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npo,nyKTa - ypo:aeHb, MaKCHMH3HPYIOIUHit nOJIh3y, KOTOPYIO 06w;ecTBO MOXeT H3RJIe'lb H3 orpa­ HH'leHHoro llpe,u.nOXeHIDI peCypcoB. HaKOHeu, H nOKaJKY BaM, KaK KOHKypeHTHble OTpaCJIH npH­ cnOCa6mmaIoTcH K H3MeHeHIDlM B npe,LlJIOXeHHH H cnpoce ,LlJIH TOro, 'IT06b1 rapa.HTHPOBaTh, 'ITO ace, 'ITO 6b1JIo npoH3:ae,neHO, 6bIJIO IipoH3:ae,neHO npH caMhIX HH3KHX 3llTpaTllX,LlJIH 06w;ecma•

.T...ta8ltoe 1t.jte/iJ/.'IlIfi!cllilo ItOItlt'lf'eJU1iJtbtJe dotf0'lltbtJe/tbtltlto8: za/taJUiitul, 'tJIio 8btz0'lbt Itjte8btIMQJOIft 3aJ1iftalGbt

qeJIO:aeqeCTBO HMeeT B CBOeM paCnOpHJKeHHH Orp8.HH'leHHble pecypCht 3eMJIH, TPy,noBble peCypCbI H KanHTaJI. CJIe,nOBaTeJIbHO, Ka)I{,lI;Oe rocy,napcTBO ,nOJDKHO OqeHb Tw;aTeJIbHO HCKaTh HaHJIY'IWHit nyTh npe06pa30BaHHH HMelOW;HXCH OrpaHH'leHlDdX peCypcOB B TOaapbl H YCJIYI'H, B KOTOpbIX 60JIbWe Bcero Hyx,naIOTCH JIIO,D;H.

~ npoH3BO,nCTBO TOJIbKO rex npo.n;yIcrOB, ,nOXO,nbl OT KOTOPbIX npeBblWalOT pacXO,nbl.

....r 3KOHOMHCTaM HPaBHTCH KOHKYPeHTHble CB060.,nHble pblHKH, nOTOMY 'ITO eCJIH OHM

/( ",.

<PYHKUHOHHPYJOT ,n0JDKHblM 06pa30M, OHH rapaHTHPYJOT, 'ITO peCypcbl pacnpe,neneHbl

~ ;

ODTHMaJIbHO. B qaCTIlOCTH, TaKHe PbIHKH raPaHTHPYIOT, 'ITO peCypcbl HanpaBJIeHbl Ha

3TO yrnepx.neHHe MOXeT 6b1Tb JIerKO npO,neMOHCTPHpoBaHO C nOMOIUblO rpa<pHKa npe,n­ JIOXeHHH H cnpoca (nO,n06HO TOMy, KOTOPblit npe,nCTaBJIeH B fJlaBe 8). Ho nepe,n TeM, KaK 11 nOKaJKy BaM, KaK 3TO MOXHO c,nenaTh, n03BOJIbre MHe 06'bHCHHTh yCJIOBHH, npH KOTOPbIX KOH­ KYPeHTHble cBo6o,nHble pblHKH MOryT <PYHKUHOHHP0BaTh ,nOJDKHhlM 06PaJOM H npe,nOCTaBJIHTh TaKHe xopoWHe pe3YJIbTaTbI. (IIo)I(aJIyitcTa, OTMeTbTe ,D;JIH ce6H: B 3Toit fJla:ae H HHor,na roBO­ plO "cBo60,nHble PblHKH" HJIH npOCTO "PblHKH" BMeCTO TOro, 'IT06b1 Ka)I(,ll;bIit pa3 nOBTOpHTb "KoHKYPeHTHble cB060,D;Hble pblHKH". B 3TOM cnyqae H CTapaIOCb MaKCHMH3HpoaaTb nOJIb3Y OT CBOHX orpaHH'leHHbIX pecypCOB, COKpaIUaH CJIOBa.)

npeAnOCblnKM AnR~YHK4MOHMpOBaHMRCBo6oAHbiX PblHKOB

CB060,nHble pblHKH rapaHTHpylOT OnTHMaJIbHble pe3YJIbTaTbI TOJIbKO npH BblnOJIHeHHH CJIe.nyIOW;HX yCJIOBHit.

~r

. ./

KaK nOlcynaTeJIH, TaK H npO,naBUbI HMelOT ,nOCTYD K o,nHHaKoBoA nOJIHoA HH­

tr::;l'\

 

<popMaUHH 06 onpe,neJIeHHbIX TOBapax HJIH YCJIYfax.

