экономика для чайников

MaJIeHhKHX HH,lUIBHJJYaJIbHhIX peWeHHH, KOTOphIe CKJIa,uhIBaIOTCH B OCHOBHoe HarrpaBJIeHHe. HanpHMep, 06cTOHTeJIbCTBa, B KOTOPbIX MHJIIDl:OHhI HH,lUIBH.ll)'YMOB BhI6paJIH Me:>K,Uy rrOHCKOM pa60TbI H npO)l,OJDKeHHeM yqe6hI, Onpe)l,eJIHJIH cymecTByromHH ypOBeHb 6e3pa6OTHUhI. TOqHO TaK:lKe BbI6op,c)I,eJIaHHhIH HH)I,HBH.lI.YYMaMH OTHOCHTeJIbHO TOrO, KaKOe KOJIJ1qeCTBO HaJIJ1q­ HbIX )l,eHer nQTPaTHTb HJIH OTJIO:lKHTb, OKa:lKeT BJIHHHHe Ha rrpoueHTHhIe CTaBKH, KOTOpbIe rro­ BhICHTCH HJIH nOHH3HTCH, a TaK:lKe Ha BaJIOBOH BHyrpeHHHH rrpO)l,yKT (BBn) H COBOKYIIHhIH BhIrryCK. (0 BBn paCCKa3bIBaeTCH B rJIaBe 4.)

.J].JIH TOro qTo6bI COCTaBHTb nporH03 Toro, KaK MepKa~THJIbHhIeHH)I,HBH.lI.YYMbI 6y)l,YT )l,e­ JIaTb COOH BhI60p, 3KOHOMHCThI C03)l,aJIH MO)l,eJIb rrOBe)l,eHHH qeJIOBeKa, KOTOPaH rrpe)l,rrOJIaraeT pauHOHaJIbHOCTb H cnoco6HOCTb "JIaBHpOBaTb" Cpe)l,H B03MO:lKHbIX BapHaHTOB. 3Ta MO)l,eJIb rrpe)l,CTaB.IDIeT CoGOH TPexcTYIIe~aThIlirrpouecc.

1. H)'1KHo onellllTb, UaCKOJIbKO y)l,OBJIeTBOpHT BaC'~B03M01KllhlA Upll8HT.

2.YBH)I,eTb orplUUl'leollJl H KOMIlpOMHCChl, orpaUlI'lIDUUOUUle BaIlIy cB060)l.y BhI6opa.

3.BhI6paTh upHam, KOTOpLlii MaKCHM8JlhOO'yaoBJIeTBOpHT B8IDII o0rpe600cnt.

Kor)l,a HeT rrOJIHoro OlIHcaHHH rrOBe)l,eHHH qe;:ioBeKa B MOMeHT BhI6opa, 3Ta MO)l,eJIb o6bfi­ HO n03BOJllleT C)I,eJIaTb TOqHbIe rrporH03hI. TeM He MeHee MHorne JIIO)I,H COMHeBalOTCH B 3TOM 06'bHCHeHHH rrOBe)l,eHHH qeJIOBeKa. CBOIO TOqKY 3pemrn: OHH apryMeHTHpylOT TPeMH pacrrpo­ CTPaHeHHbIMH KOHTP-BonpocaMH•

.,/ .n;eHCTBHTeJIbHO JIH JIIO)I,H )l,eliCTByroT B CBOHX HHTepecax? He PYKOBO)l,CTByIOT­ CH JIH OHH qame TeM, qTO JIyqwe)I,JIH )l,pyrnx?

.,/ .n;eliCTBHTeJIbHO JIH JIIO)I,H BCer)l,a OCBe)l,OMJIeHbI 0 CBOHX B03MO:lKHOCTHX? KaK

OHH CMOrYT C)I,eJIaTb paUHOHaJIbHhIli BhI60p Cpe)l,H TeX BeIIJ;eli, KOTOphIe OHH HHKOma He rrOI{yIIaJIH paHbwe?

.,/ .n;eHCTBHTeJIbHO JIH JIIO)I,H COO60)l,Hbl B CBoeM BhI6ope? He orpaHJ1qeHhI JIH OHH MOPaJIbHhIMH H COUHaJIbHhIMH CTaH)I,aPTaMH, a TIIlOKe HopMaMH JaKoHa?

Cne)I,yIDIIJ;He HeCKOJIbKO paJ)I,eJIOB 3Toli rJIaBbI nOCBHI.UeHhI 60JIee IIo)l,po6HOMy 06'bHCHe­ HHIO TPex 3TarrOB MO)l,eJIH rroTPe6HTeJIbCKoro BhI60pa H OTBeTaM Ha BCe BhIWeH3JIOXeHHhIe B03pIDKeHHH.

~b ~ JtaltCUJI,Q.,I,bROe

,'I906'.uJii80peJtUe ItOIiijteOROCIiieU

3KOHOMHCTaM HpaBHTCH )l,YMaTb 0 JIlOlUIX, KaK 0 CBo60)l,HhIX JIHqHOCTHX, 06JIa,ualOmHx CBo60)l,Holi BOJIeH. )l;JIH 3KOHOMHCTOB JIIO)I,H HBJUllOTCH ueJIHKOM H rrOJIHOCThIO PaJYMHbIMH cy­ meCTBaMH, crroco6HhIMH rrpHHHMaTb peweHIUI CaMOCTOHTeJIbHO. Ho HY:JKHO OTBeTHTh Ha BO­ rrpoc, qeM MOTHBHpyroTCH JIIO)I,H, H, B COOIO Oqepe)l,b, KaKOro po.iJ;a BeIIJ;H OHH 6y.lI.YT BhI6HPaTh, PYKOBO)l,CTByHCb JIHWb C06CTBeHHOli )l,06pOH BOJIeli.

B )l,BYX CJIOBax: 3KOHOMHCTbI rrpe)l,nOJIaraIOT, qTO OCHOBHhIM MOTHBOM, KOTOPhIli PYKOBO­ )l,HT 6OJIbWHHCTBOM JIlO)I,eli qame BCero HBJUleTCH :lKeJIaHHe 6hITb CqaCTJIHBhIM. 3ro rrpe)I,IIOJIO­ :lKeHHe 03HaqaeT, qTO JIIO)I,8 )l,eJIaIOT BhI6op, PYKOBO)l,CTBYHCb MhICJIblO: C)I,eJIaeT HJIH He C)I,eJIaeT 3TOT BhI60p HX HaCTOJIbKO CqaCTJIHBhIMH, HaCKOJIbKO 3TO n03BOJIeHO B orrpe)l,eJIeHHhIX yCJIO­

BHHX.

Mcnonb3yeM none3HOCTb AnSI M3MepeHMSI YAoBneTBopeHMSI

ECJIH JIIO,lJ;H OCHOBbIBaIOT CBOH BhI60p Ha TOM, 'ITO HMeHHO rrpHHeceT HM CaMoe 60JThillOe y,lJ;OBJIeTBOpeHHe, HM HYXeH CrreUHaJIbHbIH crroc06 CpaBHeHIDI, qT06hI y3HaTh, CKOJIbKO y,lJ;OB­ JIeTBOpeHHH rrpHHeceT HM KIDK,ll,bIH OT,lJ;eJIbHbIH rrpO,lJ;yKT HJIH yCJIyra. BMecre C reM 3KOHO­ MHCTbI ,lJ;OrryCKaIOT, 'lT0 JIIO,lJ;H rro.rryqaIOT ornyw.eHHe y,lJ;OBJIeTBOpeHIDI H1IH y,lJ;OBOJIbCTBIDI OT KaKHX-TO peaJIbHbIX BerneH. 3aKaT COJIHua H3YMHTeJIeH. MopoxeHbIM MOXHO OTJIHqHO rro­ JIaKOMHTbCH. ):(pyx6a ,lJ;OCTaBJIHeT qeJIOBeKY Pa,lJ;OCTh. A MHomM ,lJ;OCTaBJIHeT HaCTOHrnee y,lJ;O­ BOJIbCTBHe BeCTH MaIIIHHY Ha 60JIbillOH CKOpOCTH.

