экономика для чайников

¢laKTOphl BJIIDIIOT Ha TO, KaKYIO 'IaCTb CBOHX .rlOXO,D;OB ,D;OMOX03JIitCTBa peWalOT nOTpaTHTb Ha nOTpe6JIeHHe H CKOJIbKO OHH peWaT COXPaHHTb Ha 6Y.lJYIIl:ee.

CneU;HaJIHCThI no MHKp03KOHOMHKe npOBOMT Maccy BpeMeHH, }J3yqasI pa3Ho06pa3Hhle ¢laKTOphl, BJIIDIlOwHe Ha nO,D;06Hhle peweHIDI. Cpe,nH TaKHX ¢laKTOpOB eCTb, HanpHMep, OXCH­ ,D;aHIDI OTHOCHTeJIbHO 6Y.lJYIIl:ero COCTOHHIDI 3KOHOMHKH HJIH HOpMhI ,D;OXO.rlHciCTH c6epexeHHit (CM. tIaCTb III ,D;aHHoit KHHrH, TaM BhI H~eTe Bce, 'ITO HYXHO 3HaTb 0 MHKp03KOHOMHKe). C ,D;pyroit CTOpOHhI, 3KOHOMHCThI, CneU;HaJIH3»pYlOWJJeCH Ha MaIqJ03KOHOMHKe, "OTCTYITaIOT" OT 3THX ¢laKTOpOB, noTOMY 'ITO npH H3yqeHHH 3KOHOMHKH B u;eJIOM HMeeT 3HatIeHHe 06wasI CYMMa nOTpe6JIeHIDI, a He OTBeT Ha Bonpoc, nO'IeMY .rlOMOx03HitCTBa Bhl6paJIH HMeHHO 3TOT ypOBeHb.

CneU;HaJIHCThI no MaKp03KOHOMHKe npe.rlCTaBJIHIOT nOTpe6JIeHHe O'IeHb npOCTO, KaK ¢lYHKijHIO pacnOJIaraeMoro (HMelOwerOCH B pacnopHXeHHH nOCJIe ynJIaThl HaJIOroB) ,D;OXO.rla. BhI MoxeTe paCC'IHTaTb pacnOJIaraeMhlit ,D;OXO,D; C nOMOWblO aJIre6paH'IeCKHX BhI'IHCJIeHHit, n0JIb3YHCb CJIe.rlYlOwHM Y.rl06HbIM TpeXCTYITeH'IaThlM cnoc060M.

IlT l.HaQHHTe C Y, 06~ero ,D;OXOAA B 3KOBOMHe. B ypaBHeHHH KeitHca Y paBHH~TCH

@j CYMMe paCXO.rlOB, HO nOCKOJIbKY .rlOXO,D;hI paBHhI paCXO.rlaM, BhI MoxeTe HCnOJIbJO­ BaTb ero H .nIDI .rlOXO.rlOB. IIoMHHTe, 'ITO Bce ,D;eHbrH, KOTophle nOTpatIeHhI BaMH, HBJIHIOTCH ,D;OXO,D;OM .nIDI KorO-TO ,D;pyroro.

2. BIII'IHCJlHTe, CKOJIbKO H8JlOroB ,D;OJDKIIW 3aIlJlaTHTb JIIO,IUI. ,n;m ynpoweHHH npe,D;­ nOJIOXCHM, tITO e,D;HHCTBeHHhlH cyw:ecTBYIOInHit HaJIOr - no nO,D;OXO.rlHhlH H 'ITO CTaBKa nO.rlOXO,D;HOrO fIaJIOra BhlpaxeHa 'Iepe3 t. Hl).IIpHMep, t = 0,25, tITO 3Ha'IHT: CTaBKa HaJIOra cocTawrneT 25% OT BCei%: CYMMbI ,D;OXO.rlOB. CJIe,D;OBareJIbHO, 06W;asI CYMMa ynJIa'IeHHbIX HaJIOroB, T, 6y,D;eT npe,D;CTaBJIeHa KaK T =