\.~ ./

IIpaBa c06cTBeHHocTH yCTaHOBJIeHbI TaImM 06pa30M, 'ITO e,nHHCTBeHHblil

 

 

cnoc06, nocpe,nCTBOM KOTOPOro nOlcynareJIH MOryT nonyqHTh onpe,neJIeHHblil

 

 

TOBap HJIH yCJIyry, - 3TO 3llDJIaTHTh npo,naBuaM 3ll Hero.

 

./ KpHBble npe,LlJIOXeHHH OXBaTblBalOT Bce 3aTPaTbI q,HPM Ha npOH3BO,nCTBO on­

 

 

pe,neJIeHHoro TOBapa HJIH yCJIYI'H•

 

./ KpHBble cnpoca OXBaThlBaIOT Bce Bblro,nbl, KOTOPble JIIO,nH noJIY'llllOT OT onpe­

 

 

,neJIeHHoro TOBapa HJIH YCJIYfH.

 

./ CyrueCTByeT MHOXeCTBO nOlcynaTeJIeit H MHoxeCTBO npo,naaUOB, TaKqTO HH­

 

 

KTO He HMeeT TaKOro 'IHCJIeHHoro npeHMY!UeCTBa, qT06b1 OKa3b1BaTb RJIHHHHe

 

 

Ha PblHO'lHYJO ueHY. 3m 'IaCTO Ha3b1Bae~HnpeOnOJlOJICeHUeM 0 c02llacuu c 14e­

 

 

HaMU (price-taking assumption), nOCKOJIbKY Ka)I{,lI;brlt ,nOJI)l(eH npHHHMaTh ueHbI

 

 

TaKHMH, KaKHe OHH eCTb.

 

 

 

230

'I'CT. III. MlflCp03ICOHOMIfIC. - H'ylC' 0 no.8,48HIfIf norpe6lfnureR If npeAnplffITlfR

OHH rapaHTHpYIOT, ~ pblHKH rrpHMYT B paCqeT BCe <3aTPaTbI H BCe Bblro,llbl OT IIpoH3BO,llCTBa, a 3aTeM rroTpe6JIT ,llaHHoe KOJI~eCTBOrrponyKTa.
OHH rapaHTHPYIOT, 'ITO JIIO,lI;H 38XOTJIT rroKYIIaTb H rrpO,llaBan Ha pblHKe.
PhIHOqHasI lleHa cBo6o,llHo KOppelcrHpyeTCJI, 'IT06b1 BbiPOBIDITl> npe,llJIOXCeHHe H Cnpoc Ha orrpe,lleJIeHHblA TOBap HJIH yc.rryry.

I'"

IIpe~e BCero,'" 3TH IIIeCTb YCJIOBHA eJIYX<:aT peIIIeHHIO ,llBYX OCHOBHbIX 3a,llaq. I'"

B CJIe.!lYIOII.I,HX ,llByx pa3,lleJIax ICIDIC"llasI H3 3THX <5lUlaq paCCMaTPHBaeTCJI OT,lleJIbHO.

rSpSHT.II TOrO, "TO mOA. 38XOTflT nOKYnSTIJ npo,qSSSTIJ HS PWHK8X

YCJIOBHe, qT06b1 KaK rrOIcynaTeJIH, TaK H rrpO,llaBllbl HMeJIH ,llOCTYII K rroJIHoA HHlPopMa­ llHH, rapaHTHpyeT, qTO H Te, H ,llpyrHe 38XOTJlT BeCTH ,lleJIa 6e3 He06xo,llHMOCTH rrepeX<:HBaTb 0 TOM, ~ KTO-TO pacrrOJIaraeT ceKpeTHoA HHlPopMaQHeA, KOTOpasI MoxceT 9b1Tb HCrrOJIbJOBaHa rrpoTHB HHX. (B rJIaDe 15 JI 06'bJlCHJlIO, KaK PblHKH paCrrlUlaIOTCJI, eCJIH Ta HJIH HHasI cropoHa

BJIlUleeT 60JIbIIIHM 06DeMOM HHlPoPMauHH.)