3KOHOMHCTbI CqHTaIOT, 'ITO BhI Moxere CpaBHHTb Bce B03MOXHble BernH, KOTOpble MOXHO HCrrOJIb30BaTb, C rrpOCTOH MepOH CqaCTbH HJIH y,lJ;OBJIeTBOpeHIDI, KOTopble OHH Ha3blBaIOT nOlle3HocmblO. BernH, KOTopbIe BaM OqeHb HpaBHTCH, HMelOT BbICO­

KylO rrOJIe3HOCTb, TOr,lJ;a KaK BernH, KOTopbIe HpaBHTCH JIHillb OrqaCTH, 06JIa.AalOT HH3KOH HJIH .n,axe 0TPHuaTeJIbHOH rrOJIe3HOCTbIO.

TIpHHUHrr rrOJIe3HOCTH OqeHb o6'beMeH. ,lLJuI re,lJ;OHHCTa rrOJIe3HOCTh MoxeT 3aKJIIOqaTb­ CH B q,H3HqeCKOM y,lJ;OBOJIbCTBHH, rro.rryqaeMOM OT HCnOJIb30BaHHH orrpe,lJ;eJIeHHblX BerneH. (fe,lJ;OHH3M - 3TH'IecKoe yqeHHe, rrOHBHBilleeCH B ,lJ;peBHerpeqeCKOH KHpeHCKOH .q,HJIOCO<lx:KOH IllKOJIe [IV BeK ,lJ;0 H.3.]; ueJIbIO XH3HH H BbICillHM 6JIaroM re,lJ;OHH3M npH3HaeT HaCJIroK,!J;e­ me. - llpUMe'l. nep.) HO)J;JIH HpaBCTBeHHo pa3BHTOH JIHqHOCTH nOJIe3HOCTh MoxeT 6bITh qeM­ TO nO,lJ;06HbIM omyw.eHHlO MOpaJIhHOro y,lJ;OBJIeTBopeHIDI OT rrpaBHJIbHoro nOCTYITKa B ,lJ;aHHOH cHTyaWiM. ,lLJuI 3KOHOMHCTOB BWIOIO, 'IT06hI JIIO,lJ;H 6bUIH cnoc06HbI onpe,lJ;eJIHTh H CpaBHHTh nOJIe3HOCTh Pa3HOH B03MOXHOH ,lJ;eHTeJIbHOCTH. TIOJIe3HOCTh ,lJ;eHcTByeT KaK 06rnHH 3HaMeHa­ TeJIb, rr03BOJIHlOrnHit JIIO)J;HM OCMbICJIeHHO CpaBHHTb .n,axe Pa.AHKaJIbHO OTJIHqaIOrnHeCH rernH.

Y'IMTblBaeM anbTpYM3M M~eAPocTb

3KOHOMHCTbI rrpHHHMalOT KaK ,lJ;OJIXHoe, 'ITO JIIO,lJ;H ,lJ;eJIaIOT CBOH BhI60p B XH3HH, PYKO­ BO,lJ;CTBYHCb, ITO 60JIbillOMY cqeTy, c06CTBeHHbIMH HHTepecaMH. 3Ta TO'lKa 3peHIDI cpa3Y xe BbI3bIBaeT rrpOTeCTbl, rrOCKOJIbKY JIIO,lJ;H 'IacTO XOTHT nepeHOCHTh 60JIbillHe JIHqHbie CTPa,lJ;aHHH

.IlJUI TOro, 'IT06bI nOMO'lb ,lJ;pymM.

O,lJ;HaKO, C TO'IKH 3peHIDI 3KOHOMllCTa, BbI MOXeTe paCCMaTPHBaTh XeJIaHHe nOMO'lb ,lJ;py­ rHM KaK CTPeMJIeHHe no.rryqHTb JIH'IHYlO BhIfO.ny. MaTh, y KOTOpOH B ,lJ;OMe He,lJ;OCTaTO'IHO e,lJ;hI, caMa He eCT, noTOMY 'ITO XOqeT HaKOpMHTb cBoero pe6eHKa, - OHa, ITO BceH BepOHTHOCTH, npeCJIe)J;yeT ueJIb (nOMOqb CBoeMY pe6eHKY), KOTOPaH MaKCHMH3HpyeT JIHqHOe MumepUHClwe

C'IaCTbe. To xe caMoe MOXHO CKa3aTb 0 JIlO,lJ;HX, KOTOpbIe ,lJ;eJIalOT 6JIarOTBOpHreJThHbIe B3HO­ Chl. DOJIbillHHCTBO JIlO,lJ;eH CqHTalOT TaKYJO rne,lJ;pOCTb "6ecKopbICTHOH", HO OHa TllKXe coma­ cyeTcH C reM, 'ITO JIlO,lJ;H CKJIOHHbI COBepillaTb BernH, KOTopble ,lJ;eJIaIOT HX caMHX CqaCTJIHBee. EcnH JIIO,lJ;H OT,lJ;alOT 'ITO-TO nOTOMY, 'ITO 3TO ,lJ;eJIaeT HX y,lJ;OBJIeTBOpeHHhlMH, HX 6eCKOphlCTHbIe ,lJ;eHCTBHH BbI3BaHbI XeJIaHHeM ,lJ;OCTHqb c06CTBeHHbIX ueJIeH. TIOCKOJIbKY 3KOHOMHCTbI pac­ CMaTPHBaIOT MOTHBbI nOJile,lJ;eHHH qeJIOBeKa KaK 3rOHCTHqHhle, 3KOHOMHqecKYJO HaYKY 'IacTO 06BHHHlOT B 6e3HpaBCTBeHHOCTH.

TeM He MeHee, 3KOHOMHqeCKaH TeopIDI H3yqaeT TO, KaK JIIO,lJ;H ,lJ;OCTHraIOT CBOHX ueJIeH, BMeCTO Toro, qT06bI 3a,lJ;aBaTbCH BonpocaMH 0 MOpaJIbHOCTH 3THX ueJIeH. HarrpHMep, HeKO­ TOphle JIlO,lJ;H JII06HT Me,lJ;, a ,lJ;pyrHe repneTb ero He MOryT. 3KOHOMHCThI He ,lJ;eJIaIOT Pa3JIHqHH Me)K,lly 3THMH ,lJ;BYMH rpyrrnaMH C TOqKH 3peHIDI npaBHJIbHOCTH HlIH OillH60qHOCTH HX npe,lJ;­ CTaBJIeHHH. BMecTo 3TOro 3KOHOMHCTOB HHTepecyeT, KaK Ka)l()J;aH rpyrrna 6Y,lJ;eT BeCTH ce6H B COOTBeTCTBHH CO CBOHMH. npe,lJ;rrO'ITeHHHMH. CJIe,lJ;OBareJThHO, 3KOHOMH'IeCKaH HayKa npOCTO He paCCMaTpHBaeT MOPaJIbHbIH acrreKT.