3. BlII'ITHTe HaJIOra (1), ynJIaQeHHWe rp~8MH,H3 ax ,D;OXOJl,OB (l') ,lI,IUI BbI'IIICJIeBBJI ax pacOOJIaraeMOro Jl,OXOAA. 3KOHOMHCThI 0603HatIalOT pacnoAazaeMblU ooxoi) B aJI­ re6paHtIeCKOH ¢l0PMYJIe YD' BbPIHTaHHe HaJIOroB H3 ,D;OXO,D;OB BhITJIH,D;HT TaK:

YD = Y - T= Y - t"'Y= (1 - t)"'Y.

nOCJIe ~ro KaK nOJIyqHJIH pacnOJIaraeMhlH ,D;OXO.rl, BbI HCnOJIb3yere O'IeHb npocTYIO MO,D;eJIb

)J,IDI BbI'IHCJIeHIDI nOTPe6HTeJIbCKHX paCXO.rlOB ,D;OMOX03Hi%:CTB. MO,D;eJIb nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO nOTpe6­ no ¢lYHKUIDI pacnOJIaraeMoro ,D;OXO,D;a H naphl ,lJ;pyrHX nepeMeHHbIX, Co H c:

C =Co + c"'Y ,

D

r.rle c - 3TO npeOeJlbHaR CK./lOHHOCmb" nompe6.lleHulO, HJIH MPC (marginal ptopensity to consume).

OHa BCer,D;a paBHHeTcH 'IHCJIY, HaxoMweMYCH MeX<,lly 0 H 1, H OTPaxaeT npou;eHT ,D;oxp,D;a, KO­ TOPbIH BhI C06paJIHCb nOTpaTHTb, a He coxpaHHTb. HanpHMep, eCJIH c = 0,9, 3TO 3Ha'IHT, 'ITO H3 Kax.nO~.rlOJIJIapa 'IHCTOro ,D;OXO,D;a, KOTOPblit y Bac OCTaeTCH nOCJIe ynJIaThI HaJIOrOB, BbI TpaTHTe 90 IIeHTOB. (OCTaJIbHhle ,D;eCHTb IIeHTOB BhI OTKJIa,llhlBaeTe Ha 6Y.lJYIIl:ee.)

.neitcTBHTeJIbHasI BeJIH'IHHa npe.rleJIbHOH CKJIOHHOCTH K nOTpe6JIeHHIO, c, onpe,D;eJIHeTCH HH,[l}JBJJ,D;yaJIbHO, y pa3HbIX JIIO,D;eH OHa pa3HasI, H HaxO,D;HTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOro, CKOJIbKO 'IHCTOro ,D;OXO,D;a HM HPaBHTCH OTKJIa,llbIBaTb Ha 6Y.lJYIIl:ee. Ho 'ITO 03Ha'iaeT Co? 3To roBOpHT 0 TOM, CKOJIbKO JIIO,D;H nOTpe6JIHIOT, ,D;axe eCJIH B 3TOM ro,D;y OHH HMelOT HYJIeBOH pacnOJIarae­

~ ,D;OXO.ll. (ECJIH BhI npe,D;nOJIOXHTe, tITO Y = 0 B ypaBHeHHH C = Co + c"'Y , TO 3TO paBeH­

D D

CTBO COKpawaeTCH.110 C = Co.) Ho oTKY,D;a nocTYIUJT .lleHbrH.nIDI TOro, 'lT06bI ITJIaTHTb 3a Co> eCJIH y Bac HYJIeBoi%: pacnOJIaraeMbIit .llOXO.ll? OHH nocTYITHT H3 BawHX JIHtIHbIX c6epexeHHit, KOTophle BhI C06»paJIH B TeqeHHe npe,D;bI,D;yw:HX JIeT.