YCJIOBHe, 'IT06b1 rrpaDa C06CTBeHHOCTH 6bIJIH YCT8,HOBJIeHbI TaKHM 06Pa30M,.~rroKYIIa­ TeJIH OOA3ICHbl IIJIaTHTb rrpO,llaBQaM, rapaHTHPyeT HaJI~He rrpO,llaB1l0B, XCeJIaIOmHX rrpe,llOCTa­ BHTb rrpo.zlYKT. B KaqeCTBe 06paTHoro rrpHMepa MOXCHO rrpHBeCTH CTapaHHe rrpo,llaTb 6HJIeTbI Ha lPeAepBepK. IIoCKOJIbKY KaX<:,llbiA 3HaeT, qTO 3'1'0 IIIoy MOXCHO YBH,lleTb 6ecIIJIaTHo, HHKTO He 3axoqeT IIJIaTHTb 3a 6HJIeT. Ho rrOCKOJIbKY rrpo,llaBQbI He MOryT rrpO,llaTb 6HJIeTbI, 3HaqHT, y HHX OTCYTCTByeT CTHMYJI yCTPaHBaTb IIIOY. (B rJIaBe 15 JI paCCKa3b1BaIO 0 rro,ll06HbIX cwryaQRJIX H 0 TOM, KaK 06mecTBo ,llOJIX<:HO rrOCTYIIaTb B TeX cnyqaJIX, Kor,lla pbIHKH He MOryT CrrpaDHTbCJI caMH.)

y.,.TWS8eM SCe3STp8TW swro,qw

Tpe60BaHHe TOro, 'IT06b1 KPHBble npe,llJIoxeHIDi OXBaTbiBaJIH BCe 3aTPaTbI, a KPHBble crrpo­ ca OXBaTbiBaJIH Bce BblrO,llbI, rapaHTHpyeT, qTO paCqeTbI 3aTPaT H Bblro,ll ,llOJIXCHbi 6bITb BbI­ rrOJIHeHbI Ha,llJIexcamHM 06PaJOM. HanpHMep, eCJIH CTaJIeJIHTeHHblH 3aBO,ll 6Y,lleT 3arpSl3HJlTb

OKp}')KalO1IJ;YIO cpeny H He IIJIaTHTb 3a 3'1'0, TO He 6Y,lleT crroc06a, C rrOMombIO KOTOpOro QeHa CTaJIH npaBHJIbHO ~a3HTBpe,ll, np~HHeHHblA3THM 3aDO,llOM oKPyxcaIOII.I,eH cpe,lle. C npyroH

CTOpOHbI, eCJIH rocy,llapCTBO 3aCTaBHT 3aBO,ll nOCTOJlHHO TPaTHTbCJI Ha OqHCTHbie coopyxeHRJI, ,llaHHble paCXO,llbi 6y,llYT 0TPaxceHhI B PblHOqHOA QeHe, rr03BOJIJIJI 06mecTBy KOppeKTHO oQe­ HHTb 3aTPaTbi H BblrO,llbi OT rrpo.nyicra, rrpOH3BO,llHMOro KOMnaHHeA. (fJIaBa 14 cO,llepX<:HT rre­ peqeHb cnoco60B, KOTOphIMH MOXCHO rrOMO% pblHKaM, eCJIH KPHBble cnpoca H npe,llJIOXCeHRJI He 0TPaJKaIOT BCex 3aTPaT H Bblro,ll.)

ECJIH rrepBble qeThIpe Tpe60BaHRJI ,ll1UI CBo60,llHbIX PblHKOB BbinOJIHeHbI, PblHOqHble CHJIhI MOryT ,llOCT~b COllHaJIbHOrO OIITHMYMa TOJIbKO B T()M cnyqae, eCJIH OHH 6y,llYT CB060,llHhI OT rrOCTOpOHHero BMeIIIaTeJIbCTBa. IIJltoe TPe60BaHHe YCTPaHJleT rrp06JIeMbi THrra B03HHKHOBe­ HRJI MOHOrrOJIHA, rrpH KOTOpbIX OT,lleJIbHble nOKYIIaTeJIH HJIH np0,llaBQbI CHJIbHhI HaCTOJIbKO, qTO OHH MOryT MaHHrryJIHpOBaTb PhIHOqHblM QeHo06paJOBaHHeM B C06CTBeHHhIX HHTepecax. IIIecToe TPe60BaHHe 06yCJIOBJIHBaeT, qro rocy,llapCTBO He yCTaHaBJIHBaeT MaKCHMaJIbHhIX HJIH MHHHMaJIbHbIX QeH, a cB060,llHYIO PblHOqHYIO QeHY orrpe,lleJIJleT COOTHOIIIeHHe crrpoca H rrpe,ll­ JIOXCeHRJI. (B rJIaDe 8 JI roBOpIO 0 rrpo6JIeMax C MaKCHMaJIbHblMH H MHHHMaJIbHblMH ycTaHOB­ JIeHHblMH QeHaMH H 06'bJlCHJlIO, KaK OHH Bpe,llJlT 06mecTBY.)

