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B ,lleitCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, B 06m;eM KOJIHqeCTBe, KOTOpoe npo,llaB~hIXOTBT npo,llaTb, QS, eCTb KOJIHqeCTBO (JD, KOTOpoe npO,llaHO, - 3TO 3HaqHT, OCTaBllIeeCB KOJIHqeCTBO, QS - (JD, OCTaeTCH Herrpo,llaHHhIM ,ll() rex nop, nOKa HWIero He 6Y,lleT IIpe,llllPHHBTO. II BOT, HaKOHe~ 'ITO-TO npeiJ­ npuHJIJlu. IIpO,llaB~ YBH,lleJIH OrpoMHyIO ~ Henpo,llaHHbIX TOBapoB H C,lleJIaJIH TO, 'ITO 6Y,lleT ,lleJIaTb BCHmit Mar83HH, KOr,lla eMY He y,llaeTCH npO,llaTb 'ITO-TO no H83HaQeHHOH ~eHe: OHH HaqaJIH npo,llaBaTb TOBap no CHH)I{eHHoit ~eHe.

IIpO,llaB~bI CHIDKaIOT ~eHY H np0,llOJI)l{aIOT CHH)l{RTb ee ,llO rex nop, nOKa npe,llJlO)l{eHHe 60JIbIlIe He 6Y,lleT IIpeBhIIIIaTb cnpoc. Bid MO)l{eTe BH,lleTb Ha pHC. 8.9, 'ITO 3TO 3HallHT, 'ITO rrpo­

,llaB~npo,llOJI)l{RIOT CHH)l{RTb ~eHY,llO rex nop, nOKa OHa He yna,lleT,110 ypoBIDI F, nOCKOJIbKY 3TO e,llHHCTBeHHaB ~eHa, npH KOTOPOR BeJIHqHHa cnpoca nOKYIIaTeJIeA paBHa KOJIWIeCTBY, KO­ TOpoe np0,llaB~I XOTBT npe,llJlo)l{HTb.

H361J1TO'lHlJliI cnpoc: nOBIJIWeHlfe l.IeH AO YP08HfI paBHOBeCHOM l.IeH",

Ha pHC. 8.10 nOKa3aHa cHTY~, npoTHBOnOJIOliCHaH: TOR, KOTOPYIO MbI TOJIbKO 'ITO pac­ CMOTpeJIH. 113HaqaJIbHaH: ~eHa, pL, HH)I{e paBHOBeCHOR pldHO'llioA ~eHbI, F. BhI MO)l{ere BH­ ,lleTb, 'ITO B 3TOM CJIY1fae npo6JIeMa He B H36hITO'lliOM IIpe,llJIOJKeHHH, a B U36blmOIfHOM cnpoce, nOCKOJIbKY Ha ypoBHe ~eH, pL, KOJIWIeCTBO, KOTOpoe nOKynaTeJIH XOTSIT KynHTb, (]D, IIpeBId­ IlIaeT KOJIH'lecTBO, KOTOpoe nOCTaBIl(HKH XOTSIT npo,llaTb, QS.

176

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,lWymMH CJIOBaMH, HMeeT MeCTO ,lI,eepHU:HT QD - os e,ll,HHHu; TOBapa. B pe3Y.JU>TaTe nOKYIIa­ TeJlH HaqHHaIOT nO,ll,HHMaTb u:eHLl, KOHKYPHp}'}I ,lI,pyr C ,lI,pyroM 3a TOBap, npe,ll,CTaBJIeHHbIH B He,ll,OCTaTOqHOM KOJI~eCTBe.

)];0 TeX nop, nOKa u:eHa 6Y,ll,eT HIDKe F, cymeCTByeT onpe,ll,eJleHHbIH ypoBeHb ,lI,eepHu;HTa, H u:eHa npo,ll,OJDKaeT nOBhIwaTbCSl. 3To 3HaqHT, lfI'0 C KaKOH 6Ll u:eHhI, HIDKe F, BLl He HaqaJIH, u:eHa 6Y,ll,eT nOBhIwaTbCSl ,lI,0 F, B03BPam,aSl PhiHOK K CBoeMY paBHOBeCHIO -:- e,ll,HHCTBeHHOMY MeCTY, me HeT HH He,ll,OCTaTKa, HH H36hITKa npe,lJJIOlKeHHSl.