OrpaHM~eHHOCTbpeCYPCOB

CaMbIe O'leBH,lJ.HbIe OrpaHH'IeHIDI, OKa3bIBalOIUHe BJIIDIHHe Ha YJJ:OBJIeTBOpeHHe rroTPe6­ HocreD '1eJIOBeKa, - ,3TO OrpaHH'leHHOCTh MaTepHaJIbHbIX 3arraCOB npHpOJJ:bI. OrpaHH'leHbI He TOJIbKO 3anaCbI HellrrH, BOJJ:bI H pbI6bI, HO TaIOKe H paJJ:HO'IaCTOTbI, Ha KOTOpbIX nOCbIJIaIOTCH CHrHaJIbI, H JJ:HeBHoe BpeMH, He06xoJJ:HMoe JJ:JIH JJ:BmKeHIDI aBTOM06HJIeli C JJ:BHraTeAAMH, HC­ rrOJIb3YIOlIUiMH COJIHe'lHYIO 3HeprHlO. MHorHX npHpOJJ:HbIX pecypCOB npOCTO HeJJ:OCTaTO'lHO

,llIDl: KaJK,J:J;Oro H3 Hac, 'IT06bI norryqHTb TaK MHOro, KaK eMy XO'leTCH.

OrpaHH'IeHHble 3arraCbI npHpOJJ:HbIX peCYPCOB pacrrpeJJ:eAAlOTCH no-pa3HOMy. B HeKOTOpbIX CJIY'laHX, KaK B HCTOpHH C BbIMHPaIOIUHMH BH,lJ.aMH, JaKOH rapaHTHpyeT, 'ITO HHKTO He MmKeT rroJIY'lHTb HH OJJ:HOro H3 3THX peCypCOB. qTO KaCaeTCH 'IaCTOTHbIX KaHaJIOB, TO rrpaBH1'eJIbCTBa roCYJJ:apCTB paJJJ:ellilIOT HX Mex,ny pa.n;HO- H TeJIeBeIUaTeJIbHbIMH KOMnaHIDIMH H orrepaTOpaMH M06HJIbHOti CBH3H. Ho, rro 60JIbweD '1aCTH, 'IaCTHaH C06cTBeHHOCTh H ueHbI yrrpaBJIHlOT pac­ rrpeJJ:eJIeHHeM rrpHpOJJ:HhIX pecypCOB.

ITo 3TOD CHCTeMe B03MO)k}{OCTh HCrrOJIb30BaHIDI pecypca npeJJ:OCTaBJIHeTCH TOMy, KTO 3a­ IIJIaTHJI caMYIO BbICOKYIO ueHy. XOTH 3Ta CHCTeMa MoxeT 6bITh JJ:HCKPHMHHaUHoHHoH no OT­ HomeHHlO K 6eJJ:HbIM CJIOHM HaCeJIeHHH, nOCKOJIbKY OHH He MOryr 3aIIJIaTHTb MHOro, Bce :JKe OHa rapaHTHPyeT, 'ITO orpaHH'le}fHbIe 3anaCbI pecypCOB XOTH 6bI JJ:OCTaJIHCb JIlOJJ:HM, KOTopbIe BbICOKO HX ueHHT, - JJ:PyrHMH CJIOBaMH, TeM, KTO BbI6paJI 3TOT pecypc JJ:JIH MaKCHMH3aIIHH co6CTBeHHoro C'IaCThH.

TeXHonorM~eCKMeOrpaHM~eHMR

HeJIb3H CKa3aTb, 'ITO Ha cerOJJ:HHWHHD JJ:eHb CTaJIO 60JIbWe 3arraCOB HelPrn HJIH COJIHe'I­ HOro CBeTa, HJIH JIeCOMaTepHaJIOB, 'IeM HX 6b1.llo 1000 JIeT HaJa.n;, HO Bce-TaKH y Hac C BaMH HaMHoro 60JIee BbICOKHD ypOBeHb :JKH3HH, qeM y HaWHX npeJJ:KOB. Bce MbI :JKHBeM B 60JIee KOM<P0PTHbIX YCJIOBHHX nOTOMy, 'ITO npoH30lIIJIO COBepWeHCTBOBaHHe TeXHOJIomD rrpe06pa­ 30BaHIDI CbIPbH B Te BelIIH, KOTOPbIMH HaM HpaBHTCH nOJIb30BaTbCH.

TOJIbKO 3a nOCJIeJJ:HHe 200 JIeT JIlOJJ:H HayqHJIHCb HCrrOJIb30BaTh rrpHBHBKH, 3amHID.aIOID.He

.llereD OT CMePTeJIbHhIX 60JIe3HeD, rrOJIb30BaTbCH 3JIeKTPH'leCTBOM JJ:AA OCBeIUeHIDI H HCrrOJIb­ 30BaHIDI MexaHH'leCKOD CHJIbI; OHH HayqHJIHCb CTPOHTb paKeTY, crroc06HYIO JJ:OCTaBHTh JIlOJJ:eD Ha JIyHY, H Y3HaJIH, KaK yBeJIH'lHTh IIJI0ID.a.n;b <pepMepcKHX x03HDcTB, 'IT06bI MO)k}{O 6bIJIO Ha­ KOpMHTb HaMHoro 60JIbWe JIlOJJ:eD. TOJIbKO 3a nOCJIeJJ:HHe JJ:Ba.!lUaTh JIeT HHTepHeT H JJ:emeBaH M06HJIbHaH CBH3b rrpOH3BeJIH peBOJIlOUHlO BO BceM, Ha'lHHaH C pa3BJIe'leHHD H 3aKaH'lHBaH reM, KaK rrpaBHTeJIbCTBO 06IUaeTCH CO CBOHMH rpIDK,ll;aHaMH.

ITOCKOJIbKY C re'leHHeM BpeMeHH TeXHOJIOrIDI COBepWeHCTByeTCH, JIlOJJ:H MOryT npo­

H3BOJJ:HTb 60JIbwe H3 orpaHH'leHHbIX 3arraCOB pecypCOB, cymeCTBYIOID.HX Ha Haweli IIJIaHeTe. -H.1IH, roBOpH rrO-JJ:pyroMy, C COBepmeHCTBOBaHHeM rexHoJIomD MbI MO­ :JKeM BbI6HpaTh H3 60JIbwero '1HCJIa H JIyqIIlero Ka'leCTBa.

OJJ:HaKO, nOCKOJIbKY TeXHOJIOrHH COBepweHcTByeTcH MeMeHHO, B K3.)f(,LJ;bID OTJJ:eJIbHbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH Haw BbI60p orpaHH'IeH reM, HaCKOJIbKO B JJ:aHHbIH MOMeHT rrpOJJ:BHHYJIHCb ee JJ:OCTmKeHIDI. IT03TOMY eCTeCTBeHHO 6YJJ:eT JJ:YMaTb 0 TeXHOJIOrHH, KaK 06.orpaHH'IHTeJIe BbI60pa. K C'IaCTblO, TeXHOJIOrIDI co BpeMeHeM cOBepWeHCTByeTcH - 3TO 3Ha'lHT, 'ITO eCJIH MbI TOJIbKO HeMHoro nOJJ:O)l(,lJ,eM, TO nOJIY'lHM B03MO)k}{OCTb BbI6HpaTb H3 60JIbWerO '1HCJIa H JIY'lwero Ka'leCTBa.

OrpaHM~eHHOCTbBpeMeHM

BpeMH - ,lJ;paroueHHhlA: pecypc. X}')Ke Bcero TO, 'ITO BpeMR HeJIb3H pacTHHyrb. ll03TOMY JIy'lwee, 'ITO TeXHOJIOI'IDI MO:lKeT C,lJ;eJIaTb ,lJ;JIH JIIO,lJ;eA:, 3TO npe,lJ;OCTaBHTh B03MO:lKHOCTb npo­ H3BO,lJ;HTh 60JIbwe 3a TO BpeMR, KOTOpoe HaM OTnyWeHO, HJIH rapaHTHpOBaTb HaM HeCKOJIbKO ,lJ;OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIX JIeT :lKH3HH, npe,lJ;OCTaBJIeHHbIX 60JIee COBpeMeHHbIMH Me,lJ;HUHHCKHMH Tex­ HOJIOI'IDIMH.

