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nOCJIe.n;HHH KyCOqeK Y (nHoo). EcJIH H MOry nonyqHTh 60JIhllIe nOJIe3HOCTH, nOTPaTHB .n;OJIJIap" Ha X, qeM Kor.n;a nOTPaqy ero Ha Y, g .n;OJI)KeH H3'bHTh .n;eHhfHH3 npe,nHaJHaqeHHhIX.niuI Y C reM, qro6hI nOTpaTHTh HX Ha X. 1'I.n;0 Tex nop, nOKa HepaBeHCTBO (9.2) 6y.n;eT cnpaBe.n;JIHBhIM, H 6y.n;y npo.n;OJI)KaTh H3bIMaTh .n;eHhfH OT npe.n;Ha3HaqeHHhIX .llJIH npH06pereHHH Y.llJIH TOro, qro6hI YBeJIH1IHTh TpaThI Ha X.
)l;aBa~Te paCCMOTPHM .n;pyroft npHMep. llpe.n;noJIo:lKHM, qTO Bce 10 .n;OJIJI. H nOTpaTHJI Ha noKYllKy IDITH nHHT nHBa. 1'13 Tll6JI. 9.3 BbI Moxere BH.n;eTh, qTO npe.n;eJIhHllil UOJIe3HOCTh Ha
.n;OJIJIap nOCJIe,nHero nOTPaqeHHoro .n;OJIJIapa Ha nHBO COCTaBJUleT Bcero 6 e,nHHHQ. HanpOTHB, eCJIH g B03hMY 3TOT .n;OJIJIap H3 .n;eHer, npe.n;HaJHaqeHHhIX Ha llHBO, H HCnOJIh3yro HX Ha noKYll Ky nepBOro KyCOqKa nHQQbI, TO 3Ta llHQQa npHHeceT MHe 20 e.n;HHHQ (CM. Ta6JI. 9.2). HCHo, qro MHe HYXHO COKPaTHTh JaKYIIKy llHBa .lI:JIH TOro, qro6bI YBeJIH'lHTh JaKYllKy llHQQbI.
51 npo.n;OJI)KaJI 6hI nOKYllaTh MeHhwe nHBa H 60JIhllIe nHQQhI .n;o rex nop, nOKa He noJIY qHJI 6hI KOM6HHaQHIO H3 qeThIpex KyCOqKOB nHQQbI H TPex nHHT nHBa. 3T0 3HaqHT, qTO MHe
196 |
"BeTh III. MtfJCP03KOHOMtfK8 - H8yrcB 0 no.e,qeHtftf no-rpe6lfTeJ1eM tf npe,qn""".,..,if |
(9.1).
lfY}KH0 6b1JIo 6bI KOppeKTHpOBaTb CBOH 1paTbI ,ll0 TeX nop, nOKa npe,lleJIhHIDI nOJIe3HOCTh Ha ~OJIJIap KaK y nHBa, TaK H Y ITHI.J;IJ,hI He CTaJIa 6bI O.!UlHaKOBOIt:, KaK B ypaoHeHHH
To :lICe npaBHJIO npHMeHHMO H B cnyqae, ecnH JI HaqHHalO TPaTHTh Bce CBOH ,lleHhfH Ha nHI.J;I.J;Y. EcnH SI KYITJIIO ,lleCJITh KyCOqKOB nHI.J;I.J;bI, TO H3 Ta6n. 9.2 BbI MO:llCeTe BH,lleTh, 'ITO npe ,llenhHaSl nOne3HOCTh ,lleCSlTOrO KyCOqKa COCTaBJIHeT -4 e,llHHHI.J;hI, TOr,lla KaK npe,lleJIhHIDI IIO ne3HOCTh Ha nepBbIlt:nOTpaqeHHbIH Ha IIHBO ,llOJIJIap COCTaBJIHeT 10 e,llHHHI.J;. IlOHJITHO, 'ITO 51
,llon::KeH 3a6paTh ,lleHhrH OT nHI.J;UhI H HCnOnh30BaTh HX ,!VIS[ yoenH'IeHHH MoeH 3aKyIIKH nHBa.
