экономика для чайников

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Ho ,n;IDKe eCJlH roey,n;apcTBo H HCrrOJlb3yeT HeKoropbIe BH,IU>I CTHMYJlOB ,lI;JIH rrepe,ll;BH)KeHHH KPHBOH COBOKylIHOro crrpoca BrrPaBO B ADI> B ,n;OJITOCPO'IHOM rrepHo.n;e 3KOHOMHKa BCer.n;a rrpH­

XO,ll;HT K PaBHOBeCHIO B TOlIKe, me KPHBaH COBOKylIHoro crrpoca rrepeceKaeTCH C ,n;OJITOCPO'lHOH KPHBOH COBOKYIIHOro npeMo~eHHH(LRAS). 11, KaK H nOKa3bIB8lO B rJIaBe 6, LRAS - 3TO BeP­

THKaJIbHaH JlHHHH, xoropaH COOTBeTCTByeT eCTeCTBeHHOMY YPOBHlO BblIIyCKa, r.

rOCYA8pCTBO He MOJKeT YAepJKMB8Tb 06'beM BblnYCK8 H8 ypoBHe, npeBblW81O~eMy.

nOCKOJIhKY 3KOHOMHKa BCer,n;a B03BpaIIJ,aeTC~K eCTeCTBeHHOMy ypoBHIO BhmyCKa

(r), rocy,n;apcTBO He MoxeT B TetIeHHe 3HatIHTeJIhHoro nepHo,n;a BpeMeHH y,n;ep)IQI­

BaTh 061.eM BhInycKa B 3KOHOMHKe Ha ypOBHe, npeBhImalOIIJ,eM r. ~ TOro 'ITO­ 6hI y6e,D;HThC~B HCTHHHOCTH 3TOro ymepJK,ZJ;e~,npe.n;nOJIO)KHM, 'ITO rocy,n;apcTBO

. HCnOJIh30BaJIO MOHeTapHylO H/HJIH cPHCKaJIbHylO nOJIHTHKY ~ CMemeH~Iq)HBOH COBOKYllHOro cnpoca H3 ADo BAD], KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 7.2.

PHC. 7.2. Pe3ynbT8TbI ysenH'#eHHR COSOK}'T7HOro cnpoca

nepe,n; CMemeHHeM 3KOHOMHKa HaxO,l(HTC~B COCTO~HHH PaBHOBeC~ B TOtIKe A, r,n;e HC­ XO,D;HlUI Iq)HBaJI COBOKYllHOro cnpoca ADo nepeceKaeTC~ C ,n;OJIfOCpotIHOH Iq)HBOH COBOKYITHO- . ro cnpoca (LRAS), BePTHKaJIhHoit JIHHHeit, npoxo,n;~un.eHtIepe3 TOtIKY r Ha OCH "BhInyCK".

B 3TOM HCXO,D;HOM paBHOBeCHH ypoBeHh ueH paBeH Po. H no npH'IHHe XeCTKOCTH ueH B Iq)aT­ KOCpOtIHOM nepHo,n;e (CM. fJIaBy 6) KpaTKOCpOtIHlUI KpHBlUI COBoKYITHoro cnpoca, npe,n;CTaBJUIeT co60D roPH30HTaJIhHYIO JIHHHIO, npoxo,l(Sl.LI.JYlO tIepe3 TO'IKY Po Ha OCH "YpOBeHh u;eH".

Kor,n;a rocy,n;apcTBO CTHMyJIHpyeT 3KOHOMHKY H nepe,D;BHraeT KPHBYJO COBOKYITHOro cnpoca Bnpaoo H3 ADoB AD], TOtIKa paBHOBec~3KOHOMHKH CHatIaJIa nepe,n;BHraeTC~H3 TO'IKH A B

TO'IKY B. 3To npoHCXO.llHT nOTOMy, 'ITO u;eHhI B KPaTKocpo'IHOM nepHo.ne xeCTKHe, 3KOHOMH­ Ka npHcnoca6JIHBaeTC~K BpeMeHHOMy paBHOBeCHIO B TOtIKe B (r.ne AD] nepeceKaeT SRASo).

