueHe 5 ,nOJIJI. 3a lPYHT. COBOKYJlHblit H3JlHWeK B 3~M CJ1Y'Iae npe,nCTaBJIeH TpeyroJIbHHKOM, 0603Ha'leHHblM TO'IKaMH C, D (Ha BepTHKaJIbHoit OCH) H A.
D
S +HBIlor
|
!ll |
4,50 |
|
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|
! |
|
|
D |
|
:! |
G |
|
Heo6psTIo1Mble |
|
|
|
|
nOTeplo1 = 500 TblC, Aonn, |
|
|
C |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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9 |
10 |
Mlo1nnlo1oHoB (jlYHTOB roBR,QIo1HbI
PHC. 11.9. Heo6psrHMble norepH, Sbl3SSHHble ycr8HosneHHeM HBnOra
HB rOSR/tHHY 8 pa3Mepe 1/tonn,
O,nHaKO nOCJIe yCTaHOBJIeHHH HMora paBHOBeCHe HaxO,nHTCjl B TO'IKe F, r,ne KPHBafl S +
HaJlOZ nepeCeKaeT KPHBYJO cnpoca. B 3Toit TO'lKe ueHa Ha roBMHHy COCTaBJIJleT 5,50 ,nOJIJI. 3a lPYHT, H Ha PblHOK nOCTaBJIeHO 9 MJIH. lPYHTOB roBMHHbI. (nOCTaBJIeHO Bcero JIHIlIb 9 MJlH. lPYHTOB, nOCKOJlbKY nOCJIe TOro, KaK rocy,napCTBO 3a6pMO CBOit 1 ,nOJIJI. HMora, OCTaJIOCb JlHIlIb 4,50 ,nOJIJI. ,llJUl CTHMyJIHpOBaHIDI npOH3BO,llHTeJleit. BbI MoxeTe yBH,lleTb 3TO H3 KPH Bait npeJlJIOXeHIDI: npH TaKOit CYMMe ,neHer 3a lPYHT nOCTaBmHKH XOTfl npe,llJlOXHTb TOJJbKO
9 MJlH. lPyHTOB.)
IfJ-3a yCTaHOBJIeHHoro rocy,llapcTBOM HMora KOJlH'leCTBO nOCTaBJIeHHoit roBflJlHHbI ynano C 10 MJlH. lPYHTOB ,ll0 9 MJlH. lPYHTOB. EOJIee TOro, COBOKYJlHbI:lf H3JlHIlIeK COKpaTHJICSI ,ll0 Tpe yroJlbHHKa, 0603Ha'leHHoro 6yKBaMH G, D H F.
@j BbI MoxeTe cpa3y xe yBH,lleTb, 'ITO 3TOT HOBblit COBOKYITHblH H3JIHIlIeK HaMHoro MeHbwe cTaporo COBOKYJlHOro H3JlHIlIKa. Ho nepe,ll reM, KaK MbI Ha'lHeM pa3rJIa rOJlbCTBOBaTb 0 He,llOCTaTKax rocY,llapCTBeHHoit nOJlHTHKH, HaM HYJKHO npHHSlTb BO BHHMaHHe TOT lPaKT, 'ITO HMorn 6blJ1H c06paHbI. HMorH (BO BCSlKOM CJIyqae TeO peTHqeCKH) BblrO,llHbI 06mecTBY, TaK 'ITO HaM HYXHo BKJIlOqHTb 3TY CYMMy, KOr,lla MbI 6Y,lleM nO,llC'IHTblBaTb COBOKYJlHbl:lf H3JIHIlIeK 06mecTBa OT npO,llaxH roBMHHbI no 3TOit ueHe. B HOBOM COCTOHHHH paBHOBeCHjl B BH,lle HanoroB 6Y,lleT c06paHo
9 MJlH. ,llOJ1Jl., nOCKOJlbKY 9 MJlH. lPYHTOB npO,llaHHOH roBMHHbI 6y,llyr 06J10XeHbI HaJlOroM B pa3Mepe 1 ,llOJIJI. 3a lPyHT.
9 MJlH. ,llOJIJI. B BH,lle HaJlOroBblX C60POB npe,llCTaBJIeHbI rpalPH'IeCKH napaJIJleJIorpaMMOM, 0603HaqeHHblM 6yKBaMH C, G, F H E. 3TOT napaJIJIeJIorpaMM 6blJ1 BKJIIO'IeH B TpeyrOJIbHHK
rnaaa t t. nOCfeMY 3KOHOAfHCTW nlO6RT cao6011Hble PblHKH H KOHlCYpeHqHIO |
243 |
%: '
if; ... "
CTaporo COBOKYfiHOro H3IlHIIIKa, 0603HaQeHHoro 6}'KBaMH C, D H A. CJIe.uOBaTeJIbHO, HaJIOro Bble C60pbI, KOTOpbIe HBJUIeTCJI qaCTbIO CTaporo COBOKYJIHOro H3IlHWKa, He 6bIJIH norepHHbI; OHH npocro 6bIJIH nepe.llaHbI rocY.llapcTBy.