rnala 11. nOlfeMY ROHOMIICrw mo6fIT clo6o.qHwe pWHICII II ICOHICYP8HLllllO

231

Ecm BhIlIOJIIDIIOTCH BCe WeCTb tpe60Bluurn, IIpoHCXO,l(HT 3a6aBHasI BeID;b. IIpe,lQIo­ :lICeHHe H CIIPOC aBTOMamqeCKH "nepeHOCHT" BaC K COUHaJIbHOMY OITrHM}'My, 6e30 BCHKOro BMeWareJIbCTBa co CTOpOHhI roey)l,apCTBa HJIH BJIHHTeJIbHhIX JIHU. 3TOT lPeHOMeH CfaJI OCHOBOH MeTacPoPhI MaMa CMHTa 0 HeBH,ZJ;HMOR PYKe, KOTOPasI Ka­ :lICeTCH HaCTOHIIJ;HM PYKoBO)l,HTeJIeM phIHKa, BhIBO)l,H ero Ha BepHYIO )l,opory, HecMOT­ pH Ha TO, '1TO.B )l,eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH HHKTO He PYKOBO,l(HT npoueCCOM, H rtpH TOM, 'ITO .Kll:lK):(bIH yqaCTHHK phIHKa IIpeCJIe~TOJIbKO co6crBeHHhIe HHTepeChI.

AH811M3 3<1><I>eKTMBHOCTM CBo6oAHblX pWHKOB

3KOHOMHCThI HCIIOJIb3Y1OT KpHBhIe cnpoca H IIpe)l,JlO:llCeHHH )l,JlH )l,eMOHCtpaI(llH TOro, 'ITO cB060)l,HhIe PhIHKH npOH3BO)l,HT COUHaJIbHO OIITHMaJIbHhIe ypOBHH npo­ )l.yKTa. Ho e)l,HHHua npo)l.yKTa MO:llCeT 6hITb COUHaJIbHO BbITO)l,HOH )l,JlH npoH3BO)l,CT­ Ba H nmpe6JIeHHH TOJIbKO B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH BhIfO)l,hI, nOJIyqaeMble JIIO)l,bMH OT ee nmpe6.JleHHH, npeBhIWaIOT 3atpaThI Ha ee IIPOH3BO)l,cTBO.

3ToT npocTOit BblBO)l, <paKTH'IecKH o61»ICIDIeT, IIO'leMY KPHBble cnpoca H npe,lQIOXeIJHH TaK IIOJIe3HbI npH aHaJIH3e COUHaJIbHOro OfITHMYMa. KaK R Ooo.RCIDIIO B maBe 8, KPHBhIe cnpoca II03BOJIHIOT H3MepHTb BhIro)l,hI, KOTOphIe 1I00000aIOT JIIO)l,H OT nmpe6.JIeHHH, IIOKa3blllaR, KaKYIO ueIJY OHH XOTeJIH 6hI lIJIaTHTb 3a notpe6JIeHHe KaX)l,oit OT)l,eJIbHOH e)l,HHHUhI npo)l.YKTa. A B maDe 10 H 06'bRCIDIIO, KaK KPHBhIe npe)l,JlO:llCeHHH Otpa:lKaIOT 3atpaThI Ha npoH3BO)l,CTBO KaX­ )l,OH OT)l,eJIbHOit e)l,HHHUhI npo)l.yKTa.

JfcnOnIJaOSBHJfe KPJfSIJIX CnpOCB Jf npeR/lOJKeHJfff

AlIff CpBSHeHJfff aBrpBr Jf sIJIro,q

Ha'iepTHB KPHBhIe ClIpoca H npe,lQIO:llCeHHH Ha TOBaphI H yC.rryrH Ha O)l,HOM H TOM :lICe rpa­ <pHKe, MO:lKHO JIerx:o CpaBHHTb 3atpaThI HBhIro)l,hI, CBR3aHHhIe C lIpOH3BO)l,CTBOM KaX)l,OH OT­ )l,eJIbHOH e)l,HHHUhI IIpo)l.yKTa. ~ TOro 'IT06hI YBH)l,eTb, KaK 3TO pa60TaeT, )l,aBaHre B3fJIHHeM Ha pHC. 11.1, Ha KOTOpOM H306pa:lKeHhI KPHBasI crrpoca D H KPHBasI IIpe,lQIO:llCeIJHH S.