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I/o'oepbtJto'tJtoepa6'Jto'ecueJt/tU

/l,3.,lU!IU!JUI,U cnjtoca tt.,U/, "'fte9.,/,O.JleeJUlJl

KaK MhI YBHlleJIH H3 npe,ll,hI,ll,yIIUl Pa3,ll,eJIOB, npH 3a,l1,aHHhlX KpHBhIX cnpoca H npe,lJJIOlKe­ HHSl pbIHOqHhIe CHllLl KOppeKTHpYJOT PhIHOK ,lI,0 TeX nop, nOKa u:eHa H KOJl~eCTBO 6y,!J,YT co­ OTBeTCTBOBaTb TO~e, B KOTOpOH nepeceKaIOTCSl 3TH KPHBhIe cnpoca H npe,lJJIOlKeHHSl. IIoCJIe ,lI,OCTIDKeHHSl 3TOH TOqKH - PLlHOqHOro paBHOBeCHSl, - u:eHa H KOJIHqeCTBO He H3MeHSlTCSl. OHH OCTaHYTCSl Ha TOM xe MeCTe ,lI,0 TeX nop, nOKa KPHBhIe cnpoca H l1pe,lI,JIoxeHHSl He H3Me­ HSlT CBoero MeCTOnOJlOXeHHSl.

B 3TOM pa3,ll,eJle Sl noKaXy BaM, KaK u:eHhI. H KOJIHqeCTBO ICoppeICmupylOmCJl, eCJIH KPHBhIe cnpoca H npe,lJJIOxeHHSl CMemaIOTCSl. BHaqane Sl npOHJlJlIOCTPHpYJO CMemeHHe KPHBOH cnpo­ ca, a 3llTeM - CMemeHHe KPHBOH npe,lJJIOXeHHSl.

PeaKL\MII Ha yBenM'IeHMe cnpoca

)];aBaHTe BHHMaTeJlbHO paCCMOTpHM pHC. 8.11, KOTOPhIH nOKa3hIBaeT, qTO npOHCXO,ll,HT, eCJIH KPHBaSl cnpoca nepe,ll,BHraeTCSl BnpaBO OT Do K D], TOr,lI,a KaK KPHBaSl npe,lJJIOXeHHSl S oc~

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HOBOH KPHBOH cnpoca nOSlBHllcSlH36bITO'IHlJIii: cnpoc. 3To 3HaqHT, qTQ npH u:eHe po0 BeJIHqH­ Ha cnpoca, QD], npeBhIwaeT BeJl~HHYnpe,lJJIOXeHHSl, Q"{)o

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3aMeTbre, ~O npH nepeMemeHHH OT nepBoro paBHOBeCHli KO BTOpOM)' paBHOBeCHblil: 06'h­ eM YBeJIHlJHBaeTCH OT Q'o,lJ;O Q'}. 3TOT pe3YJlbTaT ,lJ;aeT HaM B03MO:lKHOCTb nporH03HpOBaTb 6y­

.n;ymee pa3BHTHe Co6blTHA, nOCKOJIbKY eCJIH cnpoc B03pacTaeT H 3a KaKOil:-TO TOBap nOKYITare­ JIH XOTHT llJIaTHTb 60J1blUe, TO MO:lKHO X<;llaTb YBeJIHtleHHll ero npe,lJ;JlO:lKeHHlI. K TOM)' :lKe, ueHa nO,lJ;HHMaeTCH OT O,lJ;HOro paBHoBecHoro 3HaqeHHlI ,lJ;O ,lJ;pyroro, nOCKOJIbKY B MHpe pacTYmHX JaTPaT BaM HY:lKH0 llJIaTHTb 60JIblUe nOCTaBmHKaM, 'lT06bl y HHX 6blJ1a B03MO:lKHOCTb nOCTaB­

JIHTb 60J1blUe TOBapoB.

O,lJ;HaKO eCTb O,lJ;Ha oco6eHHOCTb: TO, HaCKOJIbKO 60JlblUHe H3MeHeHHH npoH3oil:.n;yT B ueHe H KOJIHtIeCTBe npH CMemeHHH KpHBoA cnpoca BnpaBO, 3QeUCUm om HQK.JlOHQ Kpueou npeOAO­ JlCeHUR. BCnOMHHTe 0 COBeplUeHHO BepTHKaJlbHoil: Jq)HBOA npe,lJ;JlO:lKeHHH, HalJepqeHHoil: Ha JIeBOM rpact>HKe pHC. 8.7. ,lL1uI TaKoA Jq)HBoA npe,ll110:lKeHHll BCHKoe YBeJIHtleHHe cnpoca yse­ JIH'IHT mOAbKO £4eHy, nOCKOJlbKY BeJlHtIHHa npe,lJ;JlO:lKeHHll :meCb B03paCTH He MO:lKeT. C ,lJ;pyroil: CropOHbl, eCJIH Bbl 06paTHTeCb K COBeplUeHHO roPH30HTaJlbHOil: KPHBOil: npe,ll110:lKeHHH, Ha­ lJepqeHHoil: Ha npaBOM rpacPHKe pHC. 8.7, CMemeHHe KPHBOA cnpoca BnpaBO YSeJIHtlHT mOAbKO KOAUliecmeo npe,lJ;JlO:lKeHHH, nOCKOJlbKY I.J;eHa 38cPHKcHpoBaHa Ha ypoBHe P'.