\ ~BcTByIDmHABH,lIe C*Y HYJIeBOMy. ,lIOXO,IIy) nJIIOC qaCTb BaWerO qHCTOrO ,IIOXO,IIa, BbIpaxeHHYJO

D

B OCTaBWeAcR qaCTH 3ToA KHHrH $I npe,IInOJIaraIO, 'ITO paBeHCTBO C = Co + C*YD - ,lIOC­ TaTOqHO XOpOWaH MO,IIeJJb TOro, KaK B 3KOHOMlfKe Onpe,IIeJIRIOTCH paCXO,IIbI Ha norpe6JIeHHe•

.OHa He TO~O OTPaJKaeT ,lIeACTBHTeJIbHOCTb, HO nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO nOTPe6JIeHHe coxpamaeTCH H3-3a BbICOIOfX HaJIOrOBbIX CTaBOK H H3-3a TOro, 'ITO JIIO,lIH npHHHMaIOT pa3HbIe peweHHH 0 TOM, CKOJIbKO pacnOJIaraeMOro ,lIOXO,IIa COXpaHHTb HJIH nOTPaTHTb. 31'0 paBeHCTBO n03BOJIR­ eT MHe aHaJIH3HpOBaTb pe3YJIbTaTbI nOJIHTHKH, MeHHIOmeA HaJIOrOBbIe CTaBIOf, H pe3YJIbTa­ TbI ,lIpyrHX nOJIHTHK, noompHIOmHX JIIO,lIeA TPaTlfTb 60JIbWyIO HJIH MeHbWYIO qaCTb CBOHX ,lIOXO,IIOB.

1- MHBeCTMI.4MM B OCHOBHOM KanMTan

I1HBecTH:QHH XH3HeHHO He06xo,IIHMbI, nOTOMY 'ITO cnoc06HOCTb 3KOHOMHKH npOH3BO­ ,lIHTb 3aBHCHT OT TOro, KaKHM KanHTaJIOM pacnOJIaraIOT npOMbIWJIeHHHKH ,IIJIR TOro, qT06bI npOH3BeCTH npO.IIYKUHIO. 3anac KanHTaJIa YBeJIlfqHBaeTCH, Kor,IIa <pHPMbI nOKYnaioT HOBbIe HHCTPYMeHTbI, 3,IIaHHH, MaIIIHHbI, KOMnbIOTepbI H T.,II., ,IIJIR TOro qT06bI nOMOqb npOH3BO,IIHTb nOTPe6HTeJIbCKHe TOBapbI. I1HBecTH:QHH - 3T0 nOTOK, KOTOP~YBeJIHqHBaeT OCHOBHOH Ka­ nHTaJI 3KOHOMHKH.

Ho, 6e3YCJIOBHO, Cpe,IICTBa npOH3BO,IICTBa H3HaWHBaIOTCH BO BpeMR HCnOJIb30BaHHH. qaCTb HX nopTHTCH. qacTb JIOMaeTCH. qacTb BbI6paCbIBaeTCH 3a HeHa,lI06HOCTbIO, nOCKOJIbKY HeH3­ 6e)KH0 yCTapeBaeT. Bce 3TH npO:QeCCbI, KOTopble YMeHbwaIOT OCHOBHOit KanlITaJI, 3KOHOMH­ CTbI Ha3b1BaIOT U3HOCOM OCH06HOZO KanUmaAa.

ECTeCTBeHHO, <pHPMbI ,lIOJDKHbl ,lIeJIaTb HeKOTopbIe HHBecm:QHH ,IIJIR Toro, qro6b1 33MeHHTb H3HoweHHble cpe,IICTBa npOH3BO,IICTBa. Ho KaX,lIaH HHBecm:QHH CBepx H3Hoca npHBO,IIHT K 06­ meMy YBeJIlfqeHHIO OCHOBHOro KanHTaJIa, C03,IIaBaH nOTeH:QHaJIbHyro B03MO)KHOCTb npoH3BO,II­ CTBa 60JIbWerO KOJIlfqeCTBa nOTPe6HTeJIbCKHX TOBapOB.