10Aonn.

 

 

 

9

 

 

 

 

 

 

B

5

<ll

7

 

 

 

 

 

:I:

6

 

 

~

 

 

 

5

 

 

 

4

 

 

 

3

 

 

 

2

 

D

 

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

3

4

5

6

7

 

 

 

KOnlol'lBCTBO

 

 

 

 

Puc. 11. 1. CpaBHeHHe 38TpaT U BblrO,lt c nOMO~blO KpHBblX cnpoc8 H npeIU/O)l(BHHR·

 

 

 

232

'Iserb III. AflfICP08ICOHO.,IfIKS -

HSYJCB 0 nose,qeH1f1f no~e;;If npe,qtJptfflTtftf

,ll,mI HaqMa ,lUlBaitTe B3rJUlHeM Ha O,nuy e,nHHHUY rrpO.nyKTa, paCrrOJIO:lKeHuyIO Ha ropH­ 30HTaJIbHOit OCH. ECJIH Ha 3TOM ypOBHe rrpO,DylITa BbI rrO,nHHMereCb BePTHKaJIbHO BBePX, ,no rrepeCeqeHIDI C KPHBOit crrpoca, TO YBH,D;HTe, qro Ja e,nHHHUY rrpo.nyKTa 1I1O,nH XO'nIT II1IaTHTb

8 ,n0JIJI. B TO :lKe BpeWl, eCJIH BbI 6y,nere rrepeMemaTbCH BePTHKMbHO BBepX ,no rrepece'leHIDI C KPHBOit rrpeMO:lKeHIDI, TO YBH,nHTe; qro <l>HpMbI XOTHT rrOCTaBHTb Ha PblHOK O.nuy e,nHHHuy rrpo.nyKTa, 3aTPaTHB Ha ee rrpoH3BO,nCTBO 2 ,n01I1I. ..

Coe,nHHHB 3TH ,nBa cj>aKTa; BbI rroitMere, 'ITO MJI 06meCTBa rrOJIe3HO rrpOH3BO,nHTb 3TY rrepBYID e,nHllllUY rrpo.nyKTa, rrOTOMY 'ITO MJI rroKYIIareJIeit (8 ,n01I1I.) OHa CTO»T 60JIbWe, '1eM 6b1JIO JaTPa'leHO Ha ee rrpoH3BO,nCTBO rrpo,naBlI,OM (2 ,n01I1I.). ,l(pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, TOr,na KaK pe­ CypCbI, KOTopbIe uy:lKHbI MJI H3roTOB1IeHIDI 3TOit e,nHHHlI,bI rrpO.nyKTa, o6oWlIHCb 06mecTBy lIHWb B 2 ,n01I1I., Kor,na HX rrpe06pa3OBaJIH B orrpe,neJIellHbI1t rrpo.nyKT H1IH yc.nyry, OHH rrpHHec­ lIH 8 ,n01I1I• .lloxo,na. lIoCKOJIbKY B ,naHHOM CJIY'Iae ,nOXO,nbI rrpeBbICH1IH JaTPaTbI, 3TY e,nHHHuy rrpo.nyKTa rrpoH3BO,nHTb HYJlCHO.

Terrepb rrOCMOTPHM Ha BTOPYIO e,nHHHUY rrpo.nyKTa. lIepe,nBHJKeHHe BePTHKMbHO BBepx ,nO rrepece'leHIDI C KPHBOit crrpoca rrOKnblBaeT, 'ITO 3a 3TY e,nHHHUY JIIO,nH roroBbI 3aII1IaTHTb 7,n0JIJI., TOr,na KaK rrepeMemeHHe BePTHKMbHO BBepx ,no rrepeceqeHIDI C KPHBOit rrpe)l)loxe­ HIDI coo6maer, 'ITO paCXO.llbI Ha rrpOH3BO,nCTBO BTOpoit e,nHHHlI,bI COCTaBH1IH 3 ,n01I1I. 11 B 3TOM

.CJIY'lae ,nOXO,nbI rrpeBbIWaIOT pacxo,nbl, a 3Ha'IHT, 3TY e,nHHHUY rrpo.nyKTa HYJlCHO rrpoH3BO.llHTb.