KOf.,lJ;a Bbl 06.n;yMaeTe 3TH ,lJ;Ba HCKJIIOlJHTeJIbHblX CJIY'I8H,·Bbl CMO:lKere Pa3 H HaBCe­ r,lJ;a 3anOMHHTb, 'ITO B CHTYSUHH, nO,lJ;o6Jioil: H306pa:lKeHHoil: Ha pHC. 8.11, HH npe,lJ;­ JiO:lKeHHe, HH cnpOC He HaxO)J;HTCH nOJlHOCThIO no,lJ; xOJrrpOJleM. lfx B3IlHMO,lJ;eAcT­ BHe onpe,lJ;eJIHeT paBHOBeCHhle ueHhl H 06'beMhI, a TaK:lKe H3MeHeHHe paBHOBeCHblX ueH H 06'beMOB B CJIY'Iae CMeII.J;eHHH KPHBOil: cnpoca HJlH Jq)HBOil: npe,Ll)lO:lKeHHH.

PeaK",MR Ha YMeHbWeHMe npeAnO)l(eHMR

~H TOro 'IT06h1 yBH,lJ;eTb, KaX H3MeHHeTCH paBHOBeCHe PblHKa npH CMeII.J;eHHH KPHBoil: npe,lJ;JlO)l(eHHH, 06paTHMCJI x pHC. 8.12, Ha XoropOM XpHBlUI npe,ll110)l(eHHH CMeII.J;aeTCH OT

178 'Iacn. III. MIfKP03KOHOMIfKl - HaYKa 0 nose,qIHIfIf norpe6tfT8J1ei1lf npe.qnpllflnril

So K S] no npHtIHHe YBeJIHtIeHHJI 3aTpaT Ha npoH3BO,llCTBO. (KaK H o6'bSlClUIJI B npe,llhl.!lYlneM pa3,lleJIe "H3MeHeHHe 3aTpaT: CMew;eHHe KpHBOD npeAJIOXeHHH", 3TO YBeJIHtIeHHe 3aTpaT MoxeT 6bITh CBH3aHO co CMew;eHHeM KpHBOD npeAJIOXeHHH JIH60 BBepx, JIH60 BJIeBO. Ha pHC. 8.12 H HapHCOBaJI BepmKaJIbHYJO CTpeJIotIKY, tITo6bI YKaJaTh CMemeHHe BBepx, HO H MOf 6bI HBpHCOBaTh CTpeJIotIKY, HanpaBJIeHHYJO BJIeBO, ,lI,1UI YKa3aHHJI CMemeHHJI BJIeBo.)

CMeweHHe KPHBOD npe,Il)lOXeHHJI npHBO,llHT K KOppeKTHpOBKe PbIHOtIHOro paBHOBeCIDI. Hcxo,llHoe pllBHoBecHe HaxO,llHTCH npH ~eHe POoH KOJIHtIeCTBe Q'0. HaxO,llHmHMCH B TOtIKe, f,lle KPHBaH cnpoca, D, H H3HatIaJIbHaH KPHBaH npe,llJIOXeHHJI, So, nepeCeKaIOTCH. KOf,lla 3aTpaTbI Ha npOH3BO,llCTBO B03paCTaIOT, KpHBaH npe,Il)lOXeHHJI CMew;aeTCH B nOJIOXeHHe S].

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PHC. 8. 12. BepTHKsnbHoe CMe~e':lHe KPHBO~ npeJU/O)/(eHHR

KaKOe-TO MfHOBeHHe paBHOBeCHaH ueHa HaxO,llHTCH B TOtIKe po{)o Ho OHa He MOXeT OCTa­ BaTbCH Ha 3TOM ypoBHe, nOCKOJIbKY BeJIHtIHHa cnpoca npH 3TOD ueHe, Q-()l npeBbIwaeT npe,ll­ JIOXeHHOe KOJIHtIeCTBO, OS]. 3Ta CHTyaUHH H36bITOtIHOro cnpoca npHBO,llHT K TOMY, lITO ueHbI nOBbIwalOTCH ,llO ypOBHH HOBOD paBHOBeCHOD ~eHbI, r 1> npH KOTOpoD BeJIHtIHHa cnpoca pas­ Ha BeJIWiHHe npe,Il)lOXeHHH Q-].

