экономика для чайников
.pdf
CaMhIe H3BeCTIlhIe H.D:eH KeitHca B03HHKJIH B pe3YJIhTaTe peaKllHH Ha ,llJIHTeJIhH}'IO aroHHIO BeJIHKoit .nerrpeCCHH 30-Xro.nOB rrpOUIJIoro BeKa. BHaqaJIe OH 06'hJlBHJI, qTO BeJIHKWI.nenpeC CHH B03HHKJIa B pe3YJIhTaTe KOJIJIarrCa paCXO.nOB, KOTOphIe UIJIH Ha rrOTpe6JIeHHe TOBapOB H yc.rryr. 3aTeM OH .n0Ka38.JI, qTQ MOHeTapHaH rrOJIHTHKa OKa3aJIaCh He3<l!<PeKTHBHOit rrpH 60Ph6e C COKPameHHeM 06'heMOB rrOTPe6JIeHHH. H HaKOHe:u;, OH, BhIpa3HB 6ecrroKoitCTBO rro rrOBO
.ny MOHeTapHoit rrOJIHTHKH, c.neJIaJI BhIBO.n 0 TOM, qTO e,llHHCTBeHHhIM OCTaBIIIHMCH cpe.nCTBOM cnaceHIDI MOXHO Ha3BaTh <l!HCKaJIhH}'IO rrOJIHTHKY. B qaCTIlOCTH, KeitHc 6hIJI YBepeH, qTQ ,llJIH rocy.napcTBa B 3THX yxaCHhIX YCJIOBHHX nyqIIIHM crroc06oM rrpeo.nOJIeHIDI cmma 6hIJIO yBeJIH qeHHe rocy.napcTBeHHhIX pacxo.nOB Ha rrpH06peTeHHe 60JIhIIIero KOJIuqeCTBa TOBapoB H YCJIYf C
:u;eJIhlO rrpHBe.neHHH 3KOHOMHKH B .nBIDKeHHe. ,
Pe:u;errThI KeHHCHaHcKoit rrOJIHTHKH HCrrOJIh30BaJIHCh BO BpeMH BeJIHKoit .nerrpeCCHH BO MHorHX CTPaHax, BKJIIOqaH Coe.nHHeHHhIe IIlTaThI. H XOTH MHorHe H3 ero rrpe.nrrOJIO:lKeHHit o rrpHqHHax BeJIHKoit .nerrpeCCHH H nyqIIIeit rrOJIHTHKH ,llJIH rrpeKPameHIDI KPH3HCOB 60JIhIIIe HHr.ne He HCrrOJIh3YIOTCH, OCHOBHaH H,neH 0 TOM, qTO HMeHHO rocy.napcTBO OTBeTCTBeHHO 3a rrpaBHJIhHOCTh 3KOHOMuqeCKoro lUIKJIa, cero.nHH OCTaeTCH C HaMH.
KeJtJteJii 3jtfto'l u Jltejtajt :iJerJjte
KeHHeT 3ppoy (pO.zl. 1921) H )l(epap ,lJ;e6pe (po.n. 1921) C rrOMOmhIO MaTeMa~eCKHXBhI KJIa.ZJ;OK rro,nTBep.nHJIH, qTQ rrpe.nnOJIO:lKeHHe A,!I,aMa CMHTa 0 "HeBH.D:HMOH PYKe" 6hIJIo.neit CTBHTeJIhHO npaBHJIhHhIM. KOHKYPHPYIOmHe <l!:UPMhI He TOJIhKO npe.nOCTaBJIHIOT 06mecTBy MaKCHMH3HPYIOIUYIO rrOJIe3HOCTh KOM6HHalUlIOTOBapOB H ycnyr, OHH eme H rrpOH3BO,nHT HX 3<l!<PeKTHBHO, rrpH MHHHMaJIhHhrX 3aTPaTax. Co BpeMeHH rrOHBJIeHIDI 3TOro rrO.ZJ;TBepx.neHIDI B 50-x ro.nax rrpOUIJIoro BeKa OHO CJIy)KHT,llJIH .nOKa3aTeJIhCTBa OIIIH60q}JoCTH YTBepx.neHHit TO TaJIHTapHCTOB H KOMMYHHCTOB 0 TOM, qTO :u;eHTPaJIH30BaHHaH 3KOHOMHKa 60JIee rrpO.nyKTHBHa HJIH 60JIee 3<l!<l!eKTHBHa, qeM 3KOHOMHKa PhIHOqHaH.