~ ITOTOK HHBecTH:QHit, H3pacx<5,IIOBaHHbIx B onpe,IIeJIeHHbIH npOMe:lKYTOK BpeMe- .

. HH, 3aBHCHT OT COnOCTaBJIeHHH, KOTopoe <pHPMbI ,lIeJIaIOT Me:lK,lIy nOTeHUHaJIbHOH BbIrO,IIOH H CTOHMOCTbIO npH06peTeHHOrO OCHOBHoro KanHTaJIa. IToTeH:QHaJIbHaH BbIrO,IIa H3MepHeTcH B e,IIHHH:Qax nOTeHUHaJIbHOH npH6bIJ1H, a CTOHMOCTb npH06­ peTeHHH H3MepHeTCH npOueHTHOH cTaBKoA, 6e3OTHOCHTeJIbHO Toro, 6paJIa HJIH He 6paJIa <PHPMa CCY.IIY ,IIJIR npH06peTeHHH KanHTaJIa.

IToqeMy npOueHTHaH CTaBKa TaK MHoro 3HaqHT? ECTeCTBeHHO, eCJIH q>HpMa Hy:lKLlaeTCH B cCY,IIe ,IIJIR npH06peTeHHH KanHTaJIa, 60JIee BblCOKHe np0:QeHTHble CTaBKH ,lIeJIaIOT npouecc 33­ HMCTBOBaHHH ,lIeHer MeHee npHBJIeKaTeJIbHblM, nOToMy 'ITO BbIllJIaTbI no cCy,IIe 6y.IIYT O'leHb BbICOKHMH. TeM He MeHee, ,lIaJKe eCJIH <pHpMa HMeeT Ha PYKax ,lIOCTaTOqHO HaJIHqHbIX ,lIJIH nOKYllKH ,lIaHHOro cpe,IICTBa npOlf3BO,IICTBa, 60JIee BblCOKHe np0:QeHTHbIe CTaBIOf 33CTaBJIHIOT <pHpMy BbI6HpaTb Me:lK,lIy HCnOJIb30BaHHeM 3THX HaJIHqHbIX ,lIJIH nOKYllKH 060pY,IIOBaHHH H B03MO)KHOCTbIO HX O,IIOJlXHTb KOMy-TO. Cne,IIOBaTeJIbHO, 60JIee BbICOKHe np0:QeHTHbIe CTaB­ KH npenHTCTByIDT HHBeCmUHRM, 6e30THOCHTeJIbHO TOro, ,lIOJI)KHbI <PHPMbI 33HHMaTb cpe,IICTBa

,IIJIR ,lIaHHbIX BJIO:lKeHHil: KanHTaJIa HJIH HeT. (eM. rnaBy 2, OHa nOMoraeT nOHHTb, noqeMy 60JIee BbICOIOfe np0:QeHTHbIe CTaBKH YBeJIlfqHBaIOT CTOHMOCTb B03MO)KHOCTH HHBecmpOBaHHH.)

3KOHOMHCTbI npe,l(CTaBJUlIOT 06'beM HHBeCrnUHOHHbIX pacXO.n.OB, KOTOpbIe «l>HpMbI cTPe­ MHTClI c.n.eJIaTb, I, KaK «l>YHKUHIO npOueHTHOH cTaBKH, r, KOTOPlUl BblpaJKeHa B npoueHTax. PaBeHcTBo, KOTopoe H npHBoxy 3.n.eCb, 06menpHHHTo B yqe6HHKax. no MaKp03KoHoMHKe (XOTlI 0603HaqeHHH B pa3HbIX KHHrax BaPbHPyJOTCH):

1= 10 - I,""r.