Ho ,lJ;a:lKe HMeH B 3anace 60JIee MHHHbI~:lKH3HeHflbIA: OTpe30K; BbI He MO:lKeTe 6bITh B ,lJ;Byx MecTaX O,lJ;HOBpeMeHHO. ECJIH 6hl BbI MOfJIH C,lJ;eJIaTh no, BpeMR He 6b1JIO 6bI TaKHM Cepbe3HbIM orpaHH'leHHeM, nOCKOJIbKY 3a O,lJ;HH H TOT :lKe npoMe:lKyrOK BpeMeHH Bhl MOfJIH 6bI BbInOJIHHTh ,lJ;BOHHOR 06beM pa6oTbI. Ho rrOCKOJIbKY BbI He MO:lKeTe HaxO,lJ;HTbCH B ,lJ;BYX MecTax O,lJ;HOBpe­ MeHHO, BbI nOCTOHHHO ,lJ;OJI:lKHbI BbI6HpaTh, 'ITO,lJ;JIH Bac JIy'lwe.

CTOMMOCTb B03MOlKHOCTM: HeM36elKHOe OrpaHM'IeHMe

3KOHOMH'leCKOe rrOHHTHe cmOUMocmu 803JltOJICHOCmU reCHO CBH3aHO C nOHHTHeM orpaHH­ qeHHOCTH BpeMeHH. B O,lJ;HH IIpoMe:lKYfOK BpeMeHH BbI MO:lKere ,lJ;eJIaTh TOJIbKO 'ITO-TO O,lJ;HO,

'ITO 06H3aTeJIbHO 03HaqaeT: BbI nOCTOHHHO JIHWaereCb MaCCbI ,ll;pyrHX B03MO:lKHOcreA:.

CTOHMOCTb B03MO:lKHOCTH BCHKOA: ,lJ;eHreJIbHOCTH eCTb ueHa CJIe.tJ.YIOllI,ero HaHJIyq­ wero BapHaHTa, KOTOpbIR Bhl MOfJIH 6bI C,lJ;eJIaTb BMecTO noro. HanpHMep, cero­ ,lJ;HH yrpOM 51 Mor rrOrOBOpHTb rro TeJIe«pOHY C ,lJ;pyroM, rrOCMOTpeTb TeJIeBH30p HJIH nOTPY,lJ;HTbCH Ha,D; HarrHcaHHeM nOR fJIaBbI• .H Bhl6paJI pa3roBOp C ,lJ;pyrOM, noTOMY 'ITO 3TO ,lJ;OCTaBHJIO MHe MaKCHMaJIbHOe Y,lJ;OBOJIbCTBHe. (TOJIbKO He rOBopHTe

06 3TOM MoeMY pe,lJ;aKTOPY!) 113 ,lJ;Byx Belll,eA:, KOTopbIe 51 He BbI6paJI, 51 pewHJI, 'ITO

nOpa6OTaTh Ha,D; 3TOA: fJIaBoA: JIY'lwe, He:lKeJIH CMOTpeTh reJIeBH30p. ll03TOMY CTOH­ MOCTh B03MO:lKHOCTH rroroBopHTh no reJIe«poHY 6bIJIa. paBHa rrorepe B03MO~OCTH

rrpOBeCTH BpeMH, pa60TaH Ha,D; nOR fJIaBoA:.· '

CTOHMOCTh B03MO:lKHOCTH 3aBHCHT TOJIbKO OT ueHHOCTH CJIe,D;yIOllI,HX JIyqWHX aJIbTepHaTHB. 11 He HMeeT 3HaqeHHH, eCTb Y Bac 3 aJIbTepHaTHBhl HJIH 3000. CTOHMOCTh B03MO:lKHOCTH ­ rrpOCTO ueHa CJIe,D;yIOIUero, 60JIee Y,lJ;aqHOrO BbI60pa, rrOCKOJIbKY BbI MO:lKere BCer,lJ;a CBeCTH CJIO:lKHhlA: BhI60p H3 MHOfHX BapHaHTOB K rrpocTOMY BbI60PY O,lJ;HOro BapHaHTa H3,lJ;BYX: BapH­ aHT X rrpOTHB JIy'lWeR aJIbTepHaTHBbI, BbI6paHHOR H30 Bcex ,lJ;PyrHX aJIbTepHaTHB.

CTOHMOCTb B03MO:lKHOCTH MO:lKeT nO,lJ;CKa3aTb BaM, KaK nOCTYIIHTh. HarrpHMep, 51 m06mo nOJIaKOMHThCH Mopo:lKeHbIM. Ho WOKOJIa,D;HOe neqeHbe MHe HpaBHTCH eIUe 6oJIbwe. EcJIH BbI npeMO:lKHTe MHe TOJIbKO Mopo:lKeHoe, 51 MOry B3HTh ero. Ho eCJIH Bhl npeMO:lKHTe MHe H Mopo:lKeHOe, H WOKOJIMHoe ne'IeHbe, 51 Bhl6epy rrOCJIe,lJ;Hee. CTOHMOCTh B03MO:lKHOCTH nOJIaKOMHTbCH MOp0:lKeHbIM YCTYIIaeT BbI60PY WOKOJIM­ Horo rreqeHbH. llOCKOJIbKY CTOHMOCTb OTKa3a OT WOKOJIMHOro ne'IeHbH BbIwe, qeM nOJlb3a OT rrOTpe6JIeHHH Mopo:lKeHoro, MHe HeT CMbICJIa BbI6HpaTh Mopo:lKeHoe.

Ee3YCJIOBHO, eCJIH 51 BbI6ePY WOKOJIa,lJ;Hoe neqeHbe, 51 TepHIO B03MO:lKHOCTh rrOJIyqeHHH MO­ p0:lKeHoro. Ho 51 xoqy C,lJ;eJIaTb .3TO, rrOCKOJIbKY CTOHMOCTh B03MO:lKHOCTH nOJIyqeHHH MOPO­ :lKeHOrO HH:lKe, He:lKeJIH nOJIb3a OT WOKOJIMHOrO rreqeHbH. CTOHMOCTh B03MO:lKHOCTeA: - He­ H36e:lKHoe orpaHH'leHHe B nOBe,lJ;eHHH, nOCKOJIbKY BbI BCer,lJ;a ,lJ;OJI:lKHbl peWHTh, 'ITO JIY'lwe, H OTKa3aTbCH OT CJIe,D;yIOIUHX JIY'lWHX aJIbrepHaTHB.

J)uaeJ/, OltOltttaJli&tbltbtU Bbtoojt

TpeTHH H3 OCHOBHhIX 3TanOB MO,neJIH nOTpe6HTeJIbCKoro BbI60pa - 3TO 06bI'iHbIH aHaJIH3 "CmOUMOCmb-nOAe3HOCmr,". Ha nepBOM nane BbI onpe,neJUlere, HaCKOJIbKO CqaCTJIHBee C,neJIaeT BaC KroK,llbI1t H3 B03MOlKHbIX BbI6paHHbIX BapHaHTOB, OueHH­ BIDI, CKOJIbKO nOJIb3bI BbI nOJIY'IHTe OT KroK,llOrO H3 HHX. Ha BTOPOM nane BbI onpe,neJUleTe CYIUeCTBYJOIUHe OrpaH~eHIDI H CTOHMOCTb B03MoxmocreH B KIDK,J::lOM H3 BapHaHTOB. Ha TPeTbeM 3Tane BbI npOCTO BbI6Hpaere O,nHH H3 BapHaHTOB, .nmI KO­ TOPOro nOJIe3HOCTb npeBbIIIIaeT 3aTPaTbI Ha caMYJO 60JIbIIIYJO BeJIHqHHy.