npHMeHeHHe t/JOpMynw A/lfl pa3HOo6pa3HWX TOBapOB H ycnyr
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BaM lfY}KH0 3aIIOMHHTh npaBHJIO, npe,llCTaBneHHOe B ypaoHeHHH (9.1). OHO ,ll0 |
BOJIhHO npoCToe: .llJIJI Toro, 'IT06bI MaKCHMH3HpOBaTh COBOKyIIHYIO nOJIe3HOCTh, |
BaM lfY}KH0 BHeCTH KOppeKTHBbI B CBOH 3aKyIIKH TaKHM 06paJOM, 'lT06bI .llJIH no |
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cne,llHeH e,llHHHI.J;bI Ka::K,lloro BH,lla TOBapa npe,llenhHIDI IIOJIe3HOCTh Ha ,llOJIJIap 6b1JIa |
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O,llHHaKOBoit EcnH 3TOHe TaK, O,llHH BH,ll TOBapa IIpeMaraeT BaM 60JIhmee KOJIHqe |
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CTBO y,llOBneTBopeHHJI Ha Ka::K,llbIH IIOTpaqeHHhIH ,llOJIJIap; 3TO 3HaqHT, 'ITO BbI XOTH |
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re BHeCTH KOppeKTHBbI B 3aKYITKH, IIOTpaTHB 60nhme .neHer Ha 3TOT TOMp. TOJIhKO |
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KOr,lla paoeHcTBO (9.1) cIIpaoeMHBO, BbI He 6Y,llere 60JIhme BHOCHTh KOppeKTHBbI, |
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IIocKonhKy HH O.nHH H3 TOBapOB He IIpeMO::KHT BaM 60nhme y.nOBneTBopeHHJI Ha |
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.nOJIJIap, qeM .npyroH. |
TaK::Ke HY::KHO IIOHJITb, 'ITO ypaoHeHHe (9.1) MO:llCeT 6bITh HCIIOJIh30BaHO .llJIH MHOfHX TO BapOB. HanpHMep, B cnyqae C TpeMJI PaJHbIMH TOBapaMH BaM HY::KHO opraHH30BaTh CBOH 3a KyIIKH TaKHM 06paJOM, 'lT06bI IIocne.llHJlJl e.nHHHI.J;a Ka::K,llOro BH,lla TOBapa X, Y H Z IIpHHOCHJIa o.nHHaKOByIO IIone3HOCTh Ha .nOJIJIap:
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(9.3) |
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Py |
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EcnH O.nHH H3 1pex BH,llOB TOBapa HMeeT 60nee BLICOKyIO IIpe.nenhHyIO IIone3HOCTh Ha
.nOJIJIap, qeM ,llpyrHe, BLI 6y.nere BHOCHTh KOppeKTHBLI B CBOH 3aKYIIKH C reM, 'IT06LI KyIIHTh MeHLmee ICOJIHtIeCTBO,llpyrHX TOBapoB H 60JIhlIlee - 3TOro. If BbI 6y.nere IIpo.nOJDKaTh KoppeK rnpOBKy .no rex IIOp, IIOKa paBeHCTBO (9.3) He CTaHeT cIIpaoeMHBbIM.
K;uJbte cltftOca It 'IJl.eH.blMeltlle
Itjte'lUbJUJU JtO.,U!3JUJclJill
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.nenLHIDI IIone3HOCTh, KOTOpIDI IIOCTYIIaeT OT Ka::K,llOro .nOIIOnHHTenLHoro KyCOqKa nHI.J;IJ,hI, YMeHhlIlaeTCJI. EcnH BalIla I.J;enh 3aKJIIOqeHa B HCIIOnh30BaHHH .neHer MH npH06pereHHJI KaK MO::KHO 60nLmero KOnHqeCTBa nOnh3bI .llJIH TOrn, 'IT06bI MaK CHMaJIhHO y.nOBneTBOPHTh CBOH IIOTpe6Hocrn, BLI 3axOTHTe nnaTHTL Bee MeHbme H MeHhme 3a Ka::K.llhIH .nOIIOJIHHTenhHbIH KyCOqeK IIHI.J;I.J;LI, IIOCKOJIhKy Ka::K):lbIH .nOIIOJI HHTeJILHhIH KyCOqeK IIHI.J;I.J;bI IIpHHeceT MeHLlIle IIone3Hocrn, 'IeM IIpe,ll,hJ.llYIIUfH.
rnasa 9. 3HaKOM"TeC": nOTP66trren", MaKCHMH3HPYJ014HH none3Hocr" |
197 |
TeM He MeHee ICpHB8Jl, H306proKeHH8Jl Ha pHC. 9.2, He HBJUleTCH KPHBO:A CIIpoca IIO ,n;BYM IIpH'IHHaM.