3To paBeHCTBO, no cynt:, nOXO:lKe Ha paBeHCTBO nOTPe6JIeHHH, npHBe.n.eHHoe B npe.zu,my­ meM pa3,ll.eJIe, 3a HCKJIlOqeHHeM 3HaKa "MHHYC", KOTOPbIH 03HaqaeT, 'ITO Kor.n.a npoueHTHlUI CTaBKa nOBbIwaeTCH, I na.n.aeT.

Ko3«l>«l>HUHeHT I, nOKa3bIBaeT, HaCKOJIbKO na.n.aeT I B cYIIIeCTByJOmeH 3KOHOMHKe B KaJK­

.n.OM OT.n.eJIbHOM CJIyqae nOBbIweHHH npOueHTHOH CTaBKH. npe.n.nOJIO:lKHM, 'ITO r nOBbICHJIaCb Ha O.n.HH "YHKT. £eJIH I" CKaJKeM, paBeH 10 MJIP.n.• .n.0JIJI., BbI 3HaeTe, 'ITO KIDK,lI.bIH "YHKT YBe­

JIH'IeHHH npoueHTHbIX CTaBOK npHBe.n.eT K YMeHbweHHIO HHBeCTH:QHH Ha lOMJIP.n.• .n.0JIJI. napaMeTP 10 nOKa3bIBaeT, CKOJIbKO HHBecrnUHH 6y.n.eT HMeTb MeCTO, eCJIH npoueHTHlUI

CTaBKa paBHa HYJIIO. no npaB.n.e roBOpH, npoueHTHble CTaBKH HHKor.n.a He OnycKalOTCH .n.o HY':' JIeBOH OTMeTKH, HO npe.n.nOJIO:lKHM, 'ITO TaK npoH30illJIO. Tor.n.a BTOpoe 3HaqeHHe B ypaBHeHHH 6Y.n.eT paBHO HYJIIO, H Y BaC nOJIyqHTCH 1= I{)o

PaBeHCTBO B ueJIOM nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO eCJIH 6bI npoueHTHbIe CTaBKH 6bIJIH paBHbI HYJIIO, KanHTaJIOBJIO:lKeHHH 6bIJIH 6bI MaKCHMaJIbHbIMH B I{)o Ho qeM BbIwe 6y.nyr no.n.HHMaTbCH npo­ ueHTHbIe CTaBKH, TeM 60JIbWe 6y.nyr COKPamaTbCH HHBecrnUHH. <I>aKrn'IeCKH CTaBKH MOryT (nOTeHUHaJIbHO) nOBbICHTbClI HaCTOJIbKO, 'ITO HHBeCTHUHH CHH3HTCH.n.0 HYJIeBOH OTMeTKH.

CBR3b Me:lK.ZJ.Y npoueHTHhIMH CTaBKaMH H HHBeCTHUHHMH- o.n.Ha H3 npWlHH, no­ qeMY B03MO:lKHOCTb npaBHTeJIbCTBa yCTaHaBJIHBaTb npoueHTHbIe CTaBKH I:IMeeT 6oJIbwoe 3HaqeHHe ,l(JIR 3KOHOMHKH. YCTaHaBJIHBaR npOueHTHbIe CTaBKH, npaBH­ TeJIbCTBO MOXeT onpe.n.eJIHTb, CKOJIbKO .n.eHer 6H3HeC-CTPYKTYPbI nOXeJIalOT nOTPaTHTb Ha npH06pereHHe HHBeCTH:QHOHHbIX TOBapoB. B qaCTHOCrn, eCJIH 3KOHOMHXa HaxO.n.HTCH B COCTOHHHH 3KOHOMWlecKoro cna.n.a, npaBHTeJIbCTBO MOXeT CHH3HTb npOueHTHbIe CTaBKH C TeM, 'IT06bI nOBbICHTb HHBeCrnUHOHHbIe pacxo.n.bI «l>HPM, H TaKHM 06PaJOM (6y.n.eM Ha.n.eHTbCH!) nOMOtIb BOCCTaHOIiJIeHHIO 3KOHOMHKH.