J,{lUJiioJt t'Pjtu9JtaJt
MHJITOH <I>pH,nMaH (po.n. 1912) y6e.nHJI 3KOHOMHCTOB B TOM, qTO KOJIuqeCTBeHHaH TeOpIDI
.neHer Ha CaMOM .neJIe BepH~: rrOCTOHHHhIe HH<l!JIH:U;HH HBJIHIOTCH pe3YJIhTaTOM nQCTOHHHOro yBeJIuqeHIDI rrpe,llJIO:lKeHIDI .neHer (CJIHIIIKOM 60JIhIIIOrO KOJIHqeCTBa HarreqaTaHHhIX .neHer). 3T0 rrOHHMaHHe yCTaHOBHJIO orpaHuqeHIDI Ha HCrrOJIh30BaHHe MOHeTapHoit rrOJIHTHKH C :u;e JIhIO CTHMYJIHpOBaHIDI 3KOHOMHKH.
C1>pH.D:MaH TaK:lKe YTBepx.naJI, qTO BeJIHKWI .nerrpeccIDI 6hIJIa B OCHOBHOM "MoHeTapHhiM 6e)l;CTBHeM" H qTO ee :lKeCTKOCTh 6hIJIa pe3YJIhTaTOM BhI3hIBaIOmeit He.nOCTaTOqHOCTH .neHe:lK HOH MaCChI, KOTOpaH y.nep:lKHBaJIaCJIHIIIKOM BhICOKHe peaJIhHhIe rrpo:u;eHTHhIe CTaBKH. 3ToT )l;Ham03 rrpHqHH BeJIHKOH .nerrpeCCHH B HalliH .nHH CTaJI CTaH.ZJ;apTHhIM 06'hHCHeHHeM, rro.n pa3YMeBaIOmHM, qTO pa:U;HOHaJIhHaH 3amHTa KeitHcHaHcKoro crroc06a BhIXO.na H3 KpH3H COB - yBeJIHqeHIDI TPaT rocy.napCTBOM - rrOTepHJIa 6OJIhIIIYIO qaCTh BJIHHHHH, KQTOpoe YHee KOr)l;a-TO 6hIJIO. K TOMY :lKe rro.n06Hoe YTBepx.neHHe rrpHBeJIO 3KOHOMHCTOB K BhIBO.ny, qTQ MO HeTapHaH rrOJIHTHKa BaXHee <l!HCKanhHOH B Borrpocax peryJIHpOBaHIDI 3KOHOMHIq{ H npe.ny npe:lK.ZJ;eHIDI pe:u;eCCHH•
.7ltu, CaJt'lU,bCOJt
ITOJI CaMY3JIhCOH (po.n. 1915) c.neJIaJI OrpOMHhIit BKJIa.ZJ; B pa3BHTHe 3KoHoMuqecKoit TeO pHH. ITo BceH BepOHTIlOCTH, caMhIM rJIaBHhIM ero OTKPhITHeM CTaJIO <l!oPMYJIHpOBaHHe H.D:eH
330 |
/ |
'Isen. IV. Ben.ffconenHllle /leaRn., |
|
|
rJlaBa 17
AeCSlTb O'iapOB8TenbHbiX
3KOHOMM'IeCKMX 3a6nYlKAeHMM
B 3/IiQ14 u.a8e...
~KaK~30e*3Tb3a6nY*AeHH~
~PaCKpblBaeM CYTb HenpaBHnbHblX 3KOHOMWofeCKHX AOBOAOB
B |
3TOH KOpOTeHbKOH rJIaBe H c06paJI |
~aMhIeBrreqaTJUlIOI.U;He H "HeocrropHM,hIe" Herrpa |
|
BHJIbHhIe 3KOHOM~eCKHe H.LleH. HeKOTOphle H3 HHX CMeJIO MOXHO Ha3BaTb JIOrWle CKHMII OIIIH6KllMII. HeKOTOphIe - 6JlH30PYKHMH TOqKaMH 3peHHH, KOTOphIe He rrpHHHMaIOT B paCqeT 06IIJYlO KaPTHHY. A Bee OCTaBIIIHeCH - 3T0 rrpOCTO rrpHMephI IIJIOXO rrpo.nyMaHHblX 3KOHOM~ecKHX ,n;OBO,n;OB. Bcex HX HaM HYXHO H36eraTb.