YpoBeHh BhInycKa B TO'IKe B 60JIhme, tIeM eCTeCTBeHHhIH ypoBeHh BhInyCKa, r. no 3TOH npH'IHHe 3KOHOMHKa TOJIhKO BpeMeHHo HaxO.nHTC~B paBHOBeCHH B TO'IKe B. 3To npoHcXO.z:lHT

nOTOMy, 'ITO e,l(HHCTBeHHhIM cnoco6oM, Kor.n;a 3KOHOMHKa MOXeT npoH3BeCTH 60JIhme r, ~B­ IDIeTC~ HCnOJIh30BaHHe 6oJIhmero KOJIH'IeCTBa TPy.nOBhIX peCYPCOB, 'IeM npH r.

ECTb TOnbKO'" .n;Ba rryrn, KOTOpbIe MOryr npHBeCTH K 3TOMy.

I <I>HPMbI y6eX<,ll.aIOT CBOHX pa6OTHHKOB pa60TaTb Caepxypo'IHO.

'" <I>HPMbI ysen~HBaIOT 06lI.(ee KOn~eCTBOpa6OTHHKOB, npHBneKlUl )l)UI 3TOro, HanpHMep, neHCHOHepOB, KOTOpbIe 06bJqHO He BKnlO'IalOTCJI B COCTaB pa60­ 'Ieit CHnbl.

06a cnoc06a YSefl~eHHJIKOn~eCTBaTPy.n;a }'BeJI~BaIOT H3,llep:lKKH Ha onnary TPy.n;a.

'" ,lIjuJ TOro 'IT06bI nOCTOJlHHbIit WTaT pa6OTHHKOB pa60TaJI CBepxypo'IHO, c!lHP­ Ma .n;OJDKHa BbIITna'IHBaTb HM .n;onOJIHHTeflbHbIe .n;eHbm.

'" )]juI: TOro 'IT06b1 npHB1Ie'Ib K pa60Te nlO.n;eit, OCTaBHBWHX CBOIO pa60TY paHee, <pHPMbI .n;OJDKHbI }'BeJI~HTb 3apa6OTHyIo nnary (nocKOJIbKY nOHJITHO, 'ITO 3TH

JIIO.n;H He cornacJlTCSI pa60TllTb 3a npe)KH101O 3apa6OTHyIo nnary).

B 060HX cnyqaSIX B03paCTYT H3,llep:lKKH npoH3Bo.n;CTBa. H Kor.n;a 3TO npOH30it.n;eT, npe.n;npH­ SITHSI nepeJIO}J(llT .n;onOJIHHTenbHblit rpy3 Ha nne'IH nOTPe6HTeJIeit, nOBblCHB npo.n;axHble ueHbI

Ha TOBapbI H ycJIyJ'H.

no 3TOit np~HHe3KOHOMHKa nepeit.n;eT H3 TO'IKH B B TO'IKY C, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 7.2.

B pe3ynbTaTe nOBblWeHHJI ueH H3-3a nOBblWeHHJI 3apa60THoit nnaTbl 3KOHOMHKa nepe.n;BHHeT Baepx KPHBYIO AD] (noKa3aHo CTPeflO'IKaMH). 3apaGOTHaJI nnaTa - H, CJ1e.n;OBaTeJIbHO, ueHbI ­

npo.nO]J}J(llJOT paCTH .n;o TeX nop, nOKa 3KOHOMHKa CHOBa He Ha'iHeT npOH3BO.n;HTb npo.uyKT Ha ypOBHe r B TO~e C. B 3TOit TO'IKe HC'Ie3aeT Heo6xo.n;HMOCTb .n;aJIbHeitwero }'BeJI~eHHj[3apa­

6OTHOit ITJIaTbI; 3KOHOMHKa CHOBa Ha'IHHaeT npOH3Bo.n;HTb Ha ypOBHe r, H 4lHpMaM He H)')K­ HO 60JIbWe ysenH'IHBaTb 3apa60THYIO nnary C TeM, 'IT06hI CTapaTbCSI npOH3Bo.n;HTb 60JIbWee KOnH'leCTBO npo.n;YKTa, 'IeM Ha 3TOM ypoBHe.

