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rnasa 1. nOlfeMY cne,qyeT H3Y"an. 3KOHoMHlfecqlO TeOpHIO

29

npo6neMbl, I03HMK8101l,Me M3-38 OTCyTCTIMR KOHKypeHLlMM

K COJK8JleHHlO, He 1WIC,!laR cPHpMa yqaCTB}'eT B KOHK}'PeHTHO~ 60pb6e. Ii B 3THX ycJIOBIDIX cbHpMhI .o;e~CTBY!OT cnoc060M, OTHlO.o;b He OnTHMaJlbHIaIM )J;JUI 06~ecTBa.

CaMh1~ KP~HH~ CJIyq~ - :no MOHonCMWI, CHTYauKil, KOr.o;a B KaKO~-JIH60 orpaCJIH npo­ MhlWJIeHHOCTH CYllleCTB}'eT TOJIbKO o.o;Ha cPHpMa H y Hee B006~e HeT KOHKYPeH~H. KaK 06'&­ RCIDIeTCJl B rJIaDe 12, MOHOnOJlHH 1CBe,Z1YI' ce6Jl O'l:eHb MQXO", COKPa~aR06'&eM B&llI}'CKa)J;JUI B3BHH'l:HBaHHR ueH H HapaW;HBaHHJl npH6h1Jle~. 3TH .o;e~CTBHJl, KOTophle npH'l:HHJlIOT Bpe.o;

n01'pe6HTeJ1RM, npo.o;OmKalOT 61a1Tb HeorpaHH'l:eHHIaIMH .0;0 rex nop, nOKa BIlacm He npe.o;npH­

MYT He06xOJJ:HMlale Mephl )J;JUI peryJIHpOBaHHJl HX nOBe.o;eHHJl. !

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B rJIaDe 13 .o;eT.aJIbHOHCCJIe.o;Y!OTCR OJIHroiIOJIbHlale cPHPMIaI. Pe'l:b H)J;eT He TOJlbKO 0 TOM, KaK OHH HenpaBHJlbHO Be.o;yT ce6R, HO H 0 TOM, ':!:TO OHH 'l:aCTO nepeXCHBaIOT rpytlHhle BpeMe­

Ha, BhlnOJIHAA 06JlJaTeJIbCTB8. no .o;OroBOpaM.o;pyr C .o;pyroM 0 coxpalieHHH BIaICOKHX ueH H Bbl­ COKHX npH6hIJIe~. :9TO 3Ha'l:HT, ':!:TO OJlHrOnOJIbHlale cPHPMIaI 'l:aCTO Ha'l:HHaJOT KOHKYPHpOBaTb

.o;pyr C .o;pyroM, HeCM01'pR Ha Bce YCHJlHJl H36e:xcaTb 3Toro. Cne.o;OBaTeJlbHO, BMeWa~bCTBO npaDH'reJIbCTBa rpe6yeTCR He Bcer.o;a.

npeo6p83018HMe np81 co6CTleHHOCTM

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MOJKHO 6:blTb YBepeHHbIM B nOJlyqeHHH COlU{aJIbHO-BbIro.o;HhlX pe3YJIbTaTOB OT .o;eR­ TeJ1bHOCTH PhlHKOB H KOHKYPeHTHO~ 6opb6bI, eCJIH B 06lUeCTBe .o;e~CTByeT3«PcPeK­

THBHWl CHCTeMa npaB C06CTBeHHOCTH. IIo'l:TH Bce CJIy'l:aH 3arpR3HeHHJl OKP}')KaIO­ ~e~ cpe)J;bl, TaK )I{e KaK H Bee CJIyqaH YTPaTbl pa3HblX BH.o;OB :lKHBO'I'HhlX H paeTeHH~, eCTb npRMbIM pe3YJIbTaTOM MOXO 3~HlUeHHhlXnpas C06cTBeHHOCTH, ':!:TO npHBO­

)J;HT <pHpMhI H KOMnaHHH K CH'rYllIUUIM, B KOTOPhIX OHH BbJHY:lK,lleHld nocrynaTb HePaJyMHO. 3KOHOMHCTbl O'l:eHb cePbCl3HO OTHOC.llTCJl K 3TO~ npOOJIeMe H .o;eJIaIOT Bee OT HHX 3aBHCJlmee, 'IT06bI HcnpasH'rb CKBePHYlO CwryauHIO C npaBaMH Co6cTBeHHO­ CTH, YMeHbWH'rb 3arpJl3HeHHe 0KPY:lKaIOlUeit cpe)J;bl H COKpaTHTb nO'l'epH B paeTH­ TeJ1bHOM H :lKHBOlHOM MHPe. 3Ta TeMa .o;eTaJIbHO paCCMarpHBaeTCJl B rJIa.Be 14.

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./ AccUMempulfHocmb UHrjJopM014UU B03HHKaeT B cmyauIDIX, KOr,ll,a O,ll,Ha H3 CTOpOH C,ll,eJIKH (HJIH noxynaTeJIb, HJIH npo,ll,aseu) 3HaeT 60JIbxrle 0 KaqeCTBe Tosapa, KOTOPbIit np0,ll,aeTCjI HJIH nOKYTIaeTCJl, He)l{eJIH .o;pyrWl CTopOHa. IIOCKOJIbKy

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30

'Isen I. 3ICOHOMIf"eCIC8J1 TeOplfJl...

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06e 3TH CHTYlUlHH - H cnoe06h1 ,IJ;eAcTBHJI B HX ycJIOBHJIX - 06Cy}K,IJ;aIOTCJI B rJIaDe 15.

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npeACTaBnSleM MOAenb N21: Kp.MBaSi cnpoca

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rna8a 1. nOlfeMY CR8AyeT M3Y1fa11l 3KoHOMMlfeCKYIO TeopMIO

31

3KOHOMHCThI Ha3blBaIOT KOJUl'leCTBO, KOTOpOe JIIO)I,H 3axOTeJIH 6bl npH06pecTH no Pa3HblM ueHaM, 8etlU'tUHOU cnpoca, HJIH cnpocOM, no 3THM ueHaM. PaCCMaTPHBllH 1'36JI. 1.1, Mbl BH)I,HM, 'ITO ueHa H BeJIH'IHHa cnpoca Ha aneJIbCHHOBhlH COK, npo,l(aBaeMhl:lt no TaKOH ueHe, CBR3ar HbI 06pamHo nponop/{UOHQIlbHOU 3a8ucUMocmbIO - 3T0 3Ha'lHT, 'ITO KOr)l,a O.lUfH H3 nOKa3aTeJIe:lt paCTeT, )l,pyroH CHIDKaeTCg.

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MbI CMO)f{eM ero Y8uiJemb, a He TOJIbKO npe)l,C1'3BJIgTb Mhlc.neHHO.

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TOB ueH.

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