Mo,neJIb "CTOHMOCTb-nOJIe3HOCTb" OqeHb y6e,nHTeJIbHa H KlDKeTCH npaBHJIbHbIM OnHCaHH­ eM TOro, KaK JIIO,nH npHHHMaKlT 6oJIbIIIHHCTBO peIIIeHHit Ho C nOMOIIU>IO 3TOit MO,neJIH MOxmO TOJIbKO y3HaTb, BbI6epYT JIM JIIO,nH ,naHHbIil: BapHaHT. ,[(pyrnMH CJIOBaMH, OHa xopOilia npH OnH­ CaHHH peIIIeHHil: THIIa "Bee HJIH H~ero", no,n06HO peIIIeHHIO "eCTb HJIH He eCTb MopoxeHoe".

B 60JIee CJIOxmOM aHaJIH3e CTOHtdOCTH H nOJIe3HOCTH HCnOJIb3yeTcH npHHUHn, HaJbIBae­ MbIH npeiJe.JlbHou nO/le3HOCmblO, C nOMOIUbIO KOTOporo BbI Moxere Y3HaTb He TOJIbKO 0 TOM, C06HpaIOCb JIH H eCTb MopoxeHoe, HO TaIOKe H TO, CKOAblW MopoxeHoro H peIIIY. C'beCTb.

,Zl;mI Toro 'IT06bI YBH,neTb, KaK "pa60TaeT" npe,neJIbHIDI nOJIe3HOCTb, BaM JIY)KHO 3HaTb, ~ KOJI~eCTBO·nOJIe3HOCTH,KOTOpoe npHHOCHT ,naHHIDI BeIIU>, 06bI'iHO 3aBHCHT OT TOro, CKOJIb­

KO yxe TaKOH BemH HMeeT ,naHHbIH HH,nHBH,n. HanpHMep, eCJIH BbI nO-HaCTOjIIIJ;eMY rOJIo,n­ HbI, nepBbIH KYCOqeK nHUUbI, KOTOpYJO BbI Cbe,nHTe, npHHeceT BaM Maccy y,noBJIeTBOpeHIUI (a 3HaqHT, nOJIb3h1).. BTOPOH KYCOqeK 6y,neT TaKXe OqeHb npHHTeH, HO He TaK, KaK nepBbIH, nOCKOJIbKY BhI yxe 60JIbille He HcnbITbIBaere ,nHKHH roJIO,n. TpeTHH, B CBOIO oqepe,nb, npHHe­ ceT MeHbwe nOJIb3bI, HeXeJIH BTOpOH. Ii eCJIH BbI 6y,nere 3aCTaBJIHTb ceful ecTb ,naJIbIIIe, TO BbI MO)l{ere nOHMaTb ce6H Ha TOM, 'ITO 12-H HJIH 13-H KYCOqe~nHIUJ,bI nepeHaCbITHT BaC, npHHe­ CH TeM CaMbIM OTPHuaTeJIbHYJO nOJIb3Y.

3KOHOMHCTbI Ha3b1BaIOT 3TOT <l>eHoMeH y6bJ80lOUI,OR npeiJeJlbHaJI nO/le3Hocmb.

Kax.nblH ,nonOJIHHTeJIbHbIH, HJIH npeiJe.JlbHbJU, KYCOqeK nHUUbI npHHeceT MeHbille nOJIe3HOCTH, He)l{eJIH npe,nhI,nYJUHH KYCOqeK, n03TOMY ,no6aBOqJIIDI nOJIe3HOCTb, HJIH npeiJeJlbHaJI nOAe3Hocmb, 6y,neT CHH)l{aTbCH C KroK,llbIM CJIe,nYJOIUHM KYCOqKOM Cbe,neHHOH BaMH nHQUbI.

aa~~ ArrH TOro qT06bI YBH,neTb, KaK JIIO,nH npHHHMaKlT peilieHIDI 0 TOM, CKOJIbKO H q_ero OHH XOTHT npHo6pecTH, npe,nnOJIO)I{HM, qTO eCTb 10 ,n0JIJI., KOTO.PbIe JIY)KHO nOTPa­

~~THTb HJIH Ha ,nonOJIHHTeJIbHbIe nopUHH nHIUJ,bI, HJIH Ha nopUHH KapTo<l>eJUl «ppH. IIpe,nnoJIo)I{HM, 'ITO KYCOqKH nHUUbI CTOHT no 2 ,n0JIJI. 3a IIITYKY, H nopWUI )l{ape­ HOro KapTo<l>eIDJ: Toxe CTOHT 2 ,nOM.

3KOHOMHCTbI CqHTaIOT, 'ITO UeJIb JIIO,neH C orpa~eHHbIMH cpe,nCTBaMH COCTOHT B peryJIH­

poBaHHH KOJIHqeCTBa Beex npe,nMeTOB, KOTOPbIH OHH MOryT HCnOJIb30BaTb, C MaKCHMH3al.UfeH HX c06oKynHOu nOAe3HOCmU~ B HaweM npHMepe - nOCKOJIbKY H 3HaIO, 'ITO npe,neJIbHaH nOJIe3­

HOCTb nHUUbI YMeHbiliaeTCH 6bICTPO C KroK,llbIM ,nonOJIHHTeJIbHbIM KYCOqKOM, - H He nQTPaqy Bce 10 ,nO'JTJI. Ha nHQuY, nOCKOJIbKY llHTbI1t KYCOqeK nHUUbI He npHHeceT MHe MIloro npe,neJIb­ HOH nOJIe3HOCTH. JIyqIIIe H nOTPaqy HeMHoro ,neHer Ha KaPTO<l>eJIb <l>PH.

ECJIH H KYUJIIO TOJIbKO qeTblpe KYCOqKa nHUUbI, 3HaqHT, y MeHH OCTaHeTCH 2 ,nOM., qT06b1 KY"HTb nopuHIO KapTo¢le.mI «PPH. Ii nOCKOJIbKY no MOH nepBIDI nopUHH KapTo<1>emI, BnOJIHe

BepoHTHO, qTO, C'beB ee, H noJIYlfY Maccy npe):(eJIbHOH nOJIe3HOCTH. B caMOM ):(eJIe, eCJIH npe­ ):(eJIbHaH nOJIe3HOCTb, nOJIYqeHHaH OT 3TOH nepBOH nopIUfH KaPTo<lJeJIH, npeBbICHT npe):(eJIb­ HYJO nOJIe3HOCTb, YTepHHHYJO MHOIO npH OTKaJe OT TIHTOro KYCOqKa nHUUbI, H OTIpe):(eJIeHHO BbIHrpalO. jJ: 6y):(y npO):(OJDKaTb npHBO):(HTb B COOTBeTCTBHe KOJIHqeCTBO KaJK,lJ.OrO BH):(a nHIlUI ):(0 rex nop, nOKa He HaH):(y KOM6HHaUHIO, KOTOPaH MaKCHMH3HpyeT KOJIHqeCTBO COBOKYTIHOH nOJIe3HOCTH, KOTOpYJO H MOry nO.rryqHTb 3a CBOH 10 ):(OJIJI.

TIOCKOJIbKY paJHbIe JIIO):(H HMelOT paJHbIe npe):(nO~HHH,xapaKTepHCTHKa KaJK,lJ.OrO TOBa­ pa, KOTOpbIH MaKCHMH3HpyeT COBOKYTIHYJO nOJIe3HOCTb ):(JIH OT):(eJIbHoro qeJIOBeKa, 06bIqHO paJHaH. KTO-TO, KOMY He HpaBHTCH :JKapeHbIH KapTOIPeJIb, nOTPaTHT Bce 10 ):(OJIJI. Ha nHUU;Y.