nOBeAeHMe peanbHOM 3apa6o'rHOM nnaTbi

PaCCMaTpHBaJI nepe.n;BlDKeHHe 3KOHOMHIGI H3 TO'IIGI A B TO'lKY B H TO'IKY C Ha pHC. 7.2,

MbI BH.n;HM, 'ITO B .n;OJIroCPO'lHOM nepHo.n;e e.nHHCTBeHHbIM pe3YJIbTaTOM CTHMYJIHPYlOlI.(eit no­ JIHTHKH rocy.n;apcTBa eCTb POCT ueH OT YPOBHSI Po.n;o PI' nOCJIe nepHo.n;a pocta o6'beMa npOH3­ Bo.n;CTBa 3KOHOMHKa B03BpalI.(aeTCSI K eCTeCTBeHHOMY YPOBHIO BbInyCKa, r.

H3 3TOro npHMepa MO)KHO H3Bne'Ib .n;Ba ypOIca.

~pa60THaJI nnaTa, H3MepJleMaJI He B .n;eHbrax, a B nepeBO.n;e Ha KOJIH'IeCTBO npo.nyK­ UHH, KOTOpoe TpYMlI.(HeCJI MOryr npH06peCTH 3a .n;eHbm, KOTOpbIe OHH nOJIY'laIOT

38. CBOM TPy.n;.

PeaJIbHaJI 3apa6oTHaJI nnaTa O'IeHb BaxHa )l)UI nOHHMaHHJI TOro, KaK CTHMYJIHPYlOWaJI no­ JIHTHKa rocy.n;apCTBa BnHJIeT Ha 3KOHOMHKY, nOTOMY 'ITO JIIO.n;H OT.n;aIOT CBOit TPy.n; He 3a .n;eHbm KaK TaKOBbIe - OHH TPYMTcg 3a Te aewH, KOTOphIe MO)KHO npH06peCTH Ha 3apa60TaHHhIe

.n;eHbfH. 3To pa3JI~He O'leHb Cy:IIJ;eCTBeHHO, nOTOMY 'ITO Kor.n;a 3KOHOMHKa pearHPyeT Ha CMe­

rueHHe - C nOM01lU>IO rocy~apCTBa - ICpHBOit cOBoKyrnlOro cnpoca H3 ADo B AD/> peaJIbHaH

,3aplIJIaTa yseJIJAHBaeTCH JIHillb BpeMeHHO. Kor~a3apa6oTHaH nJIaTa nOB&IIIlaeTCH, pa60THHKH nOCTaBJUlIOT 60JIbille Tpy~a. Ho KOr~a OHSCHmKaeTCH ~O HC.XOMOro ypOBIDI, pa60THHKH B03­

BparuaIOTcH K HCXO~HOMY KOJIHtleCTBY npenrraraeMoro Tpy~a.

nOSblW8HHe HOMHHSnltHOH 3sps60THoH nnSTbI S nepHO,q JlCeCTKHX qeH

:I!.~ .3arryTaJIHCb? IIpo~o.JDKaitTe'lHTaTb ~aJIbille.,llmJ: TOro 'IT06bI npo~eMOHCTpHpOBaTh

Kor~a rocy~apCTBOpeillaeT CTHMYJIHpoBaTh pa3BHTHe 3KOHOMHKH H c~BHraeT ICpHBYIO CO­

BOKyIIHOro cnpoca H3 ADo B AD/> pa60'lHM 3T0 CHa'laJIa B&Iro~HO, nOTOMY 'ITO peaJIbHas.! 3ap­ lIJIaTa Cpa3y paCTeT. 3TO npOHCXO~HTnoTOMY, 'ITO.!J)UI TOro, 'lT06&I npOH3BO~HTh60JIbillee KO­

JIH'leCTBO TOBapOB, 'leM r, npe~npH.llTIDI~OJDKH&I nO~IDITbypOBeHb HOMUHQ//bHOU 3apflAambi

(3apa60THasI lIJIaTa, H3MepHeMasI B ~eHeXH&IX 3HaKaX) .!J)UI Toro, 'IT06&I nOJIy'lHTb 60JIbIllYIO

OT~aqy OT pa60'lHx. IIOCKOJIbKy ueH&I H3Ha'laJIbHO xeCTKHe Ha ypOBHe Po, yaeJIH'leHHe HOMH­ HaJIbHOit 3apa60THoit lIJIaT&I 03Ha'iaeT yseJIH'leHHe peaJIbHOit 3apa60THoit nJIaT&I.