G- rOCYAapCTBeHHble paCXOAbi

B 60JIbIIIlfHCTBe CTPaH OrpoMHlUI .n.OJIR BBn n0Tpe6JIReTCH npaBHTeJIbCTBOM. B Coe,ll.H­ HeHHbIX IIITaTax, HanpHMep, CYIIIeCTByJOmlUl BJIaCTb Ha MeCTIlOM, rocy.n.apCTBeHHoM H «l>e­

.n.epaJIbHOM ypOBHRX nOTpe6JIReT npHMepHo 35% BBn. Bo MHOrHX .n.pYrHX cTPaHax 3TOT npo­ ueHT .n.aJKe BbIille. B 60JIbIIIHHCTBe CTPaH EBPOIIbI, HanpHMep, OH .n.OCTIITlleT 50%.

~r rocy.n.apcTBo nOJIyqaeT cpe.n.CTBa ,l(JIR nOKYllKH Bcex He06xo.n.HMbIX TOBapOB H YC­

I~ JIYI' H3 CYMM, nOJIyqeHHbIX B pe3YJIbTaTe c60pa HaJIOroB H npHBJIeqeHHH 3aHMOB.

\~ £eJIH .n.OXO.n.bI rocy.n.apcTBa, nOJIyqeHHbIe OT HaJIoro06JIoXeHHH, 6y.nyr paBHbI ero pacxo.n.aM, 3HaqHT, OHO HMeeT c6aAaHcup08aHHblu 6HJiblcem. ECJIH .n.OXO.n.bI OT HaJIO­ roB npeBbIwaIOT pacxo.n.bI, roBOpRT, 'ITO HMeeT MeCTO nporjJUl4um (nOllO:JICUmeAbHoe

Ho eCJIH pacxo.n.bI npeBbIillaIOT .n.OXO.n.bI, nOJIyqeHHbIe OT HaJIO­ r006JIO:lKeHHH, H 3TY pa3HH:QY rocy.n.apcTBO MO:lKeT nOKpbITb C nOMomblO 3aHMOB Ha «l>HHaHCOBbIX pbIHKax, 3HaQHT, Ha6mo.n.aeTCR iJerjJUl4um (ompUl4ameAbHOe CO./lbdo)

61OiJJlCema.

[OCY,lI,apcTBO 3aHHMaeT ,lI,eHbrH, np0,ll,aBlUl 06JIHraIUlH. THmNHaR: 06JIIII'3l.\IDI 3HaqHT, 'ITO

B 06MeH Ha 10 TbIC. ,lI,OJIJI. HaJIHqRblMH, nOJIY'leHHbIMH cpa3Y, rocY,lI,apCTBO qepe3 ,lI,eC}lTb JIeT BepHeT BaM re )ICe ,lI,eHbrH, a,ll,O TOro 6Y,lI,eT llJIaTHTb BaM TbIC~,lI,OJIJIapoB 3a KIDIOl:bIH npoMe­

~qHblHro,ll,. ECJIH BbI npHHHMaere ycJIOBIDI H nOKyIlaeTe lleHHYID 6YMary, 3HaqHT, BbI ,lI,ae­ re B3aitMbI rocy,lI,apcTBY 10 TbIC. ,lI,OJIJI. ceA'Iac H nOJIY'laere 10% e)ICero,ll,HO ,lI,O Tex nop, Koma CnyCT}I ,lI,ec}lTb JIeT rocy,ll,apCTBO BepHeT BaM BaIlIH ,lI,eHbrH.