A TOT, KTO repneTb He MOlKeT nHUU;Y, nOTPaTHT Bce ):(eHbrH Ha KaIJ'f04?eJIb IPPH. A):(JIH JIIO):(eH, KOTOpbIe BbI6epYT ~O-TO eme, OTITHMaJIbHOe KOJIHqeCTBO KaJK,lJ.oro npo):(yKfa 6y):(eT 3aBHCeTb OT HX HH):(HBH):(YaJIbHOrO OTHOIIIeHHH K KaJK,lJ.OMY H3 ):(Byx npO):(yKfOB H TOro, HaCKOJIbKO 6bI­ CTPO 6y):(eT YMeHbIIIaTbCH HX npe):(eJIbHaH nOJIe3HOCTb. B maDe 9 HaxO,II,HTCH 60JIee nO):(p06HaH HHIPOpMaUHH 06 YMeHbIIIeHHH npe):(eJIbHOH nOJIe3HOCTH H 0 TOM, KaK TIpe):(eJIbHaH nOJIe3HOCTb npHBO):(HT K TOMY,'iTO Iq)HBaH cnpoca HMee'f OTPHuaTeJIbHbIH HaKJIOH.

YqeT YMeHbIIIeHHH npe.zre.n:bHoH nOJIe3HOCTH ):(eJIaeT ):(aHHYJO MO):(eJIb nOBe):(eHHH npH BbI­ 60pe OqeHb 3HaqHTeJIbHoH. OHa He TOJIbKO roBOpHT BaM 0 TOM, qTO JIIO):(H BbI6epYT, HO co06­ mHT, CKOJIbKO H qero HMeHHO OHH BbI6epYT. TeM lie MeHee, OH He 6e3ynpeqeH. HanpHMep, OH npe):(TIOJIaraeT, ~O JIIO):(H HMelOT HCHoe npe):(CTaBJIeHHe 0 npe):(eJIbHOH nOJIe3HOCTH PaJHbIX Be­ meH, 0 TOM, KaK 6bICTPO YMeHbIIIaeTCH TIpe):(eJIbHaH nOJIe3HOCTb, a noceMY He HMelOT npo6JIeM npH CpaBHeHHH. B CJIe):(YJOIUeM paJ):(eJIe H paccKalKY BaM 06 3TOM nO):(p06Hee.

npeAenbHBfI nOne3HOCn. " nr"I.1'"

ttee..t.e9'1eJl ozjtaJl,ulteJl,IUl u npOJiiu6'OjtelUUl

Jl,09&1.u Jl,OIiijteOUJli&tbCICOZO dbtoojta

3KOHOMHCTbI )),OrryCKaIOT, 'ITO JIIOJJ.H nOJIHOCThIO HHlPOpMHpOBaHhI H a6COJIIOTHO paUHO­ HaJIbHhI, KOr)),a npHHHMaIOT peWeHIDI. 31'0 cTPoroe rrpe)),nOJIOXeHHe. MO)),eJIb nOBe)),eHIDl qe­ JIOBeKa, rrpe)),ITOtJTHTeJIbHaR)J,JUI 3KOHOMHCTOB, B 60JIbwHHcTBe CJIY'IaeB pa60TaeT XOpOWO, HO OHa He Bcer)),a npe)),OCTaBIDleT TOqHhIe npom03hI 0 TOM, KaK JIIOJJ.H nOC'IyIDIT B )),eHCTBHTeJIb­ HOCTH. B peaJIbHOM MHpe JIIOJJ.H He BCer)),a XopOWO HHlPOpMHpOBaHhI 0 rex peweHIDIX, KOTO­ phIe HM H)')KHO rrpHlUITh, H OHH He Bcer)),a pauHOHaJIbHbI HJIH JIOrHtIHhI, KaK rrpe)),nOJIaraIOT 3KOHOMHCTbl.

KaK npOMCXO.qMT npMHSlTMe peWeHMM npM HenOnHOM MH~OpMa~MM

Kor)),a 3KOHOMHCThI HCrrOJIb3yr<>T Mo)),eJIb BhI60pa, OHH npe)),nOJIaraIOT CH'I)'aUHIO; B KOTO­ poA qeJIOBeK 3HaeT Bce B03MO)I(Hble BapHaHThI, 3HaeT, CKOJIbKO nOJIe3Horo rrpHHeceT KIDImhIH H3 HHX B OT)),eJIbHOCTH H CKOJIbKO CTOHT B03MO)I(HOCTb. Ho KaK BhI CMoxere orrpe)),eJIHTb, 'ITO JIY'Iwe: nOCHJJ.eTh Ha BepWHHe 3BepeCTa B TeqeHHe IDITH MHHYT HJIH B reqeHHe ,neCHTH MHlfYT rrOJIeTaTh Ha )),eJIbTanJIaHe HaJJ. AMa30HKoif? IIOCKOJIbKY BhI HHKor)),a paHbwe He )),eJIaJIH HH TOro, HH )),pyroro, y Bac HeT HHlPOpMauHH 06 orpaHHtJeHIDIX H CTOHMOCTH BbI60pa, B03MOX­ HO, BhI )),axe He 3HaeTe, KaKYJO nOJIb3Y MO)I(HO H3BJIetIb H3 ~THX )),Byx crroco60B Bpewrrrpenpo­ BO)I(JJ.eHIDI.

IIoJIHTHKH, npeJJ.JIaraIOmHe HaM 0pHrHHaJIbHhIe HOBhIe nporpaMMhI, qaCTO rrpOC.lIT Hac cJJ.eJIaTh nOXOXHH BhIOOP, OCHOBaHHhIH Ha nOJIHOM OTCYTCTBHH HHlPopMaUHH. OHH rrpeJJ.JIa­ raIOT CBOIO nporpaMMY KaK nOTeHIJ,HaJIbHO XOPOWYJO, HO BO MHOrHX CJIY'IaRX HHKOMY He H3­ BeCTHO; 3a'IT0 MhI roJIocyeM.

IIoxoXHe "TYMaHHhIe" CHTYauHH B03HHKaIOT, Kor)),a peqb HJJ.eT 0 BhI60pe BemeH, rrpo­ HCXOMmHX )),OCTaTOqHO pe)),KO. ]lIO)),H, nOKYIIaIOmHe JIOTepeHHble 6HJIeThI rocy)),apCTBeHHhIX JIOrepeH, He HMeIOT nolUlTIDl HH 0 B03MOXHOM BhIHrphIwe, HH 0 B03MO)I(HOH BepO.lITHOCTH BblHrphIwa, nOCKOJIbKY pa3Mep rrpH3a H Bep0.lITHOCTh BhIHrphIwa 3aBHCHT OT TOro, CKOJIbKO JIorepeHHhIX 6HJIeTOB MoxeT 6hITh npo)),aHO )),0 TOro, KaK JIOTepeH 3aBepWHTCH.

3KOHOMHCThI yqHThIBaIOT 3TY peaJIbHOCTb, nOJIaraR, 9TO B YCJIOBIDIX OTCYTCTBIDI rrOJiHOH HHlPOpMaUHH JIIOJJ.H JJ.oraJJ.hIBaIOTCH 0 JIyqweM BhI60pe He TOJIbKO B OTHoweHHH CJIY'IaHHhIX pe3yJIbTaTOB, HO H 0 TOM, HaCKOJIbKO HM rrOHpaB.lITCH HJIH He rrOHpaBHTCH re BemH, C KOTOphI­ MH OHH HHKor)),a paHbwe He CTaJIKHBaJIHCb. B )),eACTBHTeJIbHOCTH JIIO)),H 06hI'1HO npHHHMaIOT peweHIDI B rro)),06Horo poJJ.a CHTyauIDIX (HanpHMep, nOKYIIaIOT Maccy JIOrepeAHhIX 6HJIeTOB), OCTaBaHCb HeMHoro 06MalfYThIMH.