ebl4rpl4lteCI&oe Cjte'1cJ1i8o "!'ol1iJJ Oe3paOoJliull,bt
TOT apryMeHT, ~o cymeCTByeT «pHKcHpoBaHHoe KOJI~eCTBO pa60ThI, KOTopoe BhI MO xere pa3,ll;eJIHTb Cpe,n;H TaKOrO KOJI~eCTBa: JIIO,n;eH, KaKOe rroxeJlaere, qaCTO rrpe,n;CTaBJUIlOT B BH.Lle cpe,n;CTBa rrpomB 6e3pa6oTHUhI. HIleH 3aKJllOqaeTCH B TOM, ~O eCJIH BhI rrpeBpaTHTe 40-qacOBYIO pa6o~ He,n;eJIlO B 20-qaCOBYIO, TO «pHpMhI ,n;OJI:lKHhI 6y.nyr HaHHTb B)J;BOe 60JIbIIIe pa60qHX. <1>PaHUHH, K rrpHMepy, He,n;aBHO COKpaTHJIa y ce6H pa6o~ He,n;emo ,n;o 35 qacOB B Ha,neJK,.ll;e, qro qmpMhI Ha:A:MYT 60JIbIIIe pa60qHX H pelliaT rrOCTOHHHO cym;eCTBYIOI.U;YIO B 3TOH cTPaHe rrpo6JIeMY 6e3pa60mUhI.
3To He ,n;aJIO HHKaKHX pe3YJIbTaTOB; no,n;06HaH .nOJIHTHKa HHKor,n;a He 6bma IIJIO,n;OTBOpHOH. O,n;HOH H3 np06JleM llBJUleTCH TO, qro Ha:A:M pa60QHX BJIeQeT 3a C060H MHome «pHKCHpoBaH HhIe 3aTPaThI, BKJIlOqaH pacxo,n;hI Ha 06yqeHHe rrepcOHaJIa H CTOHMOCTb CTPaxOBblX rrOJIHCOB. 3aTPaThI Ha OIIJIaTY TPy,n;a ,n;Byx pa60qHX npH 20-QaCOBOH pa60QeH He,n;eJIe 6y.nyr 60JIbIIIHMH, qeM OIIJIaTa TPy,n;a o,n;Horo pa6oqero, KOTOPhIH 6y,n;eT TPy,n;HTbCH 40 qaCOB B He,n;eJIIO. EOJIee Toro, ,n;!Joe pa60QHX, KOTOphIXHaHHJIH MH pa60ThI no 20 QaCOB B He,n;eJIIO, He rrpOH3Be,n;YT 60JIbIIIe rrpo,n;yKTa, qeM O,n;HH pa60'IHH, KOTOPhIH TPy,n;HTCH 40 qaCOB B He,n;emo.
IfTaK, eCJIH 3aKOH rrpe,n;rrHChIBaeT, qro6hI «pHPMhI rrepeIIIJIH OT 40-qaCOBOH pal?<>qeH He,n;eJIH K 20-QaCOBOH, «pHpMbl He CMOfYT y,n;BOHTb KOJI~eCTBO pa60QeH CHJIhI. OHH 6y.nyr HaHHMaTb MeHbIIIee QHCJIO pa60THHKOB, rrOCKOJIbKY HX 3aTPaThI BhIPacTYT.