./ OHa He IIpHHHMaeT B paC'IeT BJIHHHHe ueH Ha BeJIH'lHHY crrpoca•
./ OHa BbIrJIJl.ZJ;HT OTJIH'IHO JIHIIIb B a6CTPaKTHOM paCC}')IC,f(eHHH, Tor,n;a KaK Be JIH'IHHa CIIpoca Ha TOBap OIIpe,n;eJIJleTCH B pe3YJIhTaTe peIIIeHHH 60JIee BaXO:Io:A IIpo6JIeMbI paCIIpe,n;eJIeHHH orpaHH'IeHHOrO 6IO,lCKeTa Mex.n;y BceMHcymecT BYIOmHMH TOBapaMH ,lJ,1UI TOro, 'lT06bI MaKCHMH3HpOBaTb COBOKYIIHYJO IIOJIe3 HOCTb•
.n;pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, BbI He MO)KeTe paCCMaTPHBaTb TOBapbI IIO OT,n;eJIbHOCTH. CKOJIhKO Ka
,)I(,lI,oro BH.n;a TOBapa BbI 3axOTHTe KYIIHTb, 6y,n;eT 3aBHCeTb He TOJIhKO OT ero ueHbI, HO H OT ueH Ha Bce OCTaJIbHbIe TOBapbI. K TOMy )Ke, 06H3aTeJIbHO H)')KHO yqHTblBaTb H3MeHeHHe IIpe,n;eJIb
HO:A IIOJIe3HOCTH, 3aBHCHme:A OT TOro, 60JIbIIIee HJlH MeHbIIIee KOJIH'IeCTBO TOBapa BbI XOTHTe
rrpHo6peCTH. '
KaK M3MeHeHMe ,-,eHbI BnMSleT Ha BenM'IMHy cnpoca
B IIpHMepe, HCIIOJIb3yeMoM B 3TO:A maBe, H ,n;OJI)KeH 6bIJI peIIIHTb, KaK JIyqIIIe IIO TPaTHTb MOH 10 ,n;OJIJI., eCJIH ,n;BYMH BapHaHTaMH TOBapa HBJUlIOTCH KYCO'IKH mru;IJ;bI H IIHHTbI IIHBa. XO'IY BHeCTH O,n;HO H3MeHeHHe B 3TOT IIpHMep: ,n;aBa:ATe CKroKeM, 'ITO IIHuua reIIepb CTOHT 2 ,n;OJIJI. 3a KYCO'IeK BMecTO 1 ,n;OJIJI. H xoqy IIpo,n;eMOHCTPHpOBaTb BaM, KaK 3TO H3MeHeHHe ueHbI IIOBJIHHeT Ha H3MeHeHHe BeJIH'lHHbI crrpoca KaK Ha IIHU;Uy, TaK H Ha IIHBO.
IbMeHeHHe BeJIH'IHHbI CIIpoca IIpOHCXO,n;HT B pe3YJIbTaTe TOro, 'ITO HOB8Jl, 60JIee BbI COK8Jl, ueHa Ha IIHUuY COKpamaeT IIpe,n;eJIbHYIO IIOJIe3HOCTb IIHUUbI B paC'IeTe Ha ,n;OJIJIap. nOBbIIIIeHHe ueHbI Ha IIHUUY B,n;Boe 03Ha'iaeT, 'ITO IIpe,n;eJIbH8Jl IIOJIe3HOCTb Ha ,n;oJIJIap; IIO TPa'IeHHbI:A Ha Ka)I(,lI,bI:A KYCO'IeK IIHUUbI, paBHa IIOJIOBHHe TOR, KOTOP8Jl 6bma ,n;o IIOBbIIIIe HHH. BbI MO)KeTe Ha6JIIO,n;aTb 3TO, cpaBHHB ,n;aHHbIe 'IeTBepTO:A H IIJITO:A KOJIOHOK Ta6JI. 9.2. nOCKOJIbKY YBeJIH'leHHe ueHbI CHH)K8eT IIpe,n;eJIbHYJO IIOJIe3HOCTb, IIpH06peTaeMYJO 3a Ka)K.ZJ;bI:A IIOTPa'IeHHbI:A Ha IIHU;UY ,n;OJIJIap, 3TO ecreCTBeHHbIM 06pa30M 6y,n;eT BJIHHTbHa TO, KaK H pac XO.n;yIO CBO:A orpaHH'IeHHbI:A 6IO.ZJ;)KeT B 10 ,n;OJIJI.