,ll,mI TOro qr06bI YBH,neTb rrpoTHBOrrOJIOxuyIO CHTYalI,HlO, ,naBaitre paCCMOTPHM IIHTYlO e,nH­ HHuy rrpo.nyKTa. lIepeMecTHBwHcb BBePX, MbI BH,nHM, 'ITO paCXO.llbl Ha rrpOH3BO,nCTBO IIHTOH e,nHHHlI,bI, YKaJaHHbIe KPHBOH rrpeMoxeHIDI, COCTaBH1IH 6 ,n0JIJI., TOr,na KaK ,nOXO.llbI, OTMe­ '1eHHbIe KPHB01t crrpoca, COCTaBJUIlOT 4 ,n01I1I. lIoCKOJIbKY CTOHMOCTb rrpoH3BO,nCTBa 31'OH e,nH­ HHlI,bI rrpeBbIIHaer CYMMY, KOTOPYIO XOTm' 3a Hee II1IaTHTb, 3TY e,nHHHuy rrpo.nyKTa npoH3BO­ ,nHTb He 1fYJlCHO. ,l(pyrHMH CJlOBaMH, rrpOH3BO,nCTBO IIm'oite,nHHHlI,bI rrpo.nyKTa HHBeJIHpyeT ee ueuy. lIoqeM}'? lIOTOMy, 'ITO ee rrpoH3BO,nCTBO BKlIIO'IaeT rrpe06paJoBaHHe 6,n01I1I. CTOHMOCTH peCypcOB BO qro-TO, qro 6y,ner CTOHTb JIHWb 4 ,n01I1I. MJI rrOTPe6HTeJIeit. TaKoe rrpoH3BO,nCTBO

y6bITO'lHO.

OnpeAeneHMe coqManIJHo OIlTMUanIJHOrO YP08HfI npOAYlCTa

Puc. 11.1 MO:lKer CKaJaTb BaM TOqHO, KaKoe KOJIH'leCTBO (q) rrpo.nyKTa ,nOJI:lKHO 6bITb rrpo­ H3Be,neHO. 3To rrOTOMY, qro KPHBbIe crrpoca H rrpe)l)lO:lKeHIDI rr03BOJIHT BaM 6bICTpo CpaBHHTb JaTPaTbI H ,nOXO.llbI MJI Ka:lK.lloro B03MO)f{HOro YPOBIDl rrpO.nyKTa.

ECTb TOJIbKO TPH COOTHOIlIeHIDI JaTPaT H ,nOXO,nOB.

'" ,ll,mI Ka:lK.llOH e,nHHHUbI rrpo.nyKTa, r,ne CrrpaBeMHBO HepaBeHCTBO q <4, ,nOXO­

.llbI rrpeBbIWaIOT pacxo.llbI.

'" lIpH YCJlOBHH paBeHCTBa q = 4 ,nOXO.llbl paBHbI JaTPaTaM.

'" ,ll,mI Bcex ypoBHe1t, Kor,na crrpaBe.ll1IHBO HepaBeHCTBO q> 4, 3aTPaTbI rrpeBbI­ WaIOT ,nOXO,nbl.

3KOHOMHCTbI, rrpoaHaJIH3HpoBaB 31'0, ,neJIaIOT BbIBO,n 0 TOM,qro COll,HaJIbHO OIITHMaJIbHbIH ypOBeHb rrpo.nyKTa COCTaBJUleT q = 4, rrOCKOJIbKY MJI 3THX e,nHHHU ,nOXO.llbI H1IH rrpeBblWlllOT pacxo,nbl, H1IH rro KPaHHeH Mepe paBHbI HM. lIpoH3Be.wr rrepBble '1eTbIpe e,nHHHUbI rrpo.nyKTa, 06mecTBo rrOJIy'lHT BbIro,nbI H1IH XOTH 6b1 He rrOCTPa,n,aeT OT rrorepb.

KaK BbI MO:lKere BH,neTb, COll,HMbHO OrrTHMMbHbIH YP0BeHb rrpo.nyKTa Bcer,na rro­

@j pa3HTeJIbHO JIerKO orrpe,neJIHTb Ha BCHKOM rpa<l>HKe crrpoca H rrpe)l)lO:lKeHIDl. 3m rrpocTO KOJIH'leCTBO rrpoH3Be,neHHoro rrpo.nyKTa, COOTBeTCTBYIOmee TO'IKe rrepece­ '1eHIDI KPHBhIX crrpoca H rrpe)l)lO:lKeHIDI.

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