K TOMYXe, ,n;axe eCJIH COKpaI.U;eltHe pa60QeH He,n;eJIH HarrOJIOBHHY ,n;eHCTBHTeJIbHO y,n;BOHT KOJI~eCTBO JaIDIThIX pa60QHX, 3TO TOJIbKO CKpoeT rrpo6JIeMY 6e3pa6OTHUhI, pacrrpOCTPaHHB ee Ha 60JIbIIIee KOJI~eCTBO JIIO,n;eH. ECJIH 100% pa60QHX 6y.nyr pa60TaTb nOJIOBHHY pa60Qero BpeMeHM, OHM Ha 50% C~TaIOTCH 6e3pa60THhIMH. 3'raCHTYaIJ;HH H~eM He JIyqIIIe TOH, Kor,n;a 50% HaCeJIeHHH JaIDITO nOJIHhIH pa60~H ,n;eHb, a 50% JIIO,n;eH - 6e3pa6OTHhIe.
pa3pa6oTaB nporpaMMbl HX rrepeKBaJIH«pHKlllUrH. (B CJIY'lae C rrOJKHJIblMH pa60'IHMH, KOTOpblM ,n;0 rreHCHH OCTaeTCSI HeCKOJIbKO JIeT, BMeCTO nporpaMM rrepeKBaJIH«pHKaIUlH MOJYf OKa3aTbCSI ,n;eitCTBeHHblMH rrpOrpaMMbl paHHero yxo,n;a Ha rreHCHIO.)
CJIe,IJ,yIOIUaR paCrrpOCTpaHeHHaR olllH6Ka - rrpe,n;rrOJIOXeHHe 0 TOM, 'ITO XOpOWO )J.JUI O,n; HOro, TO 6y,n;eT 06S1JaTeJIbHO XopoWO )J.JUI BCeX. HarrpHMep, eCJIH BbI HaxO,ZJ;HTeCb Ha OTKpblTOM CTa,llHOHe H XOTHTe rroJIy'lwe Bee paCCMOTpeTb, XOPOWHM peweHHeM rrpo6JIeMbl 6y,n;eT rro,n; HSlTbCSI co cBoero MeCTa, - HO TOJIbKO B TOM cJIy'lae, eCJIH Bbl 6y,n;eTe e,n;HHCTBeHHblM, KTO CTOHT. ECJIH Bee rrpHCYTCTBYIOIUHe rrOXeJIaIOT rrOCJIe,n;OBaTb BaweMY rrpHMepy, TO )J.JUI KillICJ];oro CTOSlIUero 0630p 6y,n;eT TaKIIM xe IIJIOXHM, KaK H)J.JUI KillICJ];oro CH,ZJ;SIIUero, Kor,n;a Bce OCTaBa JIHCb Ha MecTax (HO ceWIac ,n;06aBHTCSI H yCTaJIOCTb OT CTOSlHHSI!). CJIe,n;OBaTeJIbHO, TO, 'ITO XopOWO )J.JUI BaC O,n;HOro, Ha caMOM ,n;eJIe IIJIOXO )J.JUI Bcex, eCJIHOHH 6y.nyr ,n;eJIaTb :no O,n;HO BpeMeHHO C BaMH,.
OWH60'IHoe COnOCTaBJIeHHe SlWUleTCSI 3a6JIyx,neHHeM, rrOCKOJIbKY HeKOTOphle BeIUH HYX
HO ,n;eJIaTb C OrJlSl,ZJ;Koit Ha OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTb rrOJIOXeHHSI. HarrpHMep, eCJIH CBOIO Kapbepy Ha «pHpMe Bbl Ha'IHHaere C caMoit HH3KOOIIJIa':lliBaeMoit ,n;OJDKHOCTH, a JaTeM nOJIY'Iaere 50%-HYJO Ha.n;6aBKy, Kor,n;a HHKTO ,n;pyroit ee He nOJIY'IaeT, Bawa OTHOCHTeJIbHaR n03HUHSl B rrpe,n;eJIax ,n;aHHoit «pHpMbl yJIY'IwaeTCSI. O,n;HaKO, eCJIH Bee COTPY,lUlHKH «PHPMhl rrOJIY'IaT 50%-HYJO Ha,n: 6aBKY K 3apIIJIaTe O,lUlOBpeMeHHO C BaMH, Bhl OCTaHereCb Bee TeM xe caMhlM HH3KOOIIJIa'IHBae MhlM COTPY,ZJ;HHKOM «pHpMbl. ECJIH TO, 'ITO npOHCXO,ZJ;HT C BaMH, eCTb BaWHM OTHOCHTeJIbHblM nOJIOXeHHeM B rrpe,n;eJIax ,n;aHHoit «pHpMhl, TO nOJIy'leHHe TaKoro xe rrOBblweHHSI )J.JUI Bcex COTPy,n;HHKOB He c,n;eJIaeT Bac HH Ha Dory C'IaCTJIHBee. (C ,n;pyroit CTOpOHbl, eCJIH Bbl 60JIbwe HHTepeCyeTeCb CBOHM rrOJIOXeHHeM rro OTHoweHHIO K JIIO,l(SIM, KOTophle pa60TaIOT Ha .npyrHX
«pHPMax, nOJIY'IeHHe 50%-HOit Ha.n;6aBKH K xaJIOBaHbIO C'IHTaeTCSI xOpoWHM C06blTHeM, ,n;IDKe eCJIH Bee OCTaJIbHble COTPy,n;HHKH saweit «pHP~IlOJIY':lH1IH TaKYIO xe rrpH6aBKy.)