KaK MO)KHO O)KH.ZJ;aTb, 60JIee BbICOIGUi ueHa Ha IIHUuY IIpHBe,n;eT MeHH K TOMy, 'ITO H 6y,n;y eCTb MeHbIIIe ,IIHUUbI H IIHTb 60JIbIIIe IIHBa. BbI MO)Kere y6e,n;HTbCH B 3TOM, nOTPaTHB C 3TO:A UeJIbIO KroK.ZJ;bI:A H3 MOHX ,n;OJIJIapOB TaKHM 06pa30M, 'ITO H IIpH06peTY TOT TOBap, KOTOPbI:A HMeeT 60JIee BbICOKYIO IIpe,n;eJIbHYJO IIOJIe3HOCTb. (Pa3,n;eJI "Pacrrpe,n;eJIeHHe ,n;eHer Mex.n;y ,n;By MJI BH.n;aMH TOBapa ,lJ,1UI MaKCHMH38UHH COBOKYIIHO:A IIOJIe3HOCTH", paHee B 3TO:A maBe, 3Ha KOMHT BaC C 3THM npoueCCOM.)Pe3YJIbTaTbI 3THX ,n;e:ACTBH:A nOKa3aHbI B Ta6.n:. 9.5.
CpaBHHB8Jl,n;aHHbIe Ta6JI. 9.5 C ,n;aHHbIMH Ta6.n:. 9.4, BbI MO)KeTe YBH.n;eTb, 'ITO IIOBbIIIIeHHe ueHbI Ha IIHUuY OT 1 ,n;o 2 ,n;0JIJI. nOBJIHJlJIO He TOJIbKO Ha BeJIH'!HHY Moero cnpoca Ha IIHUuY, HO H Ha BeJIH'lHHY crrpoca Ha nHBO.l1.JuI: mfUUbI: BeJIH'IHHa cnpoca yn~ OT 'IeTblpex KYCO'I KOB ,n;o .n;ayx. l1.JuI: nHBa: BeJIH'IHHa Moero CIIpoca B03pOCJIa OT TPex nHHT ,n;o 'IeTbIPex.
K TOMy )Ke, yaeJIH'IeHHe ueHbI Ha IIHIJ;Uy c,n;en:aJIO MeHH 6e.ZJ;HbIM B e.ZJ;HHCTBeHHOM OT HOIIIeHHH, HMeIOmeM 3Ha'IeHHe: H nOJIyqHJl MeHbIIIe y,n;OBOJIbCTBHH. Ib-3a 3TOro yae
JlH'IeHHH ueHbI o6mee 'IHCJIO e,n;HHHu nOJIe3HOCTH, KOTOpoe H MOry rrpH06pecTH 3a MOH 10 ,n;0JlJI., CHH3HJ1OCb co 112,n;o 86. HecMOTPH H8 nepeCTaHOBKY B rrpH06peTeHHOM KOJIH'IecTBe IIHBa H IIHImbI.ZJ;JIJI TOro, 'lTo6bI H3BJIelfb MaKCHMYM II0JIb3bI H3 HOBO:A CH
TYauHH, yaeJlH'IeHHe ueHbI B 06meM H UeJIOM rrpo,n;OJI)K8eT rrpH'lHHHTb MHe Bpe,n;.
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"IacTb III. MHKP03KOHOMIfKa - HaYlea 0 nose,qeHHH norpe6lfTf1Jfeii If npeJUJPlfflTtfii |
TatSnNQa 9.5. teaK II OI1TNManbHO pacxoAYIO C80" tSlOAlKeT, ecnN ,",eHa nN,",,",1oI COCTaBJIll8T 2 AOM.