'IPY)),HO cKa3aTh, )),eJIaIOT JIH JIIO)),H rrpaBHJIbHhIH BbI60p, eCJIH OHH He BJIaJJ.eIOT HHlPoPMa­ IfHeA. jlCHO, 'ITO Bce MbI npeJJ.nOt{JIH 6hI 6hITh OOJIee HHlPOpMHpOBaHHhIMH nepe)), reM, KaK rrpHJJ.eT BpeMH c)),eJIaTh B~60p. H HeKOTophIe JIIO)),H H36eraIOT nOJJ.06HhIX CHTyauHH. Ho B 06­ meM 3KOHOMHtJeCKaH MO)),eJIb rrOBe)),eHIDI BbITJIHJJ.HT )),OCTaTOqHO rrpHeMJIeMOH B CHTyauIDIX He­ JJ.OCTaTOqHOH HHlPOpMHpOBaHHOCTH H HeYBepeHHOCTH B rroJIY'IeHHH CJIY'IaHHhIX pe3YJIbTaTOB.

Pa~MOHanbHoeB Mppa~MOHanbHOM

)laxe Kor)),a JIIOJJ.H nOJIHOCThIO HHlPoPMHpOBaHbI 0 B03MO)I(HhIX BapHaHTaX, OHH qaCTO ')),e­ JIaIOT JIOrHtJeCKHe oWH6KH rrpH oueHKe CTOHMOCTH (3aTPaT) H nOJIe3HOCTH (BhIro)),bI). B CJIe­ JJ.yr<>mHx HeCKOJIbKHX pa3JJ.eJIax paCCKa3hIBaeTCH 0 Tpex CaMhIX pacnpocTpaHeHHhIX oWH6Kax, KOTopbIe COBepwaIOTCH B rrpouecce BhI60pa. Xoqy rrpeJJ.yrrpeJJ.HTb: qHTaR 3TH pa3JJ.eJIhI, He

CJIHiliKOM 6eCnOKOHTeCb. IToCJIe TOro KaK JIIOMM 06'bJlCHJlT 3TH JIOrJflIeCKHe OIIIH6KH, OHH 06bIqHO npeIq>amaIOT HX )J;eJIaTb H HaqHHaIOT )J;eJIaTl> BbI6op, Coo6pa3yJlcb C paUHOHaJIbHO B3BeIIIeHHbIMH npe)J;eJIbHOH BbIrO)J;OH H npe)J;eJIbHbIMJ{ H3)J;ep:xacaMH.

HeS03spaTHMble H3,qepJKKH HeS03SpaTHMwt

ITpe)J;nOJIO:lKHM, 'ITO BbI TOJIbKO 'ITO nOTPaTHJIH 15 )J;OJIJI. Ha TO, QTo6bI nonyqHTb MecTO B peCTOpaHe, npeMaraIOmeM CBOHM nOCeTHTeIDIM CYIIIH. CKOJIbKO CYIIIH BbI co6HpaeTeCb C1>eCTb? H.rrH KOHIq>eTHee, Kor)J;a peiliaeTe, CKOJIbKO C1>eCTb, 6y)J;eTe JIH

,lJ,JIH 3KOHOMHCTa OTBeT Ha nepBbIH BOnpOC 6y)J;eT TaKHM: BbI C'be)J;HTe pOBHO CTOJIbKO, CKOJIbKO H)'XHO, qT06bI OCTaTbCH a6cOJIIOTHO y)J;OBJIeTBopeHHbIM. A OTBeT Ha BTOPOH Bonpoc 6Y)J;eT BbIrJIH)J;eTb CJIe)J;YIOIUHM 06Pa30M: CKOJIbKO UbI 3anJIaTHJIH 3a TO, QT06bI nOnaCTb B 3TOT pecTOpaH, POJIH He HrpaeT, noTOMY qro C1>e)J;HTe BbI 1 KYcOqeK CyiliH HJIH 80 KYCOqKOB CyUIH, ITJIaTa 3a BXO)J; OCTaHeTCH o)J;HHaKoBoH. ,lJ,pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, nOCKOJIbKY CTOHMOCTb MeCTa B peCTopaHe - )J;eJIO npoIIIJIoe, OHO He )J;OJDKHO 6bITb CBH3aHO C BaIIIHM peIIIeHHeM, CKOJIbKO CYIIIH BbI 6y)J;eTe eCTb.

3KOHOMHCTbI Ha3bIBaIOT CTOHMOCTb TOro, qro yxe 6bIJIO nOTPaqeHO H 'ITO He )J;OJDK­ HO BJlHHTb Ha BaIIIH TeKYIUHe H 6Y)J;yIUHe peIIIeHHH, He8038pamUMblMU U3iJepJIC/UlMU.

[OBOpH paUHOHaJIbHbIM H3bIKOM, BbI )J;OJDKHbI yqHTbIBaTb JIHllIb 6y)J;yIII;ylO B03MOX­ HYIO npe)J;eJIbHYIO CTOHMOCTb (H3)J;ep:lKKH) H ITpe)J;eJIbHYIO Bblro)J;y OT cymeCTBYIOIIIHX B HaCTOHIIJ;ee BpeMH BapH~B.

11 B006me, eCJIH BaM MPyr npeMO:lKaT 1000 )J;OJIJI. 3a TO, qro6bI BbI nOKHHYJIH 3TOT pecTO­

~ H nepellIJIH B coce)J;HHH, KOHKYPHPYIOIIIHH C HHM, OTKa:JKeTeCb JIH BM npocTO noTOMy, 'ITO qyacTBYeTe ce6H 06H3aHHbIM C1>eCTb OrpoMHoe KOJI~eCTBOCYIIIH, qT06bI OnpaB)J;aTb nOTPa­

qeHHbIe 15 )J;OJIJI.? oesyCJIOBHO, HeT.

K COXaJIeHHIO, 60JIbIIIHHCTBO JIIO)J;eH CKJIOHHbI n03BOJIHTb HeB03BpaTHMbIM H3)J;epXKaM BJIHHTb Ha npHHHTHe peIIIeHHH,)J;o Tex nop, nOKa 3KOHOMHCT He 06'bHCHHT HM, qro HeB03­ BpaTHMbIe H3)J;ep:lKKH K )J;eJIy He OTHOCHTCH, HJIH, KaK He YCTaIOT nOBTopHTb 3KOHOMHCTbI:

"HeB03BpaTHMbIe H3)J;ep:lKKH HeB03BpaTHMbI!" (C )J;pyrOH CTOpOHbI, He3KOHOMHCTbI 6bICTPO ~ yCTaIOT OT 3TOH lj.lPa3bI.)

OWH60lfHble oqeHKH CTOHMOCTH H nOne3HOCTH

ITpe)J;ITOJIO:lKHM, BbI peIIIHJIH C3KOHOMHTb 10% npH nOKYITKe TeJIeBH30pa, COBepIIIHB O)J;HOqaCOBOe nyreIIIeCTBHe B )J;pyroH ropO)J; )J;JIH nOKYITKH TeJIeBH30pa 3a 90 )J;OJIJI., BMeCTO TOro, qTo6bI nOKYITaTb TeJIeBH30p B 6JIH:lKaHilieM Mara3HHe 3a 100. Tor)J;a CJIe)J;YIOmHH Bonpoc: BbI npe)J;nOqreTe npocH)J;eTb 3a pyJIeM aBTOM06HJIH B TeqeHHe qaca)J;JIH TOro, qro6bI KYITHTb )J;OMaIIIHHH KHHOTeaTP 3a 1990 )J;OJIJI. B )J;pyroM ropo­ )J;e, BMecTO TOro, lfl'06bI KYITHTb ero 3a 2000 )J;OJIJI. B MeCTHOM Mara3HHe? ITOCJIe BbI­ nOJIHeHHH MaTeMaTHqeCKHX paCqeTOB BbI Y3HaeTe,qTO 3KOHOMHH COCTaBHT JIHilib

0,5%, H peIIIHTe... KYITHTb CHCTeMY 3a 2000 )J;OJIJI. B 6JIH:lKaHilieM Mara3HHe.