ECJIH BbI CpaBHHTe CHTyauHIO CYBeJIHtIeHHeM 3aTpaT C cHTya~HeD YBeJIHtIeHIDI cnpoca, o KOTOpOM WJIa petIb B npe,llbl,llyw;eM paJ,lleJIe, TO CMOXeTe 3aMeTHTb, tITO B 060HX CJIyqaHX paBHOBeCHaH ueHa nO,llHHMaeTCH. TeM He MeHee 06H3aTeJIbHO OTMeThTe ,llJIH ce6H, tITO pasHO­ BeCHbID 06'beM H3MeHHeTCH B npOTHBOnOJIOJICHOM HanpaBJIeHHH. YBeJIHtIeHHe cnpoca npHBO­ ,llHT K YBeJIHtIeHHIO paBHoBecHofo 06'beMB, a YBeJIHtIeHHe 3aTpaT npHBO.D:HT K YMeHbweHHIO paBHoBecHoro o6'beMa.

~npHtIHHOD CHHJKeHHH paBHOBeCHoro o6'beMa HBJIHeTCH TO, lITO YBeJIHtIeliHe 3aTpaT HB npoH3BO,llCTBO npo)lyx:Ta BJIHHeT He TOJIbKO Ha npOH3BO,llHTeJIH. ILrrH TOro tITO­

6hI OCTaTbCH B 6H3Hece, npOH3BO,llHTeJIb ,llOJIJlCeH npoDTH tIepe3 YBeJIHtIeHHe 3aTpaT.

Ho KOr,lla OH npOXO,llHT 3TOT 3TaD, Ha nOK)'naTeJIeD 3TO ,lleDcTByeT Y,llpyqalOme.

B pe3YJIbTaTe paBHoBecHbID 06'beM CHHJKaeTCH, nOCKOJIbKY HeKOTOpbIe nOK)'naTeJIH He XOTHT llJIBTHTh OOJIblllYlO ueay. Cpe,llH TeX, KTO np0,llOJDKaeT XOTeTb nOKYJlaTh, tIHCJIHTCH XeJIalOW;He OllJIatIHBaTh 60JIbwHe 3aTpaTbI Ha npOH3BO,llCTBO - cPaKT, KO­ TOPbID OTpUeH B yaeJIHtIeHHH PbIHOtIHOD ueHbI.

mas. B. npe,qnO•• HMfJ M cnpoc

179

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U KOJIHqeCTBO onpe,neJUlTCB B pe3YJIbTaTe nepeceqeHHB KPHBbIX cnpoca H npe.nJIOXeHHH. PbIHOqHaH PaBHOBeCHaH I.J,eHa 06JIa,naeT 0,ll;HHM OqeHb xOpbmHM KaqecTBOM: Ka:lK,lJ;bI~, KTO xo­ qeT npo,naTb CBO~ TOBaP no 3T0~ I.J,eHe, MoxeT 3TO c,neJIaTb. (BeJI~HHacnpoca paBHa BeJIH­

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TeM He MeHee PbIHO~I.J,eHa He BCer,na n~eCKHI.J,eJIec006pa3Ha, H rocy,napcr­

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HeKHe BJIIDITeJIbHble nOKYIIaTeJIH ~aIOT, qro PbIHOqHaH I.J,eHa CJIHillKOM BhlCOKa, HJIU HeKHe BJIIDlTeJIbHbIe npo,naBI.I,bI AYMaIOT, qro PbIHOqHaH I.J,eHa CJIUillKOM HH3Ka.

K CO:lKaJIeHHIO, eCJIH rocy,napCTBO BMemHBaeTCB B ,neBTeJIbHOCTb phlHKOB, qro6bI nOMOqb JIIOMM, BhlpaxaIOmHM caoe He,nOBOJIbCTBO, 3m C03,lJ;aeT I.J,eJILIA pM HOBbIX npo6rreM H B HeKO­ TOphIX CIIy'IaHX ,naxe Bpe,lJ;HT TeM, ,lJ;JIH KOro npoBO,lJ;HJIOCb no,n06Hoe BMemaTeJIbCTBO. AmI TOro qroGbI 06'MICHHTb np~HHY3TOro <peHOMeHa, CHaqaJIa B 061.BCHIO, qro TaKOe MHHHMaJIbHaH

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AmI TOro qT06b1 YBH,lJ;eTb, KaK 3TO pa60TaeT H KaKHe C03,lJ;aeT npoGJIeMbI, B3rJIHHHTe Ha pHC. 8.13, Ha KOropOM noroJIOK I.J,eH, pc, JIe:lKHT HH:lKe PhIHO~O~ PaBHOBeCHo~I.J,eHbI, r. AmI

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