O.llHaKO qaCTb CTaporo COBOKYJIHOro H3JlHWKa 6hIJ1a norepJlHa. 3Ta qaCTb nOKa3aHa Ha rpa4>HKe B BJ.I.lle TpeyroJIbHHKa Heo6paTHMhIX norepb, 0603Haq~HHoro6YKBaMH E, FHA. 3m
OTpaxeHHe TOro 4>aKTa, qTO 06mecTBo n~HJIoymep6 B pe3YJIbTaTe cOKpaIIleHHH o6'beMa nOCTaMeHHoA roBfI.llHHbI,OT 10 MJIH. 4>YHTOB .ll0 9 MJIH. 4>YJITOB. (A BOT renepb BbI MoxeTe Ha'iaTb pa3rJIaroJIbCTBOBaTb O.llOCa,nHbIX npoMaxax rocy.llapcTBeHHbIX .lleJlTeJIeit.)
M3MepeHHe BeJIHqHHbI He06paTHMbIX norepb C nOMOIIlbIO «PoPMYJIbI .llJUI BhI'IHCJIeHHH nJIOma,nH TpeyroJIbHHKa (0,5 YMHOXHTb Ha OCHOBy H YMHOXHTb Ha BbICOTY) CKaXeT HaM, qro
BBe.neHHe HaJIOra npHBe.lleT K He06paTHMbIM norepJlM B pa3Mepe 500 TbIC• .ll0JIJI. 3m OrpoMHM llH4>pa npe.nCTaBJUIeT co60A pe3Koe COKpam;eHHe COBOKYfiHOro H3IlHWKa, nOTOMY 'ITO Y KaX
.noro H3 1 MJlH. 4>YHTOB roBfI.llHHbI, KOTOpbIe 60JIbwe He 6y.llYT npoH3BO.llHTbCH, .llOXO.ll npeBbI IlIaJI 3aTpaTbI. BCH 3m npH6bIJIb repHeTCH npH yCTaHOBJIeHHH nO.ll06Horo HaJIOra.
He06paTHMbIe norepH Ha3bIBaIOTCH He06paTHMbIMH norepHMH, nOCKOJIbKY B 3TOA CHTYaUHH BbI He MoxeTe CKaJaTb: "Bam y6hITOK - 3TO MoA .llOXO.ll". MbI He MO xeM roBOpHTb 0 qeM-TO, qTO npocTO nepeXO.llHT OT O.llHOrO qeJIOBeKa K .upyrOMY. Ha060pOT, TepMHH "He06paTHMbIe norepH" 03HaqaeT y6bITKH B CMbICJIe "nOJIHoro YHHqTOXeHHH .llOXO.llOB". BbIro.llbI, KOTOpbIe MOrJIH 6bITb no~eHbI, eCJIH 6bI 3TH MHJIJIHOHbI 4>YHTOB rOBjI.1lHHbI 6b1J1H npOH3Be.ueHbI, npOCTO HCqe3aIOT. He06paTHMbIe nOTepH - MePTBbIA rpy3, KOTOPbIit MbI .llOJIXHbI HeCTH, CTapaHCb MaKCHMH3HpoBaTb cqaCTbe qeJIOBeKa npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH HamHX orpaH~eHHbIX pecypCOB.
.J!it,U3/ta"u Uge&U.b/tOU"O/t"'IfteJUl,UU: It'fttUdaJl
Jtju40bt.,tb U ctUtbte JUi,3"ue 143gej£Jle"U .
PaHee B 3TOit rJIaBe H npO.lleMOHCTpHpoBaJI BaM TOT 4>aKT, 'ITO cB060.llHbIe pbIHKH npOH3 BO,llHT TOJIbKO re e.llHHHIlbI npo.uyKTa, npH6bIJIb OT KOTOPbIX 6Y.lleT XOTH 6bI HeMHoro npeBbI. lIIaTb 3aTpaTbl. Ha HX npoH3BO.llCTBO. Eme O.llHa npIDlTHWI OC06eHHOCTb CBo6o.llHbIX pbIHKOB H KOHK)'peHIlHH 3aKJIIOqeHa B TOM, qro npo,nyKT npoH3BO.llHTCS npH CaMbIX HH3KHX ~3.llepXKaX.
Ji~IoIEHr 3TOT 4>aKT qpe3BbNaitHo aaxeH, nOCKOJIbKY OH 03HaqaeT, 'ITO cBo6o.llHbl.e pbIHKH MaKCHMaJIbHO 3<ll4>eKTHBHbI. npH npe06pa30BaHHH pecypcOB B TOBapbI H ycJIyrH,
KOTOpbl.e XOTfl npH06pecTH JIIO.llH.
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