BaM KaxeTCH, qro BbI OqeHb COO6Pa3HTeJIbHbI, HO B )J;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH BbI nocTYITHJIH He­ JIOrJflIHO H HppaUHOHaJIbHO•. B nepBOM cnyqae BbI 3axOTeJIH BeCTH MaIIIHHy B TeqeHHe O)J;HOro qaca MH TOro, 'IT06bI C3KOHOMHTb 10 )J;OJIJI. Bo BTOpOM - BbI 3TOro He c)J;eJIaJIw. CTOHMOCTb

(H3,a:ep:JKKH) H rrOJIb3a (BbIro,a:a) HeCOMHeHHbI, HO JIIO,a:H COBepWaIOT OIIIH6Ky, 01.l,eHHBlUl CTOH­ MOCTb (H3,a:ep:JKKH) H rrOJIb3Y (Bblro.a:y) OT rrOe3,a:KH B ,a:pyroU roPO,a: B BH,a:e rrp01.l,eHTHOH ,a:OJIH. BMeCTO 3TOro HYXHO CpaBHHBaTb 06IlJ,yIO CTOHMOCTh H 06myIO rrOJIb3y, rrOCKOJIbKY rrOJIb3a OT TOro, qTO BbI C'be3.ll:HTe B ,a:pyroU ropO,a:, paBHa KOJIH'leCTBy C3KOHOMJIeHHbIX ,a:eHer, a He rrpo­

. 1.I,eHTHOU ,a:OJIe, KOTOPYIO BbI COxpaHHTe.

CMeWlfsaHlfe npe,qen&HOrO If Cpe,qHerO

TIpe,a:rrOJImKHM, qTO BaWH MeCTHbIe BJIaCTH He,a:aBHO rrOCTPOHJIH TPH MOCTa 06­ ttl l1.I,eu CTOHMOCThIO 30 MJIH. ,a:0JIJI. B cpe,a:HeM rronyqaeTCH rro 10 MJIH. Ha O,a:HH MOCT.

MecTHblu 3KOHOMHCT rrpoBo,a:HT HCCJIe,a:OBaHHe H BblqHCAAeT, qTO 0611.1,aH rrOJIb3a OT TPex MOCTOB COCTaBHT 36 MJIH. ,a:OJIJI., T.e. B cpe,a:HeM 12 MJIH. ,a:OJIJI. C O.ll:Horo MOCTa.

BCKOpe rrOCJIe 3Toro KaKOU-TO rrOJIHTHqeCKHH ,a:e~ITeJIb BbICTYIIaeT C rrpeMO)ICeHHeM rro­ CTPOHTb qeTBepThIH MOCT, apryMeHTHpyH 3TO TeM, qTO rrOCKOJIbKY MOCT B cpe,a:HeM CTOHT

10 MJIH. ,a:OJIJI., a rrpHHOCHT B cpe,a:HeM 12 MJIH. ,a:OJIJI. ,a:oxo,a:a, myrro 6y,a:eT He rrocTPQHTh eI1.l,e O,a:HH. )l;OJI)KHbI JIH BbI eMy BepHTb? B KOHeqHOM HTOre, ecJIH KIDIQlbrn MOCT rrpHH;OCHT 06I1.1,eCT­ By 2 MJIH. ~CTOU rrpH6bVIH, BaM 3aXOqeTCH rrOCTOHHHO 3aHHMaTbCH CTPOHTeJIbCTBOM MOCTOB.

~r O,a:HaKO K 3TOMY pemeHHIO Ha caMOM ,a:eJIe HMeIOT OTHOIIIeHHe npeOeJlbHQJl CTOH­ (~ MOCTh H npeOe.tibHQJl rrOJIe3HOCTh, a He CTOHMOCTh H rrOJIe3HOCTh, B3HTbIe « CpeOHeM

(CM. paJ,a:eJI ")l;eJIaeM OKOHqaTeJIbHbIH BbI60p", B HeM 60JIee rro,a:p06HO paccKaJaHO o rrpe,a:eJIbHOH rrOJIe3HOCTH). Koro HHTepecyeT, KaKHe H3,a:ep:JKKH H KaKYIO BbIro,a:y rrpHHeCJIH Bce rrpe,a:bI.lJ:YI1.I,He MOCTbI? BaM H;y)KH0 CpaBHHTh CTOHMOCTb 3TOro ,a:o­ rrOJIHHTeJIbHOrO, rrOCJIe,a:Hero MocTa, C rrOJIe3HOCTbIO 3TOro ,a:orrOJIHHTeJIbHoro, rro­ CJIe,a:Hero MOCTa. ECJIH rrpe,a:eJIbHaH rrOJIe3HOCTh rrpeBhIIIIaeT rrpe,a:eJIbHbIe H3,a:ep)IC­ KH, MOCT cTPOHTb HYXHo. B rrpoTHBHOM cnyqae CTPOHTb MOCT He CJIe.a:yeT.

TIpe.a:rrOJIO)ICHM, K rrpHMepy, qTO He3aBHCHMaH rpyrrrra Ha6JIIO,a:aTeJIeU HaHMa HH)KeHepa, KOTOPbIU ,a:OJI)KeH paCCqHTaTb CTOHMOCTb rrOCTPOHKH eI1.l,e O,a:HOro MOCTa, H 3KOHOMHCTa, KO­ TOPbIH ,a:OJI)KeH BhICqHTaTb Bblro,a:y OT 3TOro CTPOHTeJIbCTBa. HH)KeHep C006I1.1,HT, qTO qepe3 peKY ~e rrOCTPoeHO TPH MOCTa, rrpH'leM HX rrOCTPOHJIH B caMbIX HeIIIHpoKHX MecTax. 3HaqHT, qeTBepTbIH MOCT ,a:OJI)KeH 6bITb MHHHee TPex rrpe,a:bI.lJ:YI1.I,HX. <l>aKTH'leCKH CTPOHTeJIbCTBO HO­ BOro MOCTa 6y,a:eT CTOHTb 15 MJIH. ,a:OJIJI.

B TO )ICe BpeMH 3KOHOMHCT rrpoBe,a:eT c06CTBeHHoe HCCJIe,a:OBaHHe H c,a:eJIaeT BblBO,a:, qTO qeTBepTbIH MOCT He TaK ~ H 06H3aTeJIeH. B JIyqIIIeM cnyqae OH rrpHHeceT TOJIbKO 8 MJIH. ,a:OJIJI. rrpH6bIJIH B ro,a:. Cn:e,a:oBaTeJIbHO, 3TOT qeTBepTbIH MOCT He ~O CTpOHTb, rrOTOMY 'ITO ero rrpe,a:eJIbHaH CTOHMOCTh B 15 MJIH. ,a:OJIJI. rrpeBbIIIIaeT ero rrpe,a:eJIbHYJO rrOJIe3HOCTh B 8 MJIH. ,a:OJIJI.. Co0611.1,aH CBOHM H36HpaTeAAM 0 cpeoHeu CTOHMOCTH H rrOJIe3HOCTH rrOCTpoeHHbIX Tpex MOCTOB, rrOJIHTHqeCKHH ,a:eHTeJIb, rrOMepXGfBaIOI1.I,HH TaKOH rrpoeKT, rpy60 06MaHbIBaeT HX. TI03TOMY 6y,a:bTe BHHMaTeJIbHbI B Tex cnyqaHX, Kor,a:a KTO-TO CTapaeTCH rrpo,a:aTb BaM KaKOH­ HH6y,lI,b MOCT.