..JIa/tzUJta,,(,U3JI,
Bce Mhl ueHHM 6e30rracHOCTb. Ho 6blJI JIH H3BeCTHhlit aMepH~cKHitrrOJIHTHK ,n;eitcTBH TeJIbHO 6JIaropa3YMeH, Kor,n;a CKa3aJI, 'l'ffrMbl ,n;OJIXHhl rroTPaTHTb CTOJIbKO ,n;eHer, CKOJIbKO no Ha.n;06HTCSI, )J.JUI TOro 'IT06bl rrOJIeThl Ha 60PTY KOMMep'IeCKHX CaMOJIeTOB CTaJIH "KaK MOXHO 60JIee Ha.n;eXHhlMH"?
3KOHOMHCThl CKa3aJlH 6hl: "HeT!" npo6JIeMa 3aKJIIO'IaeTCSI B TOM, 'ITO "KaK MOXHO 60JIee Ha.n;eXHoe" rryreweCTBHe Ha KOMMep'IeCKHX CaMOJIeTax 060WJIOCb 6hl HaM BceM 'Ipe3MepHO ,n;oporo. XOTSI Ha.n;eXHOCTb - BeIUb XOpoWaR,,n;OCTHXeHHe rroJIHoil Ha,n:eXHOCTH HeJIbJSI Ha 3BaTb cTOSlIUeit ueJIbIO, eCJIH 3TO c,n;eJIae'! rrOJIeT HaCTOJIbKO ,n;opomM, 'ITO TOJIbKO 'Ipe3Bbl'Iait HO 60raThle JIIO,ZJ;H CMOJYf rr03BOJIHTb ce6e COBepWHTb ero.
B 3TOM CJIY':lae nOJIHTHK Hey,n;alJ:HO rrpHMeHHJI MOPZUHQ/lU3M - H,ZJ;eIO 0 TOM, 'ITO JIY'IWHD crroc06 peWHTb rrpo6JIeMY - 3TO CpaBHHTb rrpe,n;eJIbHYJO rrpH6blJIb C npe,n;eJIbHblMH H3,n;epXKa MR. npHMeHHB npHHIJ;Hrr MapmHaJIH3Ma K 6eJOrraCHOCTH nOJIeTa, Bhl OC03HaeTe, 'ITO COBep weHHe "B03MOXHO 60JIee 6e30nacHoro" nOJIeTa ecTb 'IHCTOit BO,n;hl pacTO'IHTeJIbCTBO.
HcnOJIbJOBaTbrrepBhle HeCKOJIbKO HHHOBauHD, BBe,n;eHHhlX )J.JUI 6e30rraCHOCTH UOJIeTOB (TaKHe, KaK peMHH 6eJOrraCHOCTH H Pa.ZJ;HOJIOKaIUlOHHaR ycTaHOBKa), ClJ:HTaeTCSI ,n;eDCTBHTeJIb HO Pa3YMHhlM, rrOCKOJIbKY ,n;orrOJIHHTeJIbHaR, HJIH rrpe,n;eJIbHaR, rrOJIb3a, KOTOPYIO rrpHHOCHT KillICJ];oe H3 3THX HOBweCTB, 6y,n;eT 60JIbweit, 'IeM ,n;orrOJIHHTeJIbHhle, HJIH npe,n;eJIbHhle, 3aTPa
336