OrpOMHoe KOJIDqeCTBO nOJIHTHqeCKHX MaHeBpoB HanpaBJIeHO Ha TO, qT061>I nOBJIH}ITb Ha CYMMy, KoToPYIO npaBHTeJIbCTBO C06HpaeTC}I nmpaTHTb B reK)'III:eM ro.ny. MHO)ICeCTBO pa3HbIX rpynn JI066HPYIOT OT,lI,eJIbHble nporpaMMbI, KOTopbIe MOryr npHHeCTH nOJIb3Y HX PO,ll,HOMy ro­ po.ny HJIH OTPaCJIH, O,ll,HaKO npaBHTeJIbCTBO BO 'ITO 6bI TO HH CTaJIO ,lI,OJI)KHO BbInOJIHSlTb Bce He06xo,ll,HMbIe rocy,ll,apcTBeHHble tPYHKllHH, TaKHe KaK o60poHa CTPaHbI H yCTaHOBJIeHHe 3a­ KOHO,ll,areJIbHoi!: 6a3b1.•

TeM He MeHee 3KOHOMHCTbI BO MHOroM HI'HOPHPYIOT nOJIHTDqeCKHe MaxHHmHH, KOTO­ pble HanpaBJIeHbI Ha yseJIDqeHHe rocy,ll,apCTBeHHbIX paCXO,ll,OB, nOTOMy qTO 3KOHOMHQeCKHe pe3YJIbTaTbI npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHbIX paCXO,ll,OB, G, 3aBHC}lT OT TOro, HaCKOJIbKO 60JIbIIIHMH 6y,!J,YT 3TH paCXO,ll,bI, a He Ha TO, KaKHM 06pa30M OHM ,lI,OCTHraIOT 3THX 06'beMOB. CJIe,ll,OBaTeJIbHO, B oCTaBIIIei!:C}I QaCTH KHHrH }I ,lI,emUO ynpomeHHoe npeMOJIO)ICeHHe, 'ITO paCXOllhl npaBHTeJIbCT­ Ba MOryr 6bITb 0603HaQeHbI KaK

G=Go·

31'03HaQHT, 'ITO G COCTaBJl}leT tPHKCHpoBaHHYJO CyMMy, Go, KOTOpaR: onpe,ll,eJI}leTC}I nOJIH­ THqeCKHM npolleCCOM. 3TO 3HaQeHHe MO)ICeT 6bITb 60JIbiliOe HJIH MaJIeHbKOe B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT nOJIHTHKH, HO B HTOre Hac ,lI,OJI)KHO HHTepeCOBaTb JIHlDb TO, HaCKOJIbKO 60JIbIIIHM HJIH Ma­ JIbIM OHO 6y,ll,eT H 'ITO HCTOQHHK ero npoHcxo.xmeHH}l MO)KHO HffiOpHpoBaTb.

G BKJIIOQaeT TOJIbKO pacxo~ rocy,napcTBa Ha BHOBb npoH3Be,ll,eHHbIe TOsapbI H yc.ny­

@j rH. B Hero He BXO,ll,SlT re paCXO,ll,bI, KOTOpbIe 3aKJIIOQaIOTCSI B npocroi!: nepe,naQe ,lI,eHer OT O,ll,Horo QeJIOBeKa K .npyroMy. HanpHMep, KOma rocY,ll,apcTBO B3HMaeT C MeHSI Ha­ JIOrH H OT,lI,aeT nOJIY'leHHbIe ,lI,eHbrH 6e,ll,HblM, 3Ta nepe,ll,aQa ,lI,eHer He HMeeT OTHOIIIe­ HIDI K TOJIbKO qro npoH3Be,ll,eHHbIM TOBaPaM H YeJIYraM, a CJIe,ll,OBaTeJIbHO, He CqJi­ TaeTC}I QaCTbIO G. II03TOMY 3anOMHHTe, qro Kor,ll,a }I roBOpIO 0 G, TO HMeIO B BJlllY TOJIbKO npH06pereHHbIe npaBHTeJIbCTBOM BHOBb npoH3Be,ll,eHHbIe TOsaPbI H )'CJIYfH.

NX - '1MCTblM 06'beM 3KCnOpTa

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