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Bbl6paHHbli TOlap |
nnHIAOMap |
1 |
nlill.\l.\a |
10 |
2 |
nlilBO |
10 |
3 |
nlilBO |
10 |
4 |
nlilBO |
9 |
5 |
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9 |
6 |
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86 |
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M KOnM'4eCTBa - KpMBaR cnpoca
51 MOry HCnOJIb30BaTb HH¢OPMaIJ,HIO 0 TOM, IGlK BeJIlflIHHa Moero cnpoca H3MeIDIeTCH npH nOBbIweHHH IJ,eHbI Ha nHlJ,uY, ,!I)UI TOro, lJT06bI paJMeCTHTb .nBe TOqKH Ha KpHBOH Moero cnpo ca: qeTbIpe KYCOqKa npH IJ,eHe l.nOJIJI. H.naa KYCOqIGl npH IJ,eHe 2 )J,OJIJI. Ha pHC. 9.3 H OTMeTHJI 3TH.lJ,Be TOqKH 1'1 HaqePTHJI npHMepHYIO KpHBYlO cnpoca. Kor.na BbI 6y.nere paCCMaTPHBaTh pH CYHOK, nOMHHTe 0 .nByx Bew.ax.
./ HaKJIoH BHH3 KpHBOH cnpoca Ha nHlJ,uY qaCTHqHO nOHBJIHeTCH H3-3a YMeHb
weHHH npe.neJIbHoit nOJIe3HOCTH nHlJ,lJ,bI, HO...
./ IlpH H3MeHeHHH IJ,eHbI Ha nHlJ,uY BeJIlflIHHa cnpoca Ha nHlJ,uY H3MeIDIeTCH He H30JIHpOBaHHO; OHa H3MeHHeTCH B pe3YJIbTaTe neperpynnHpoBKH BeJ!HqHHbI cnpoca Ha nHBO 1'1 nHlJ,uY )J,JIH TOro, qT06bI MaKCHMH3HpOBaTb COBOKynHYlO nOJIe3HOCTb.
(~KpHBbIe cnpoca Ha HH.lJ,HBH.lJ,YaJIbHbIe TOBapbI He C03.naIOTCH B H30JIHlJ,HH. Ee3YC JIOBHO, Me)l{,!ly IJ,eHoit Ha TOBap 1'1 BeJIHqHHoit cnpoca cyw.ecTByeT CBH3b. TeM He MeHee, Kor.na npOHCXO.lJ,HT H3MeHeHHe IJ,eHbI Ha TOBap, 3TO H3MeHeHHe OKa3bIBa eT BJIHHHHe Ha TeKYIIJ.ee pacnpe.neJIeHHe 61O)J,)KeTa - 1'1 He TOJIbKO lL1UI :noro BH.lJ,a TOBapa, HO 1'1 )J,JIH IW3IC0020 BH.lJ,a TOBapa. IlpOHcxoMw.ee B pe3YJIbTare H3MeHeHHe BeJIlflIHHbI cnpoca Ha TOBap - 3TO JIHWb qaCTb 06w.e:A neperpynnHpoBKH TPaT, KO Topoe HanpaBJIeHO Ha MaKCHMH3alJ,HIO COBOKynHO:A nOJIe3HOCTH npH .naHHOit HO aoit IJ,eHe.
)l;aaa:Are npoaHaJIH3HpyeM, IGlK yaeJIlflIeHHe IJ,eHbI Ha nHlJ,uY nOBJIHHeT Ha KpHBYlO cnpoca Ha nHBO. BeJIHql-lHa Moero cnpoca Ha nHBO B03pOCJIa OT TPex nHHT .nO qeTbIpeX, Kor.na IJ,eHa
Ha nHlJ,uY yaeJIlflIHJIaCb OT 1 .nOJIJI• .no 2. Ho IJ,eHa Ha nHBO OCTaJIaCb HeH3MeHHo:A. 3'1'03HaqHT, ~o KpHBaH cnpoca Ha nHBO .nOJDKHa OKaJaTbCH CMe~eHHou(qTO H 06'bHCIDIIO B maBe 8).
mSSS 9. 3HSKOMbrecb: norpe6lnenb, MSKCffMff3ffPYlOII.fffH none3HOCTb |
199 |
9.4).
3QHHblM 14eH06btM 3rjxjJelCmOM.