B HailleM CJIY'lae C PaJI&<pOM ~aBaitTe npe~nOJIO)KlfM, 'ITO H3-3a xeCTKHX ueH ueHa 6aHa­ HOB OCTaJIaCb Ha npe:lKHeit OTMeTKe - 1 ~OJlJI. 3a <PYHT, HO HOMHHaJIbHaH 3apIIJIaTa PaJIb<pa B&IpOCJla ~o 12 ~OJlJI. B 'lac, nOCKOJIbKy KOMnaHHH, B KOTOPOit OH pa60TaeT, Tpe60BaJIOCb 60JIbillee KOJIH'leCTBO TpY~OBhIX pecypCOB. PeaJIbHasI 3apa60THasI IIJIaTa PaJIb<pa B&IpOCJIa H3

10 <PYHTOB 6aHaHOB B 'lac ~o 12 <PYHTOB 6aHaHOB B "ac. .

3TO yaeJIH'leHHe peaJIbHoit JapIIJIaT&I n06y)1{,llaeT pa60'lHX npe~OCTaBJIHTbBeCb ~OnOJIHH­ TeJIbH&Iit Tpy~, KOTOP&Iit Tpe6yeTCH .!J)UI IIPOH3BO~CTBa 6oJIbillero KOJIH'leCTBa IIpo~a. (Ha pHC. 7.2 3TO Ha'lHHaeTCH B TO'lKe B.) IIOCKOJIbKy HOMHHaJIbHasI JapIIJIaTa IIO~IDIJIaCb,a ueH&I OCTaJIHCb IIpe:lKHHMH, yseJIHtleHHe peaJIhHoit 3apIIJIaT&I B&IJlY)lmaeT pa60'lHX nOCTaBJlR:T& 60JIb­ wee KOJIH'leCTBO Tpy~a, 'ITO B CBOIO O'lepe~b n03BOJIHeT IIpe~npIDITHIOIIPOH3BO~HTbIIPO~YKT

Ha ypoBHe, npeB&IIIlaIOrueM r.

S03spSUleHHe KY· H H3HSIISnltHOi peSnltHOH 3sps60THOH nnSTe

K COXaJIeHHIO, KaK TOJIbKO npe~IIpHHTHe Ha'lHHaeT ~TH Ha pacxo~bI no yseJIH'leHHIO 3apa6OTHoit IIJIaT&I H3-3a nOB&IIIleHIDI ueH, peaJIbHasI 3apa6OTHasI lIJIaTa Ha'lHHaeT n~aTb. IIpe~noJIo)KlfM,'ITO H3-3a B&ICOKOit CTOHMOCTH Tpy~OB&IX pecypCOB ueHa Ha 6aHaH&I IIO~HH­ MeTCH ~o 1, 1 ~OJlJI. 3a <PYHT. IIo 3TOit ueHe peaJIbHasI 3apa60THasI IIJIaTa PaJIb<pa yrr~eT OT 12 <PYHTOB 6aHaHOB B 'lac ~o 10,91 <PYHTOB 6aHaHOB B'lac. (,llmJ: TOro 'IT06&I IIOJIY'lHTb 10,91, p~eJIHM 3apa60TaHH&Ie PaJI&<PoM 12 ~OJIJI. B 'lac Ha 1,10 ~OJlJI. Ja <PYHT.)

~" B B TO'lKy C. C yseJIH'leHHeM ueH peaJIbHas.! 3apa6OTHasI lIJIaTa CHHXaeTCSI. l(eHbI IIpO~OJIXaIOTpaCTH ~O Tex IIOp, IIOKa peaJIbHaSI 3apa60THaH IIJIaTa He BepHeTCH K HCXO~HOit TO'lKe A, - ~o TOro KaK rocy~apCTBOHa'laJIO CTHMyJIHpOBaTb COBOKyrr­ HbIit CIIpOC.