KOill4'leCTBO
PHC. 9.3. KpHsafl Moero cnpoca Ha KYCO'lKH nH~~b1
$I npOHIDIIOc1pHPYJO :no CMemeHHe Ha pHC. 9.4. TO'lKa A Ha KpHBOif cnpoca D CMemaeT CSl H npeBpamaeTCSl B TO'lKY A' Ha KpHBOH cIIpoca!Y. nO,llo(iHoe c06hITHe, KOr,lla H3MeHeHHe ueHhI Ha TOBap OKa3hJ:BaeT BJIHHHHe Ha BeJIH'lHHY CIIpoca Ha ,llpyroif TOBap, Ha3bIBlleTCSl C6J1
Kor,lla H3MeHeHHe ueHhI Ha O,llHH TOBap BJIHHeT Ha IIpHHa,llJIe :lKarn;yIO eMY BeJIH'IHHY CIIpOCa, TO II0JIY'!aeTCSl c06cm8eHHblu 14eH080U 3rjxjJelCm. nO:lKaJIyitCTa, JaMeTbTe, '!TO CBSl3aHHhIe ueHOBhIe 3ClJcPeKThI BbI3hIBllIOT CMemeHHe KpHBhIX CIIpoca, a Co6cT BeHHhIe ueHOBhIe 3<l>$eKThI IIpHBO,llSlT K ,llBH:lKeHHIO B,llOJIb ,llaHHhIX KpHBhIX CIIpoca.
HarrpaBJIeHHe CB.SlJaHHhIX ueHOBhIX 3<l>$eKTOB 3aBHCHT OT CKryauHH. B 3TOH rJIaDe
H II03BOJISlIO IIo1pe6HTeJISlM KYIIHTb TOJIbKO .llBll TOBllpa, IIHBO fI IIHUIlY. B pe3yJIb TaTe, KOr,lla IIO,llHHMaeTCH ueHa Ha IIHUIlY, OHH IIepepaCIIpe,lleJUuoT CBOH 1paTbl Ha IIOKYIIKY IIHBa - MH, KaK roBOpn 3KOHOMHCTbl, OHH 3aMe/44a10m O,llHH TOBllP ,llPY rnM (CM. Bpe3KY ",ll;oIIOJIHHIOmHe H JaMemaIOmHe TOBllphI"). BOT IIOqeMY, KOr,lla ueHa Ha IIHUIlY paCTeT, KpHBaSl crrpoca Ha IIHBO cMemaeTCSl BIIpaoo (CM. pHC.
Ho B peaJIbHOM MHpe, r,D;e cymeCTByeT Macca ,llpyrHX TOBllpoB, KpHBaSl CIIpoca MOlKeT CMe CTHTbCH B ,llpyroM HarrpaBJIeHHH. HarrpHMep, HeKOTOphie JIIO,D;H JII06n IIHTb IIHBO TOJIbKO TO r,lla, KOr,D;a e,D;HT IIHUIlY. ,l{mI HHX YBeJIH'leHHe ueHhI Ha IIHUIlY MO:lKeT COKpaTHTb KOJIH'leCT BO 060ux BH,llOB TOBapa - KaK KOJIH'leCTBO C1>e,D;eHHOH IIHUUhI, TaK H KOJIH'leCTBO BhIIIHTOro IIHBa.
TaKHe JIIO,D;H ,D;yMaIOT 0 IIHBe H IIHuue, KaK 0 IIpO,llyKTOBOM Ha60pe. ,l{mI HHX YBeJIH'le HHe ueHhI o,D;Hoif qaCTH Ha60pa YBeJIH'lHBlleT ueHY BCero Ha60pa. 3TH JIIO,D;H 6y.llYT IIOKYIIaTb MeHbwe Ka:lK,!I;oif 'laCTH Ha60pa ,D;JISl TOro, 'lT06hI OCB060,D;HTb ,lleHbrn ,D;JISl rrpH06p(ITeHHH ,llPY rID< BemeH. ,ll;JISl IIoTpe6HTeJIeif C IIo,D;06HhIMH IIpe,llIIO'lTeHHHMH H HaMepeHHeM rrpH06pecTH ,llpyrne TOBaphI BMeCTO IIHBll H IIHUUhI IIpH B03paCTaHHH ueHhI Ha IIHUIlY KpHBaSl ciIpoca Ha IIHBO 6Y,lleT CMemaThCH BJIeBO.
200 |
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